Deck 3: Socialization

Question 1

According to the text,we cannot overestimate the direct impact of the mass media on the socialization process.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The diversity and uniqueness of human beings make socialization possible.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The studies of Anna,Isabelle,and Genie all testify to the importance of biological equipment in the production of a normal human personality.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In their investigation of high school students,Bonnie Barber and her colleagues discovered that the crowd identities and activities of tenth graders fail to predict adult outcomes.

Question 5

Media-related aggression can be reduced by changing children's attitudes toward the violence they see on television and in video games.

Question 6

Organisms are basically passive objects programmed by internal genetic forces or shaped by the external environment.

Question 7

Both functionalism and conflict theory view the socialization process as important to society as a whole and to the individual.

Question 8

The family,peer group,schools,and the mass media are examples of agents of socialization.

Question 9

While learning,the human being modifies itself by responding;human organisms literally change themselves by their own actions.

Question 10

According to symbolic interactionism theory,the individual takes an important and active role in the learning process.

Question 11

Socialization allows the renewal of culture from one generation to the next.

Question 12

Verbal symbols provide the essence and primary impact of any communication experience.

Question 13

As genetic research continues,evidence is emerging that anorexia,alcoholism,and antisocial behavior have genetic components.

Question 14

Social learning theory,a microlevel theory,suggests we are socialized through positive and negative reinforcements by the significant people in our lives.

Question 15

Cognitive developmental theory,a macrolevel theory,proposes that what and how we learn depends on the objective social "facts" that we encounter in the world.

Question 16

Half of all school-aged children from kindergarten through 8th grade are in nonparental care programs after school.

Question 17

Noam Chomsky,a linguist,proposed that human beings possess a language-generating characteristic that is biologically channeled.

Question 18

According to the text,neither genetic factors nor learning processes alone can produce a language-using human being.

Question 19

Human socialization presupposes that as long as a child has an adequate genetic makeup,environmental conditions have little impact on human development.

Question 20

Biological influences on behavior may themselves be influenced by the environment.

Question 21

Today,over 75 percent of Americans die at home.

Question 22

Erving Goffman's concept,"impression management," refers to our practice of presenting ourselves to others in ways that might cause them to view us favorably.

Question 23

The "egocentric bias" claims that we tend to be quite egotistical in situations where an action is directed at us.

Question 24

Cases of children raised in conditions of extreme social isolation show the

A) inadequacy of our biological equipment to produce a normal human personality in the absence of social interaction.
B) inadequacy of social interaction in overcoming biological limitations.
C) ability of rehabilitation to correct the effects of childhood deprivation after puberty.
D) tendency of parents to isolate illegitimate children.

Question 25

The "looking-glass self" is Charles Cooley's concept that suggests we tend to see ourselves as we imagine others see us.

Question 26

Middle adulthood contains more concrete boundaries than infancy,childhood,and adolescence.

Question 27

In recent years,the importance of retirement has been challenged.

Question 28

The sociological view of human beings is that

A) we are born with a large set of behavioral instincts.
B) we are not born as social beings,but become social only through the process of socialization.
C) our culture is programmed through the genetic makeup of society.
D) our humanness is no different from the abilities that characterize other living creatures.

Question 29

Socialization is as important during old age as it is during other stages of adult development.

Question 30

According to George H.Mead,the key to children's development of the self is found in their acquisition of a conscience.

Question 31

Self-esteem is governed by three principles: reflected appraisals,social comparisons,and self-attribution.

Question 32

Cultural diversity in the workplace helped to create the need for greater sensitivity regarding people's use of such nonverbal communication as eye contact.

Question 33

The "Thomas Theorem" suggests that people respond only to the objective features of situations they encounter.

Question 34

The process of social interaction through which people acquire the knowledge,attitudes,values,and behaviors essential for effective participation in society is called

A) acculturation.
B) socialization.
C) socialism.
D) symbolic interactionism.

Question 35

The idea that people vary in their perceptions of and reactions to different situations was an observation of W.I.Thomas in his concept of "definition of the situation."

Question 36

Socialization

A) benefits individuals,but not necessarily the society at large.
B) benefits the society,but seldom works to the advantage of the individual.
C) ideally blends the ideas of culture to the capacities and needs of the individual for the mutual benefit of the individual and society.
D) benefits neither the individual nor society.

Question 37

The "generalized other" is an attitude children acquire that is essentially the attitude of their parents.

Question 38

The socialization process ends at the conclusion of adolescence.

Question 39

The "dramaturgical approach" to understanding socialization and the development of the self utilizes the view of life as a stage on which people interact;where all people are both actors and audience,and the parts are the roles people play in their daily lives.

