Deck 3: Seeking and Receiving Health Care

Question 1

Why did Lance Armstrong put off seeking medical care for the symptoms he noticed?​

A) ​He was concerned about the expenses of medical care.
B) ​He was in denial that he was sick and ignored the pain.
C) ​He did not know how to get a referral to a specialist.
D) ​He knew an illness would have no impact on his career.

Answer 1

​He was in denial that he was sick and ignored the pain.

Question 2

Who is most likely to seek health care?

A) A 55-year-old woman with a rapid heartbeat
B) A 26-year-old man with a sprained ankle
C) A 70-year-old woman who attributes her symptoms to age
D) An unemployed 30-year-old mother with four children

Answer 2

A 55-year-old woman with a rapid heartbeat

Question 3

Although the terms "disease" and "illness" are often used interchangeably, they have somewhat different meanings. Technically, disease refers to​

A) ​psychological disorders.
B) ​the experience of being sick.
C) ​the process of physical damage.
D) ​an existing, official diagnosis.

Answer 3

​the process of physical damage.

Question 4

Edna waited almost 2 weeks after her sinuses started bothering her before she made the appointment to see her doctor. Making the appointment would be considered​

A) ​sick role behavior.
B) ​illness behavior.
C) ​psychotic behavior.
D) ​health-seeking behavior.

Question 5

Ollie engages in some healthy and some unhealthy attitudes or behaviors. Of the following, which represents something he does that could make his health care less effective or put him at risk?​

A) ​Ollie schedules an appointment with his doctor for a checkup every 6 months.
B) ​Ollie researches any severe symptoms he may have for maximal information.
C) ​​Ollie allows himself to take it easy and accomplish less whenever he is sick.
D) ​Ollie follows medical advice in the hospital and avoids questioning the staff.

Question 6

The function of illness behavior is to​

A) ​determine health status.
B) ​alleviate symptoms.
C) ​seek a cure.
D) ​increase compliance.

Question 7

Among factors influencing how people respond to medical symptoms, which of these is NOT classified as a personal factor?​

A) ​The amount of stress the person is under
B) ​The person's personality traits
C) ​The ethnic group the person belongs to
D) ​The person's perception of his/her body

Question 8

Given equal symptoms, who among the following are most likely to seek health care?​

A) ​People with ambiguous symptoms and a lot of stress
B) ​People with definitive symptoms and minimal stress
C) ​People with ambiguous symptoms and minimal stress
D) ​People with definitive symptoms and a lot of stress

Question 9

Jane and Betty are both experiencing fever and nausea. Jane's friend Myrna asks her if she is sick and tells her that she looks terrible, but when she sees Betty, Myrna says nothing about Betty's appearance. Research suggests that Jane​

A) ​is likely to seek health care but to advise Betty not to.
B) ​is more likely than Betty to seek health care.
C) ​will seek alternative health care rather than go to a physician.
D) ​and Betty will both make appointments with a physician.

Question 10

Maud has not been feeling well due to a sore throat. She has taken aspirin and spent most of the day in bed. Her actions would be defined as​

A) sick role behavior.
B) illness behavior.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.

Question 11

In the United States, people are considered to be ill​

A) ​after they have been officially diagnosed by a health care provider.
B) ​if they have an elevated temperature for at least 24 hours.
C) ​when a disease process first begins.
D) ​whenever they feel sick.

Question 12

Which of these people is most likely to seek health care?​

A) ​Mildred is 72 years old and simply does not feel well. She refers to her symptoms as "the crud."
B) ​Melvin is a 63-year-old owner of his own profitable business. He began to feel chest pains yesterday and is concerned.
C) ​Elmer is 68 years old, never married, and lives alone. For the past 2 years, Elmer has experienced "shortness of breath."
D) ​Ida is 92 years old and feels fine. However, she is lonely and would "like to talk to someone about her health."

