Deck 16: Prokaryotes: the First Single-Celled Creatures

Question 1

Viruses can enter animal cells by:

A)poking holes in their membranes and entering
B)triggering an active transport mechanism
C)endocytosis
D)exocytosis

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Flu viruses are most likely to arise in the Far East because:

A)of overpopulation in these areas
B)of lack of sanitation
C)common hosts (ducks,chickens,pigs)for influenza viruses live in close proximity to humans
D)of lack of medical care

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The viruses that can infect bacterial cells are:

A)HIV virus strains
B)influenza viruses
C)cold viruses
D)bacteriophages

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Vibrio cholerae usually exists in a harmless form until:

A)a bacteriophage introduces a gene that codes for the cholera toxin
B)mutations cause the normal proteins to form a toxin causing cholera
C)the lytic cycle destroys the host cells
D)a bacteriophage introduces a gene that codes for the botulism toxin

Question 5

The HIV enzyme,________________ manufactures a DNA copy of the virus once it is inside a human cell.

A)DNA polymerase
B)helicase
C)forward transcriptase
D)reverse transcriptase

Question 6

Smallpox was eliminated as a disease because of inoculations and the fact that:

A)the alternate host was eradicated
B)humans are the only known hosts
C)the variola virus mutates infrequently
D)the variola virus causes rapid death

Question 7

The simplest and most abundant form of life on Earth today are the:

A)prokaryotes
B)fungi
C)molds
D)protists

Question 8

Once they evolved,the _____________ forever changed the atmosphere on Earth.

A)bacteria
B)cyanobacteria
C)land plants
D)protists

Question 9

______________ consist of a core of segments of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.

A)Viruses
B)Protists
C)Bacteria
D)Archaea

Question 10

Discovery that viruses act more like a chemical than an organism came from work with the:

A)Vibrio cholerae virus
B)SARS virus
C)HIV virus
D)tobacco mosaic virus

Question 11

Scientists suspect that the first macromolecules to form when cells first arose were:

A)polysaccharides
B)DNA
C)RNA
D)enzymes

Question 12

All of the following are correct about eukaryotes EXCEPT:

A)They have chromosomes.
B)They may have flagella.
C)They divide by binary fission.
D)They have internal compartmentalization.

Question 13

___________________ are archaea that live in hot,acidic springs.

A)Thermoacidophiles
B)Methanogens
C)Thermotrophs
D)Acidotrophs

Question 14

The HIV virus attaches to the __________,and is thus taken into certain immune cells.

A)flagellum
B)receptor protein CD4
C)glycocalyx
D)marker proteins type A or B on red blood cells

Question 15

The Miller-Urey experiment included:

A)finding extraterrestrial organisms
B)the bubble model of containment of polar molecules
C)reconstructing the oxygen free atmosphere of early Earth
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 16

Under harsh environmental conditions,some bacteria are able to form thick-walled ______________ to protect them for up to hundreds of years until conditions improve.

A)conjugation bridges
B)zygotes
C)spirochetes
D)endospores

Question 17

Spherical bacteria are called:

A)cocci
B)bacilli
C)spirilla
D)None of these

Question 18

Prokaryotes that obtain their energy by oxidizing inorganic substances,such as prokaryotes that oxidize hydrogen sulfide in volcanic vents,are the:

A)photoautotrophs
B)chemoautotrophs
C)photoheterotrophs
D)chemoheterotrophs

Question 19

Which of the following diseases can be considered among the most devastating of all time?

A)Influenza
B)Measles
C)Chicken pox
D)Herpes

Question 20

When bacterial cell walls are covered with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharide,they are:

A)gram-negative
B)gram-positive
C)encapsulated
D)polyencapsulated

Question 21

When bacterial cells participate in conjugation,the bridge between the cells through which the DNA passes is:

A)a pilus
B)a capsule
C)a flagella
D)made of lipopolysaccharide
E)made of peptidoglycan

Question 22

All of the following are correct about HIV except:

A)it only needs a CD4 receptor on a cell in order to infect it
B)it is related to a chimpanzee virus
C)it uses reverse transcriptase to produce a DNA copy of its RNA
D)it leaves a cell by budding from it
E)it takes about 8 to 10 years for it to cause symptoms

Question 23

Bats are a healthy carrier for which of the following diseases?

A)SARS
B)West Nile Virus
C)Hantavirus
D)Influenza
E)AIDS

Question 24

A type of Archaea,known as _________________,use hydrogen gas to reduce carbon dioxide to methane.

Question 25

Some bacteria attach to surfaces of other cells with short outgrowths called _____________.

Question 26

Which type of cells is the HIV virus able to infect?

A)Macrophages and T lymphocytes
B)Red blood cells and liver cells
C)Intestine and T lymphocytes
D)B lymphocytes and nervous tissue
E)Brain cells and glands

Question 27

Viral genomes can be of DNA or ___________.

Question 28

When a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell,it injects ___________ into the host cytoplasm.

A)DNA
B)RNA
C)protein
D)lipids
E)carbohydrates

Question 29

The ________________ model proposes that when life originated,key chemical processes generating the building blocks of life were contained in a spherical structure.

Question 30

Prokaryotes reproduce using a method called _________________.

Question 31

When the bacteriophage DNA becomes part of the bacterial chromosome:

A)it can never exit the genome and initiate viral replication
B)it kills the cell
C)it has entered the lytic cycle
D)it has entered the lysogenic cycle

Question 32

All of the following are correct about gram-positive bacteria except:

A)They have a thick peptidoglycan layer.
B)They are more sensitive to antibiotics like penicillin.
C)They stain purple in a gram stain.
D)They have an outer membrane.
E)They may have a capsule surrounding them.

Question 33

All of the following are correct about biofilms except:

A)They are found on teeth.
B)They can form on contact lenses.
C)They are an association of bacterial cells that form on a substrate.
D)They are not associated with disease.
E)They can protect the bacteria from disinfectants and drugs.

Question 34

Some bacteria can pass plasmids from one cell to another in a process called ________________.

Question 35

All viruses have an envelope around their capsid.

Question 36

In __________________,atmospheric nitrogen is converted to a more usable form.

Question 37

_____________________ use light as their source of energy and organic molecules such as carbohydrates as their source of carbon.

Question 38

Viruses contain ________ as their genetic material.

A)DNA and RNA
B)RNA or DNA
C)protein
D)carbohydrate

Question 39

Which of the following is endemic in wild rodents populations of the western United States?

A)Plague
B)Tuberculosis
C)Diphtheria
D)Anthrax
E)Pneumonia

Question 40

Lysogenic conversion is responsible for all the following diseases except:

A)scarlet fever
B)plague
C)botulism
D)cholera
E)diphtheria

Question 41

Bacteriophages that integrate into the host's genome do so during a _____________ cycle.

Question 42

How do viruses gain entry into cells?

Question 43

Describe what scientists feel may be the first step in the evolution of cellular organization.

Question 44

Are viruses living or nonliving? Explain.

Question 45

____________________ is a disease of the respiratory tract caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.