Deck 11: Living With Chronic Illness

Question 1

The type of social support that tends to be most helpful to people with chronic illness may be described as​

A) ​selective.
B) ​coming from partners rather than family.
C) ​"circumplex."
D) ​"invisible."

Answer 1

​"invisible."

Question 2

Research studies find very little evidence to support that adjustment to chronic disease​

A) ​is a process that is dynamic in nature.
B) ​is a process that is variable by nature.
C) ​is a process that has many influences.
D) ​is a process that includes some stages.

Answer 2

​is a process that includes some stages.

Question 3

_______ of the _______ factors for Alzheimer's disease are the same as those for cardiovascular disease and cancer.​

A) ​Many; risk and protective
B) ​A few; risk and protective
C) ​Many; risk, not protective
D) ​A few; protective, not risk

Answer 3

​Many; risk and protective

Question 4

Wilford has just received a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes and has agreed to participate in a cognitive behavioral program to help him cope with his diabetes.​

A) ​This program will help Wilford develop emotion-focused coping strategies.
B) ​This program will allow Wilford to discontinue taking his medication.
C) ​This program will help Wilford and his family adapt to changes he needs to make in his life.
D) ​This type of program will not be as effective in helping Wilford as relaxation or hypnosis.

Question 5

​Barbara's daughter was recently diagnosed with diabetes. The best course of action her family could take is to

A) ​treat her as someone who is unique because of her diabetes.
B) ​establish a routine that is close to normal.
C) ​tell the other daughters never to fight with their sister.
D) ​both a and C

Question 6

​Russell has prostate cancer. What is MOST likely to be true of Russell?

A) ​His perception of himself will change.
B) ​He will experience few negative emotions.
C) ​His relationship with his family will be unaffected.
D) ​He will develop clinical depression.

Question 7

Chronic diseases are more common than acute diseases, but​

A) ​fewer people die of chronic diseases.
B) ​people who have a chronic disease try to live as normal a life as possible.
C) ​chronic diseases are more easily cured than acute illnesses.
D) ​people with a chronic disease are more likely to seek medical treatment.

Question 8

​______ appears to matter more than ___________ in determining the quality of life of someone who is coping with a chronic illness.

A) ​Psychological functioning; physical functioning
B) ​Psychological functioning; environmental functioning
C) ​Physical functioning; psychological functioning
D) ​Physical functioning; emotional functioning

Question 9

​The diagnosis of a chronic disease may be seen as a crisis or a psychosocial transition, but both views acknowledge that such a diagnosis

A) ​requires adaptation by those affected.
B) ​affects families more than individuals.
C) ​is more difficult for women than for men.
D) ​is more difficult with diabetes than Alzheimer's.

Question 10

All of the following decrease an individual's risk for Alzheimer's disease except​

A) ​physical activity.
B) ​cognitive activity.
C) ​depression.
D) ​low levels of alcohol consumption.

Question 11

Which of the following has been shown to increase a person's susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease?

A) Apolipoprotein ε4
B) Glucagon
C) Insulin level
D) White blood cell count

Question 12

Families with a chronically ill child should​

A) ​find some positive aspect in their situation.
B) ​devote themselves full-time to their child.
C) ​reinforce all their child's illness behaviors.
D) ​realize the child's illness will soon be cured.

Question 13

The largest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease is _______.​

A) ​genetics
B) ​age
C) ​body weight
D) ​all of the above

Question 14

​Taking aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or other NSAIDs regularly:

A) ​cannot modify any of the risks for Alzheimer's disease.
B) ​can modify environmental risk for Alzheimer's disease.
C) ​can modify the behavioral risk for Alzheimer's disease.
D) ​can modify known genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease.