Question 13

Which of these people is most likely to seek health care?​

A) ​A 19-year-old college man with a knot on his leg
B) ​A 19-year old college woman who misinterprets HIV symptoms for the flu
C) ​A 9-year-old boy knocked unconscious from a fall off his bicycle
D) ​A 40-year-old woman worried about a lump in her breast

Question 14

Joshua has been told by friends that he does not look well. He feels flushed and decides to take his temperature to determine if he has a fever. His actions would be defined as​

A) ​self-defeating behavior.
B) ​disease behavior.
C) ​illness behavior.
D) ​socialized behavior.

Question 15

With equal symptoms, who is most likely to seek health care?​

A) ​A 45-year-old man who runs his own business
B) ​A 45-year-old unemployed man
C) ​A 55-year-old woman with a very low level of stress
D) ​A 55-year-old woman with a very high level of stress

Question 16

Which of these statements expresses a healthy attitude toward seeking medical care?​

A) ​"I believe that if I feel well, I'm healthy."
B) ​"Only severe symptoms of a disease are worth worrying about."
C) ​"When I don't understand my doctor's explanations or instructions, I'll ask questions until I do understand."
D) ​"When facing a stressful medical procedure, I try not to think about it."

Question 17

Women are more likely than men to seek health care, possibly because​

A) ​they feel less stress than men.
B) ​they tend to be more introverted.
C) ​they have more diseases than men.
D) ​they may be more sensitive to their internal body status.

Question 18

People experiencing high levels of stress are _____ likely to report symptoms and ______ likely to have their symptoms acknowledged as indicating a disease.​

A) ​more . . .more
B) ​more . . .less
C) ​less . . .less
D) ​less . . .more

Question 19

Suppose you develop a headache, sneezing, and coughing. If these symptoms are from a common cold virus, it will run its course in about a week. But if they are from a bacterial infection (e.g., sinusitis, bronchitis), a 10-day course of antibiotics your doctor can prescribe will usually resolve it. What should you probably do?​

A) ​Go to the doctor if you don't feel better after one week.
B) ​Go to the doctor immediately for differential diagnosis.
C) ​Go to the doctor if your symptoms last beyond a month.
D) ​Go to the doctor only if your symptoms become worse.

Question 20

Sandra has Crohn's disease, which can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms. According to research findings, if Sandra is typical of most people, which factor will make her most likely to see a doctor?​

A) ​If she is experiencing the most severe instances of symptoms
B) ​If her physical functioning is compromised by her symptoms
C) ​If the quality of her life is sufficiently impaired by symptoms
D) ​If she is sufficiently anxious about coping with the symptoms

Question 21

Psychologist David Elkind defined what he called adolescent egocentrism, including components of the personal fable, i.e. the idea that you are the center of everyone's attention; and the myth of invincibility, i.e. the idea that nothing can harm you. A teenager refusing medical care demonstrates which of these concepts?​

A) ​The myth of invincibility
B) ​The personal fable
C) ​Neither of these
D) ​Both of these

Question 22

In a group of college students participating in a research study, some are told by an experimenter that their blood pressure measurements are high, and some that theirs are normal. Later, those told of high readings report additional symptoms of hypertension. According to Leventhal's research, why?​

A) ​Because they really did have hypertension
B) ​Because the feedback caused them anxiety
C) ​Because a label influenced their perception
D) ​Because a label raised symptom awareness

Question 23

Patty and Selma both experience upper abdominal pain. Patty believes hers is from indigestion; Selma believes hers is from a heart condition. What is the most likely outcome?​

A) ​They will both seek medical care because they both have the same symptoms.
B) ​Neither will seek medical care, as doctors discount women's heart symptoms.
C) ​Patty will seek medical care first for a condition she thinks easily treatable.
D) ​Selma will seek medical care first for a condition perceived as more severe.

Question 24

What is the relationship between adult aging and seeking medical care?​

A) ​Adults always seek medical care more frequently as they age.
B) ​Adults attribute symptoms to aging, and seek health care less.
C) ​Adults avoid or delay care if they attribute symptoms to aging.
D) ​Adults seek care sooner when they attribute symptoms to aging.