Question 40

In the United States,most people make the transition to adulthood by about the age of 16.

Question 41

The problems experienced by Genie,the social isolate,are believed to demonstrate

A) that childhood is the critical period in the development of language ability.
B) that once a child enters puberty,such problems cannot be overcome.
C) nothing that is sociologically based.
D) that childhood is the critical period in the development of language ability and that once a child enters puberty,such problems cannot be overcome are correct.

Question 42

Human socialization presupposes that

A) the socialization process can overcome inadequate genetic capacity.
B) adequate genetic endowment and environment are available.
C) Neither of the choices are correct.
D) the socialization process can overcome inadequate genetic capacity and adequate genetic endowment and environment are available are correct.

Question 43

Piaget's cognitive development theory included the importance of

A) four stages of development from birth to adulthood.
B) the power of parents in dictating the development of the child.
C) a person's ability to understand and interpret the world.
D) four stages of development from birth to adulthood and a person's ability to understand and interpret the world are correct.

Question 44

A major component of Piaget's preoperational stage is

A) children's awareness and understanding that they are "children" in the full meaning of the word.
B) the children's identification of themselves as boys or girls.
C) learning the meaning of religion.
D) understanding the role of family.

Question 45

The _________ is NOT one of the Breakfast Club characters that Bonnie Barber and her colleagues used in their research.

A) Brain
B) Dork
C) Basket Case
D) Princess

Question 46

Reflexive behavior is

A) rooted in conflict theory.
B) a component of symbolic interactionism in which people observe,interpret,evaluate,communicate with,and attempt to control themselves.
C) a major feature of parapsychology.
D) behavior that is totally dominated by one's genetic heritage.

Question 47

In Piaget's theory,the concrete operational stage

A) involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them.
B) includes the development of language.
C) is where children begin to think more abstractly by being able to separate symbols from the things they represent.
D) focuses on the development of logic.

Question 48

In Piaget's theory,the preoperational stage

A) involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them.
B) includes the learning of symbols and language.
C) involves the child's development of abstract thought.
D) includes the development of logic.

Question 49

Social learning theory includes the importance of ____________ in the socialization process.

A) conditioning
B) sensorimotor development
C) meaning conceptualization
D) schools

Question 50

Three microlevel theories of socialization

A) focus on how socialization occurs.
B) are functionalism,conflict theory,and symbolic socialism.
C) include social learning theory,cognitive developmental theory,and symbolic interactionism.
D) focus on how socialization occurs and include social learning theory,cognitive developmental theory,and symbolic interactionism are correct.

Question 51

The average American child spends between __________ hours with a television every day.

A) one and two
B) two and three
C) three and four
D) three and six

Question 52

Human beings are

A) locked into an unchangeable body that interacts with a changeable social system.
B) locked into a rigidly structured society that interacts with a changeable body.
C) not locked into an unchangeable body or an unchangeable society;both can change and each influences the other.
D) passive agents,shaping neither themselves nor their environments.

Question 53

The study of the enzyme disorder among the inhabitants of island of Sardinia showed that

A) beans activated the disease.
B) the disorder was genetically based.
C) the beans and genetics caused the disease.
D) it is an oversimplification to think of organisms as passive objects that are programmed by either genetics or environment.

Question 54

Today,_____ percent of mothers with children under school age are in the workforce.

A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) more than 60

Question 55

In Piaget's theory,the formal operations stage

A) includes children's sudden realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them.
B) is where children learn language.
C) is where children learn abstract thought.
D) is marked by a deeper,more complex way of viewing the world,including the ability to critically evaluate others' points of view.

Question 56

Agents of socialization

A) are primarily those significant people found in the formal school setting.
B) have been replaced in recent times by the peer group.
C) include the school,the family,the peer group,and the mass media.
D) Have minor impact on the personality development of the child.

Question 57

In Piaget's theory,the sensorimotor stage of development

A) involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them.
B) usually lasts about 5 years.
C) involves the child's development of language.
D) involves the child's development of abstract thought.

Question 58

Recent interest in the roles of nature and nurture in the development of human personality centers on the issue(s)of

A) which factor is more important.
B) to what degree the differences between people can be attributed to each factor.
C) how specific hereditary and environmental factors interact.
D) which factor ultimately determines personality traits.

Question 59

Conditioning,social reinforcement,and observational learning are components of

A) symbolic interactionism.
B) social learning theory.
C) cognitive development theory.
D) conflict theory.

Question 60

The two primary macrolevel theories of socialization

A) are symbolic interactionism and social learning theory.
B) take the position that social values,norms,and beliefs play a limited role in the development of society.
C) reject the notion of social determinism.
D) are functionalism and conflict theory;both view socialization as having important consequences for society as a whole.