Question 15

Chronic diseases affect children, with _____ of children having some chronic physical health problem.​

A) ​1-5%
B) ​10-15%
C) ​25-30%
D) ​50-60%

Question 16

______ functioning is the best predictor of quality of life in individuals who are coping with a chronic illness.​

A) ​Physical
B) ​Psychological
C) ​Physiological
D) ​Environmental

Question 17

According to the CDC (2009), what proportion of American adults live with chronic illness?​

A) ​Three quarters
B) ​Almost a third
C) ​Nearly one half
D) ​Over two thirds

Question 18

Which type of coping strategies tend to produce the best results when dealing with the stresses of chronic illness?

A) Emotional coping
B) Avoidant coping
C) Active coping
D) Both a and c

Question 19

In contrast to people with acute illnesses, those with chronic disorders are more likely to​

A) ​develop a hopeless attitude toward their condition.
B) ​accept their physician's authority.
C) ​comply with medical advice.
D) ​be aware of their disease.

Question 20

​What proportion of deaths in the U.S. did the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2009) attribute to chronic diseases?

A) ​Around one quarter
B) ​Almost half of them
C) ​Nearly three quarters
D) ​Approximately a third

Question 21

_______ is the disorder caused by insulin deficiency.​

A) ​Pancreatitis
B) ​Appendicitis
C) ​Diabetes mellitus
D) ​Glucagon

Question 22

All of the following may be health complications that stem from Type 2 diabetes EXCEPT:​

A) ​damage to the retina.
B) ​damage to the kidneys.
C) ​damage to blood vessels.
D) ​damage to short-term memory.

Question 23

Feelings of loss that Alzheimer's caregivers experience often begin​

A) ​when the patient first receives the diagnosis.
B) ​when the memory loss first becomes apparent.
C) ​when the patient no longer recognizes the caregiver.
D) ​when the patient ultimately dies from the disease.

Question 24

​Glucagon acts to _______, and insulin acts to _______.

A) ​stimulate the stomach . . . stimulate the pancreas
B) ​increase hunger . . . decrease hunger
C) ​decrease blood sugar levels . . . increase blood sugar level
D) ​stimulate the release of glucose . . . take glucose into cells

Question 25

In addition to memory loss, behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease most commonly include:​

A) ​passive, apathetic behavior.
B) ​being too trusting of others.
C) ​engaging in dangerous acts.
D) ​delusions, not hallucinations.

Question 26

The _______ of the pancreas produce glucagon and insulin.​

A) ​islet cells
B) ​mellitus cells
C) ​diabetes cells
D) ​both a and b

Question 27

Hypothetically, if all cases of Type 2 diabetes were eliminated, and Type 1 diabetes diagnoses were the same as in 2011 (CDC), how would this affect diabetes prevalence?​

A) ​It would decrease diabetes cases to a small minority of what they are now.
B) ​It would reduce diagnosed diabetes cases to about half what they are now.
C) ​It would hardly make any difference in the total number of diabetes cases.
D) ​It would lower its incidence in new cases without affecting its prevalence.

Question 28

Henry, an 86-year-old retired farmer, has a good memory and cognitive functioning. As he continues to age,​

A) ​his memory and cognitive functioning will markedly improve.
B) ​his memory and cognitive functioning will deteriorate rapidly.
C) ​his chance of developing Alzheimer's disease will rise rapidly.
D) ​his chance of Alzheimer's will be less than for men in their 70s.

Question 29

Kyle has had diabetes for the past five years, is overweight, and manages his diabetes by attempting to eat healthier and taking daily medication. Kyle most likely has

A) ​Type 1 diabetes.
B) ​Type 2 diabetes.
C) ​gestational diabetes.
D) ​insulin-dependent diabetes.

Question 30

Anna has had diabetes for over 30 years, is of a healthy weight, and manages her diabetes by regular insulin injections. Anna most likely has

A) Type 1 diabetes.
B) Type 2 diabetes.
C) gestational diabetes.
D) adult-onset diabetes.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a risk for Alzheimer's disease?

A) Having a high educational level
B) Having Type 2 diabetes
C) Having a head injury
D) Having prolonged inflammation

Question 32

Insulin is

A) ​a neurotransmitter.
B) ​a metabolic hormone.
C) ​an endogenous opioid.
D) ​an exogenous opioid.