Question 25

Muriel has chain-smoked for many years and now has initial symptoms consistent with lung cancer. Which applies most to what she may do?​

A) ​She is likely to seek medical care faster since she is aware of her higher risk.
B) ​She is likely to seek care as much as non-smokers because cancer is serious.
C) ​She is likely to seek care later because of the stigma of smoking and cancer.
D) ​She is likely to seek care more than non-smokers as she knows her high risk.

Question 26

According to research by David Mechanic, what LEAST motivates illness behavior?

A) The objective observation that they do not have any symptoms.
B) The subjective perceptions they have about their symptoms.
C) The realization that their symptoms are persisting over time.
D) The realization that their symptoms are worsening with time.

Question 27

According to David Mechanic, which of these symptom characteristics is LEAST likely to determine people's response to illness?

A) Cost of treatment and hospitalization
B) Perceived severity of the illness
C) Visibility of the symptoms
D) The extent to which the symptoms interfere with normal daily functioning

Question 28

When people with chronic diseases view their conditions as acute, they experience​

A) ​greater management of illness.
B) ​greater psychological distress.
C) ​greater psychological comfort.
D) ​greater medication overdoses.

Question 29

Research by Sheldon Cohen and colleagues correlated individuals' responses to symptoms with the Big Five personality traits. They found people scoring high in which trait more likely to seek medical care?​

A) ​Openness to experience
B) ​Extraversion
C) ​Neuroticism
D) ​Conscientiousness

Question 30

Finding a label for symptoms​

A) ​tends to catastrophize the problem.
B) ​tends to make women believe that the problem is more serious but tends to make men believe that the problem is less serious.
C) ​is an important component of personal understanding of illness.
D) ​is less important than receiving support from family and professionals.

Question 31

Several symptom characteristics predict a person's readiness to seek health care. Which of these is NOT one of these characteristics listed by David Mechanic?

A) Severity of the symptom as seen by medical authorities
B) Visibility of the symptom
C) Frequency and persistence of the symptom
D) Extent to which symptoms interfere with daily life

Question 32

Art has a high income and Kenny has a low income. As Americans, Art is likely to experience _______ symptoms, report_____ health, and be _______likely to seek medical care than Kenny is.​

A) ​fewer; better; more
B) ​more; worse; less
C) ​fewer; worse; more
D) ​more; better; less

Question 33

Under which conditions are older adults most likely to seek medical care promptly?​

A) ​When mild symptoms begin abruptly
B) ​When severe symptoms come gradually
C) ​When mild symptoms develop gradually
D) ​When severe symptoms come suddenly

Question 34

Cathy has a wealthy family and Wanda has a poor family. Both are U.S. citizens. Based on research, Wanda is _______likely to be hospitalized, _______likely to seek medical care, and _______likely to develop serious illness.​

A) ​less; more; less
B) ​more; less; more
C) ​less; less; more
D) ​more; more; less

Question 35

For many years, patients with peptic ulcers were told that stress was responsible-until scientists discovered it was not, and the bacterium Helicobacter pylori was responsible for the majority of cases. This relates to which component of conceptualizing disease described by Leventhal?

A) The consequences of a disease
B) The determination of causality
C) The controllability of a disease
D) The time line for the treatment

Question 36

Which of these factors was NOT among the factors identified by Howard Leventhal as a component in the conceptualization of illness?

A) Identification of the disease
B) Monetary cost of the illness and treatment
C) Cause of the disease
D) Consequences of the disease

Question 37

Gail has not been feeling well lately. According to the model of illness conceptualization described by Howard Leventhal and his colleagues, Gail is likely to​

A) ​deny her symptoms.
B) ​try to label her symptoms in a non-threatening way.
C) ​repress her symptoms and get to the point where she believes she does not experience them.
D) ​exaggerate her symptoms and attempt to get all the sympathy she can.

Question 38

Hiram and Lois each have the same condition affecting one leg. However, Hiram's job involves sitting at a desk all day, while Lois's job involves walking and standing all day. This differentially affects how soon each of them is likely to seek medical care. To which symptom characteristic defined by David Mechanic does this most relate?​

A) ​The frequency and persistence of symptoms
B) ​How much the symptoms interfere with life
C) ​How visible or apparent the symptoms seem
D) ​The severity of symptoms that one perceives

Question 39

Fadil, a Serb, is a member of an ethnic minority living in London. Since England has socialized medicine, he does not need private health insurance to access health care. What is most typical for his demographic when he experiences symptoms related to cancer?​

A) ​He is likely to delay seeking care longer.
B) ​He is likely to pursue health care sooner.
C) ​He is likely to avoid seeking health care.
D) ​He is likely to go to an emergency room.