Question 61

Nonverbal communication gestures

A) have universally accepted meanings.
B) ease cross-cultural communication problems.
C) are especially susceptible to cultural interpretations.
D) are impractical considerations in people's daily lives.

Question 62

A self-concept differs from a self-image in that the self-concept is more

A) accurate.
B) subjective.
C) long-term.
D) temporary.

Question 63

Noam Chomsky's observations of language suggest that

A) language will develop regardless of the society in which one lives.
B) language does not involve any predisposition;it is totally a learned capacity.
C) human beings possess an inborn language-generating mechanism that only requires that the child learn the specific peculiarities of his or her society's language.
D) genetic factors play no role in language development.

Question 64

Critics of Chomsky's language acquisition device argue that

A) human interaction is not necessary for children to learn a language adequately.
B) human interaction is necessary for children to learn a language adequately.
C) simple exposure to language is sufficient to set the processes of learning language into motion.
D) language is genetically programmed in all of us.

Question 65

The only area where nonverbal communication possibly may be universal in meaning is

A) hand gesturing.
B) proxemics.
C) touch.
D) facial expression.

Question 66

Self-esteem includes our

A) perception of how others appraise us.
B) comparison of our performance,ability,or other characteristics to those of others.
C) belief that we are responsible for a characteristic that results in credit or blame.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 67

All social interaction involves

A) verbalization.
B) communication.
C) vision.
D) hearing.

Question 68

Nonverbal communication

A) includes body language.
B) includes paralanguage.
C) is considered to make up the bulk of all our communication experience.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 69

The looking-glass self involves

A) an objective definition of reality.
B) a subjective definition of reality.
C) a universal definition of reality.
D) no definition of reality.

Question 70

The self is formed

A) through interaction with others.
B) before birth.
C) from hereditary influences.
D) before communication is possible.

Question 71

The looking-glass self is an ongoing mental process involving three phases with the last phase involving

A) imagining how we appear to others.
B) imagining how others judge our appearance.
C) a sense of self-evaluation.
D) imagining how we view others.

Question 72

Martha believes that if she doesn't wear her lucky hat,she'll flunk her algebra test.She forgets her hat,and becomes so anxious about forgetting it that she flunks the exam.This is an example of

A) the power of positive thinking.
B) the Thomas Theorem.
C) a definition of the situation.
D) the Thomas Theorem and a definition of the situation are correct.

Question 73

The case of the boy with normal hearing but with deaf parents highlights the idea that

A) learning gestures is a sufficient method of communication.
B) even though isolated,he was able to form a sufficient pattern of communication for adequate socialization to occur.
C) to learn a language,children must be able to interact with people in that language.
D) the importance of maturational factors in the development of language.

Question 74

Personal efficacy is

A) one of the few social processes that is unaffected by the socialization process.
B) the belief that we cannot overcome environmental obstacles and achieve our goals.
C) the belief that we can overcome obstacles and achieve our goals.
D) a belief that does not require that we achieve things.

Question 75

Cultural diversity in the workplace created a need for

A) understanding genetic differences in the development of language.
B) desensitizing workers regarding the nuances of language.
C) learning more effective verbal skills.
D) greater sensitivity among workers regarding people's use of nonverbal communication.

Question 76

The Thomas Theorem states that

A) if something can go wrong,it will.
B) if people define situations as real,they are real in their consequences.
C) work expands to fill the time available to complete it.
D) people rise to their level of incompetence.

Question 77

Communication

A) is a nonessential feature of the socialization process.
B) allows us to establish a "commonness" with one another that makes socialization possible.
C) allows us to develop our innate uniqueness that makes socialization possible.
D) includes only those verbal processes that allow us to talk to one another.

Question 78

Cooley's looking-glass self refers to

A) our fetish with examining ourselves in a mirror.
B) a process by which we view ourselves as we believe others see us.
C) a process by which we mirror our views of others to them.
D) the process in which we "ape" the behavior of others around us.

Question 79

The Thomas Theorem states that

A) phenomena have inherent,intrinsic meaning.
B) the meaning of things is essentially unimportant.
C) we respond not only to objective features of a situation,but also to its meaning,a process that has an effect on both our behavior and its results.
D) phenomena have inherent,intrinsic meaning and the meaning of things is essentially unimportant are correct.

Question 80

According to symbolic interactionists,the most important agents of socialization are

A) the schools.
B) the peers of the child.
C) dependent on how they are defined and interpreted by people before they actually influence behavior.
D) members of the mass media.