Question 33

Drugs are most often given to Alzheimer's patients​

A) ​to delay the progress of impairment.
B) ​to reverse the cognitive impairment.
C) ​to achieve a positive placebo effect.
D) ​to prevent patients from wandering.

Question 34

What type of sensory stimulation therapy may be most beneficial for Alzheimer's patients?​

A) ​Music
B) ​Aromatherapy
C) ​Exposure to sunlight
D) ​Muscle relaxation training

Question 35

​Actress Halle Berry had had a diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes for 18 years when she announced she had eliminated her need for insulin shots through a healthy diet. What is most accurate about this situation?

A) ​It is possible to manage Type 1 diabetes symptoms by diet and exercise alone.
B) ​It is possible that her diabetes mutated, or transformed from Type 1 to Type 2.
C) ​It is likely she was initially misdiagnosed with her age, weight, and symptoms.
D) ​It is likely she had incorrectly self-diagnosed, as she had no medical treatment.

Question 36

​_____ diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, representing ____ of all cases of diabetes.

A) ​Type 1; 70-80%
B) ​Type 1; 90-95%
C) ​Type 2; 70-80%
D) ​Type 2; 90-95%

Question 37

​Hal, who has Alzheimer's disease, becomes distressed when he cannot follow the plot of a movie that he and his family are watching on TV, repeatedly asking them, "What's going on?!" He is most likely in

A) ​the later stages of the disease.
B) ​any of the stages of the disease.
C) ​the earlier stages of the disease.
D) ​the stage prior to the real disease.

Question 38

Identical twins Howard and Harold both retired at age 66. Howard liked to spend some of his leisure time solving challenging math and word puzzles, while Harold preferred to watch TV. Based on research findings, how does this relate to their respective risk of developing Alzheimer's disease?​

A) ​Their risk would be identical as they were identical twins.
B) ​Harold would have a higher risk due to his leisure activity.
C) ​Howard would have a higher risk due to his leisure activity.
D) ​Their risk would not differ on the basis of a leisure activity.

Question 39

​A common psychological problem among Alzheimer's patients is depression, with as many as ______ of patients reporting depressive symptoms.

A) ​10%
B) ​20%
C) ​30%
D) 50%

Question 40

Early-onset Alzheimer's disease seems to be due to​

A) ​a genetic defect.
B) ​an accumulation of stressful life events.
C) ​an unusually high number of childhood illnesses.
D) ​an immune deficiency.

Question 41

With regard to the perception of glucose levels, most diabetics​

A) ​develop effective strategies enabling them to predict their insulin needs.
B) ​are in possession of inaccurate beliefs concerning blood glucose levels.
C) ​with Type 1 diabetes have more accurate beliefs than those with Type 2 diabetes.
D) ​would rather turn their care over to professionals than learn self-monitoring.

Question 42

A chronic intermittent disorder that causes constriction of the bronchial tubes, thus preventing air from passing freely, is​

A) ​asthma.
B) ​chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
C) ​pneumonia.
D) ​influenza.

Question 43

What is a difference between asthma and other chronic lung diseases like emphysema or chronic bronchitis?​

A) ​Not all of these diseases involve inflammation.
B) ​People with asthma have continuous symptoms.
C) ​Other lung diseases have continuous symptoms.
D) ​Unlike the others, asthma does not cause death.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is best supported by the research evidence?​

A) ​The number of stressful life events has a direct and powerful effect on blood glucose regulation.
B) ​Stress management makes a small but significant impact on blood glucose levels.
C) ​Stress management is not useful in the management of diabetes, even though stress affects blood glucose levels in most diabetics.
D) ​No evidence has shown a relationship between stress and blood glucose levels.

Question 45

Which age group has the highest rates of asthma?​

A) ​Children and teens
B) ​Young adults
C) ​Middle-aged adults
D) ​Older adults

Question 46

One of the difficulties that children and adolescents face in coping with diabetes is that​

A) ​most parents resist acceptance of the child's disorder.
B) ​they do not have the cognitive sophistication for planning their regimens.
C) ​they may resist adhering to dietary restrictions and exercise requirements.
D) ​children fear the long-term complications of diabetes.