Question 40

Sisters Patty and Selma both had chest pains. Patty thought hers were from heartburn; Selma thought hers were from a heart attack. Their different reactions are determined most by which of the following?​

A) ​The identity of the disease
B) ​The time line of the disease
C) ​The cause(s) of the disease
D) ​The outcome of the disease

Question 41

Susie was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during childhood. During her youth and adulthood, which sick role behavior will she NOT be able to fulfill?​

A) ​To become completely well
B) ​To maintain a level of health
C) ​To use a variety of resources
D) ​To make decisions on health

Question 42

Among sick role rights and responsibilities defined by Segall, a patient diagnosed with a chronic disease for which there is no cure will be LEAST able to fulfill which of these?​

A) ​Becoming dependent upon others for assistance
B) ​Performing routine management of health care
C) ​Making use of a range of health care resources
D) ​Achieving and maintaining a status of wellness

Question 43

If a patient does not make the decisions regarding health-related issues, what most accurately reflects how that patient can perform routine health care management?​

A) ​The patient can only perform management which s/he decided.
B) ​The patient can comply with treatments decided by physicians.
C) ​The patient who cannot make decisions can do no management.
D) ​The patient must let decision-maker(s) perform all management.

Question 44

Of all ethnic groups, _____ are the most likely to report a visit to a physician.​

A) ​Asian Americans
B) ​European Americans
C) ​African Americans
D) ​Mexican Americans

Question 45

Among Segall's sick role rights and responsibilities, making health-related decisions typically applies most to whom?​

A) ​Parents
B) ​Children
C) ​The poor
D) ​All of these

Question 46

A clinic specializing in cancer treatment administers not only surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, but also nutritional programs, and naturopathic and other approaches to minimize or alleviate side-effects, enhance response to treatment, and promote healing. Which of Segall's rights or responsibilities of the sick role does this apply to most?​

A) ​Getting well and maintaining health
B) ​Performing routine health management
C) ​Utilizing a range of health care resources
D) ​Making decisions on health-related issues

Question 47

A _______ is the event that separates illness behavior from sick role behavior.​

A) ​heart attack
B) ​diagnosis
C) ​hospitalization
D) ​death

Question 48

When diabetes patients viewed their illness as acute, rather than chronic, their illness management was​

A) ​better.
B) ​worse.
C) ​unchanged.
D) ​better for a few months, then worse.

Question 49

The exemption from usual duties when sick, as identified by Segall, is LEAST applicable to which group?​

A) ​People who are afraid of losing their jobs
B) ​People who love their jobs and coworkers
C) ​People who are hospitalized for treatment
D) ​People who fit either description (a) or (b)

Question 50

Gilbert frequently experiences symptoms consistent with irritable bowel syndrome. His wife points out that Gilbert's cousin Miriam has similar symptoms. Gilbert has not sought medical care. Based on research by Ringström et al. (2007), there is about a 50% chance that Gilbert will

A) discuss his symptoms with his cousin to get advice.
B) discuss his symptoms with a physician to find help.
C) discuss his symptoms with alternative practitioners.
D) discuss his symptoms with (a) or (c), more than (b).

Question 51

​Ian has recently begun to notice sev​eral different symptoms he has never had before and is concerned they could indicate some disease. If he is like most people, what is the first thing he will do?

A) ​Go see his primary care doctor.
B) ​Consult a specialist physician.
C) ​Consult a lay referral network.
D) ​Most people would do nothing.

Question 52

Poor people, in comparison to wealthy people, utilize health care _______, and when they do their illnesses are _________.​

A) ​less often; severe
B) ​less often; not severe
C) ​more often; severe
D) ​more often; not severe

Question 53

Alexander Segall proposed that the sick role includes three rights and privileges and three responsibilities. Which of these factors is a responsibility of people who have adopted the sick role?