Question 47

What health problem is NOT associated with diabetes?

A) Cardiovascular disease
B) Blindness
C) Kidney disease
D) Gum disease

Question 48

Which of the following makes asthma a serious health problem in America?​

A) ​Its mortality rate is high, and also rising.
B) ​It is the biggest cause of child disability.
C) ​It causes the most school absence days.
D) ​Both (b) and (c) do, but (a) is incorrect.

Question 49

​Interventions aimed at teaching diabetes patients to manage their _______ can also help improve their management of blood sugar levels.

A) ​depression
B) ​stress
C) ​anxiety
D) both a and​ b

Question 50

​The psychosocial factor most strongly tied to poor diabetes management is:

A) ​social support.
B) ​depression.
C) ​anxiety.
D) ​weight.

Question 51

The leading cause of death for those with Type 2 diabetes is​

A) ​renal failure.
B) ​pancreatic cancer.
C) ​cardiovascular disease.
D) ​renal cell carcinoma.

Question 52

The lifestyle changes that are necessary to manage diabetes are essentially a problem of​

A) ​adherence.
B) ​stress management.
C) ​weight control.
D) ​exercise.

Question 53

Which ethnic group has the lowest risk for Type 2 diabetes?​

A) ​Asian Americans
B) ​African Americans
C) ​Hispanic Americans
D) ​European Americans

Question 54

The _______ model hypothesizes that genetic vulnerability interacts with environmental factors to stimulate asthmatic reactions.​

A) ​hardiness
B) ​hierarchy of needs
C) ​diathesis-stress
D) ​allergy

Question 55

Which ethnic group has the highest rates of asthma?​

A) ​European Americans
B) ​African Americans
C) ​Asian Americans
D) ​Hispanic Americans

Question 56

​The hygiene hypothesis holds that asthma is a result of _______ that has/have become common in modern society.

A) dust mites
B) ​cleanliness
C) ​cigarette smoking
D) ​industrial pollution

Question 57

Amy, a 10-year-old 5^th-grade student, has been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. Which of these added problems would be of LEAST concern?

A) Losing significant levels of cognitive functioning
B) Adopting an eating schedule with regular times
C) Refraining from eating some of her favorite foods
D) Adopting a regular program of physical exercise

Question 58

Health psychology's involvement with diabetes has included​

A) ​understanding how diabetics conceptualize their illness.
B) ​understanding the effects of stress on blood glucose metabolism.
C) ​helping diabetics understand requirements for managing diabetes.
D) ​all of these have been included in health psychology's involvement.

Question 59

Children who grew up exposed to more bacteria and fungi than other children are:​

A) ​less likely to have asthma.
B) ​more likely to have asthma.
C) ​more likely to have asthma, but then outgrow it.
D) ​more likely to develop asthma when they are older.

Question 60

Psychologists are most likely to help diabetic patients through​

A) ​providing them with educational materials.
B) ​regulating their programs of physical activity.
C) ​improving their adherence to treatment regimens.
D) ​teaching them how to self-administer their insulin.

Question 61

​Possible risk factors for asthma include

A) ​high levels of physical fitness.
B) ​being European American.
C) ​living in a rural area.
D) ​being obese.

Question 62

Women now account for about ___ of all HIV cases in the United States.​

A) ​ 5%
B) ​10%
C) ​20%
D) ​33%

Question 63

Of the various types of AIDS, the one most frequently found in the Africa is​

A) ​HIV-1.
B) ​HIV-2.
C) ​HIV-3.
D) ​HIV-4.

Question 64

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)​

A) ​is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.
B) ​is a mutated form of cancer that can be traced back to the early 1900s.
C) ​is an altered form of pneumonia that first appeared in Africa.
D) ​is the cause of the human immunodeficiency virus.