A) Making decisions about one's health-related issues
B) Making an attempt to get better
C) The duty to perform everyday chores
D) The duty to depend on other people for assistance

Question 54

Women and those with higher education are more likely to seek health information from​

A) ​their friends and family.
B) ​the Internet.
C) ​newspapers and magazines.
D) ​television.

Question 55

Kira can relieve her chronic asthma symptoms by using her rescue inhaler. Sandy has tried many and varied treatments for years, but with little success. John, who is allergic to bee stings, always carries an Epi-Pen. Tommy had not considered steroids because of long-term side-effects, but his current inhaler is no longer managing his severe asthma episodes, and he has heard stronger medication can be more effective. Who is most likely to seek further medical treatment?​

A) ​Kira
B) ​Sandy
C) ​John
D) ​Tommy

Question 56

Which of the following is most likely unable to fulfill the sick role aspect of being dependent on others for assistance when s/he is ill?​

A) ​An infant who suffers with a serious illness
B) ​A single mother caring for several children
C) ​A child with two parents and older siblings
D) ​An elderly adult who suffers from dementia

Question 57

Margaret finds a lump in her breast but delays seeking medical attention because she is worried it might be breast cancer. According to Leventhal, Margaret is worried about the​

A) ​consequences of her disease.
B) ​timeline of her disease.
C) ​determination of her disease.
D) ​identity of her disease.

Question 58

Tammy discovers a lump in her breast, but puts off calling a doctor. According to research by Leventhal, which is the LEAST likely reason she procrastinates?​

A) ​She does not recognize this as a cancer symptom.
B) ​She is afraid that she will have to undergo surgery.
C) ​She is afraid of the side-effects of chemo/radiation.
D) ​She believes that she will die regardless of treatment.

Question 59

​The five beliefs defined as components of Leventhal's model of disease conceptualization are found to predict patients' distress levels, whether or when they will seek health care, and how well they will manage their disease. Petrie and colleagues' research with asthma patients found that giving patients accurate information about those five components also improved which of them?

A) ​The amounts of distress patients experience
B) ​Whether or not patients seek out health care
C) ​How well the patients manage their disease
D) ​How soon the patients will seek health care

Question 60

In the rights and responsibilities defined by Segall, he has conceived of American sick role behavior in a way that your text authors find​

A) ​erroneous.
B) ​accurate.
C) ​idealistic.
D) ​realistic.

Question 61

The proportion of Americans using standard health care who also use alternative health care is ________ compared to the proportion of Americans using alternative health care who also use standard health care.​

A) ​bigger
B) ​equal
C) ​smaller
D) ​similar

Question 62

Which of the following statements best summarizes the discussion by your text authors about using the Internet to obtain health information?​

A) ​Because the Internet includes much misinformation, patients should not use it to look for health information.
B) ​Because the Internet includes much excellent health information, the misinformation does not matter.
C) ​Because the Internet includes misinformation and good information, patients must use judgment to evaluate.
D) ​Because the Internet includes varied sources, it makes patients become less active in their own health care.

Question 63

When people without health insurance are in serious need of medical attention, they are most likely to go to​

A) ​an emergency room.
B) ​an alternative health provider.
C) ​a pharmacist.
D) ​another country.

Question 64

Which of these is NOT a reason that alternative medicine has recently become more popular with better-educated people?​

A) ​They share attitudes toward health and illness with alternative approaches.
B) ​They have more education making them more knowledgeable of medicine.
C) ​They have become dissatisfied with standard medical methods and results.
D) ​They can better afford alternative care frequently not covered by insurance.

Question 65

​Fred has symptoms of indigestion that bother him. People in his lay referral network urge him to change his current high-fat, spicy diet. What is most true about this?

A) ​It is unusual that they would not tell him to see a doctor instead.
B) ​It is unusual that he would consult them before seeing a doctor.
C) ​It would be more typical if they advised an alternative therapy.
D) ​It is typical that he would consult them before seeing a doctor.