Question 65

Death from AIDS is due to​

A) ​a direct effect of the deadliness of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
B) ​the destruction of the immune system, leaving people vulnerable to a variety of infections, any of which can be fatal.
C) ​poor medical care for those infected.
D) ​the tendency of those who are infected to avoid medical care until a critical stage of infection has already been reached.

Question 66

During the decade from 1995 to 2005, the incidence of HIV infection grew fastest for​

A) ​male-male sexual contact.
B) ​male-female sexual contact.
C) ​injection drug use among men.
D) ​injection drug use among women.

Question 67

What have researchers found about interventions for increasing adherence to asthma care?​

A) ​Educational interventions are more effective than behavioral ones.
B) ​Educational and behavioral interventions are comparably effective.
C) ​Educational components make behavioral interventions work best.
D) ​Educational interventions can work if they are relevant for patients.

Question 68

Injection drug use

A) is responsible for HIV infection for more women than men.
B) is the leading cause of HIV infection worldwide.
C) affects African Americans and Hispanic Americans more than European Americans.
D) dropped from the leading cause of HIV infection to the least likely mode of infection during the late 1990s.

Question 69

The primary factor in asthma treatment is​

A) ​maintaining adherence to medication.
B) ​changing the patient's environment.
C) ​smoking cessation.
D) ​early hospitalization.

Question 70

Some sexual behaviors are more likely to spread HIV infection than other behaviors. Which of the following is the highest risk?

A) Kissing
B) Anal intercourse
C) Vaginal intercourse
D) All of these are high-risk behaviors

Question 71

The proportion of new HIV cases in the United States has decreased most for​

A) ​Hispanic American women.
B) ​injection drug users.
C) ​African American women.
D) ​gay men.

Question 72

Experts find that most asthma patients overuse _______ and underuse _______.​

A) ​preventive medications; inhalers
B) ​preventive medication; hospitals
C) ​inhalers; preventive medications
D) ​their physicians; bronchodilators

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT likely to result in HIV infection?

A) Sharing eating utensils with someone who has the infection
B) Getting a blood transfusion from someone who is infected
C) Having sexual intercourse with someone who is infected
D) All of these are high-risk behaviors for an HIV infection

Question 74

The largest number of HIV cases in the United States has come through​

A) ​male-male sexual contact.
B) ​male-female sexual contact.
C) ​injection drug use.
D) ​blood transfusions.

Question 75

HIV usually progresses over a decade or more; the longest phase in its development is characterized by​

A) ​a period of latency in which the person experiences few, if any, symptoms.
B) ​symptoms of fever, sore throat, skin rash, and headache.
C) ​a cluster of symptoms, including swollen lymph nodes, fever, fatigue, night sweats, and loss of appetite.
D) ​a CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell count of less than 200.

Question 76

Since 1993, death rates from AIDS in the United States have declined due to​

A) ​a drop in the incidence of AIDS.
B) ​a shorter survival time of AIDS patients.
C) ​a decrease in the prevalence of HIV infection among heterosexual men.
D) ​a decrease in the prevalence of HIV infection among heterosexual women.

Question 77

​All of the following are risk factors for asthma EXCEPT:

A) ​obesity.
B) ​sedentary lifestyle.
C) ​living in a developed country.
D) ​living in a rural area.

Question 78

Triggers for an asthmatic attack are LEAST likely to include​

A) ​newspaper ink.
B) ​cigarette smoke.
C) ​dust mites.
D) ​chemical sprays.

Question 79

Donna has been experiencing night sweats, swollen lymph nodes, fever, loss of appetite, persistent diarrhea, a painful skin rash, and white spots in her mouth. She is currently in a monogamous relationship with her boyfriend, whom she has known for six months. As her friend, what should you tell her?​

A) ​That women in monogamous sexual relationships do not contract HIV
B) ​That she should get plenty of bed rest until her symptoms disappear
C) ​That she should go and get tested for possible infection with HIV
D) ​That she is probably in the first stage of infection with HIV

Question 80

Common to both diabetes and asthma are​

A) ​triggers.
B) ​adherence problems.
C) ​insulin injections.
D) ​troubles in breathing.