Question 66

What did a 2009 study reveal about the cost of medical care in the United States?​

A) ​More than half of people filing bankruptcy did so due to medical costs.
B) ​Medical costs caused hardship but not bankruptcy for most Americans.
C) ​People who had catastrophic illnesses never needed to file bankruptcy.
D) ​Only people without health insurance were bankrupted by medical cost.

Question 67

​Patients' _________ with their practitioner can lead to patients following medical advice and continuing use of medical services, like obtaining checkups.

A) ​payment plan
B) ​satisfaction
C) ​differences
D) ​all of the above

Question 68

In America today, if somebody has a catastrophic illness and has health insurance coverage, the health insurance​

A) ​will cover all associated medical expenses.
B) ​will not cover any of the medical expenses.
C) ​may not cover many huge medical expenses.
D) ​may cover all medical, plus other, expenses.

Question 69

To help people 65 years old and older, the United States Congress established​

A) ​the Health Maintenance Act.
B) ​Medicaid.
C) ​Medicare.
D) ​the Dole/Clinton Act of 2001.

Question 70

What is possible about adverse outcomes from not having health insurance in America today?​

A) ​The only harm it causes is to the health of the uninsured.
B) ​It may reduce care quality and raise costs for the insured.
C) ​The only harm it causes is to overload emergency rooms.
D) ​It may raise uninsured health crises, but not mortality risk.

Question 71

Which of the following conclusions is most accurate about childhood vaccinations?

A) People must not equate correlation with causation in experimental research.
B) People find large-scale studies more convincing than emotional anecdotes.
C) People seek answers elsewhere even when science has plenty of answers.
D) People given new/different information will generally change their beliefs.

Question 72

From the 20^th to the 21^st century, the predomination of physicians as medical providers ________, while the popularity of alternative health care providers_________.​

A) ​decreased; increased
B) ​increased; decreased
C) ​stabilized; increased
D) ​decreased; stabilized

Question 73

As of 2016, the NCHS found _______of Americans did not have health insurance.​

A) ​under 1/10
B) ​over 1/10
C) ​over 1/4
D) ​under 1/20

Question 74

Which of the following health services is most commonly covered by health insurance policies in America?​

A) ​Eyeglasses
B) ​Dental care
C) ​Doctor visits
D) ​Mental health

Question 75

Fred has symptoms of indigestion that bother him. People in his lay referral network urge him to change his current high-fat, spicy diet. What is most true about this?​

A) ​It is unusual that they would not tell him to see a doctor instead.
B) ​It is unusual that he would consult them before seeing a doctor.
C) ​It would be more typical if they advised an alternative therapy.
D) ​It is typical that he would consult them before seeing a doctor.

Question 76

​Sarah recently obtained health insurance and is looking for a new doctor. Which statement is most accurate about the relationships between choosing a practitioner and health insurance?

A) ​Her insurance will have no real effect on her choice of practitioner.
B) ​Her insurance will make Sarah more likely to pursue medical care.
C) ​Her insurance, like all policies, only covers in-network physicians.
D) ​Her insurance, like all policies, covers any practitioner she chooses.

Question 77

Suppose you want to do online research for a paper on global health issues. The website of which of the following would give you the information you need?​

A) ​The NIH
B) ​The CDC
C) ​The WHO
D) ​The CFAH

Question 78

Which of these industrialized nations has the greatest restrictions on access to health care?​

A) ​France
B) ​China
C) ​Germany
D) ​the United States

Question 79

In the United States,​

A) ​most people with health insurance are either employed or have a family member who is employed.
B) ​all citizens must possess health insurance.
C) ​every person 65 or older receives free prescription drugs.
D) ​private health insurance is not available to people with Medicare.

Question 80

​Alex found some information about a new treatment for asthma on the Internet and shares this information with her doctor. Since Alex's information is accurate and relevant, her relationship with her doctor will most likely

A) ​deteriorate, as her doctor feels challenged.
B) ​benefit, as Alex and her doctor can discuss this new information.
C) ​end, as Alex no longer trusts her doctor to provide her with new information.
D) ​Both a and C