Deck 12: Population and Environment

Question 1

The life expectancy of Americans reached 77 years in 2003.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Currently,push AND pull factors contribute to the large numbers of illegal immigrants entering the U.S.from Mexico.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The "baby-bust cohort" is a phrase representing the huge growth in population that took place during the high fertility period following World War II.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Karl Marx's primary disagreement with Thomas Malthus was his insistence that society was not overpopulated but that wealth needed to be equally distributed.

Question 5

The United States currently has a growth rate of 1 percent,which means its population will double every 69 years.

Question 6

Migration is the measurement of factors that encourage people to leave a habitat they already occupy.

Question 7

As a result of the greater life expectancy of women,there are three women for every two men over the age of 65 in the U.S.

Question 8

Homography is the science dealing with the study of population size,distribution,and composition.

Question 9

It takes an average of 2.1 children per woman of childbearing age for a modern population to reach the zero population growth level.

Question 10

According to Thomas Malthus,human population grows in arithmetic progression and food production grows in geometric progression;therefore,the food supply stays just ahead of population growth rates.

Question 11

Births,deaths,and migration are components of what is termed population composition.

Question 12

The Neo-Malthusian Paul Ehrlich argued in The Population Bomb that even those who have enough food will suffer the effects of ecosystem destruction and environmental pollution.

Question 13

Ecology is the term used to represent the study of the interrelations between the living and nonliving components of an ecosystem.

Question 14

According to Thomas Malthus,human beings have to continually deal with a paradox: the need for food and the passion between the sexes.

Question 15

All population change within a society can be reduced to two factors: births and deaths.

Question 16

Richard Easterlin's work in charting population growth has shown that small generations typically produce large growth and large generations typically produce small growth.

Question 17

The United States has the lowest infant mortality rate of all industrialized countries.

Question 18

A boom in the birth rate in California,Texas,Idaho,and Arizona is the biggest factor in these states' population growth.

Question 19

Only a few nations,including Cuba,Afghanistan,Haiti,and El Salvador,have as much as one-tenth of a national population that emigrated in recent decades.

Question 20

Sociologists in particular focus on plant and animal species while analyzing the ecosystem.

Question 21

Cities constitute a relatively recent development in human history.

Question 22

The three classic models of city growth are the concentric circle model,edge cities,and the single nuclei model.

Question 23

By 2015,most of the largest urban areas will be in the developing world.

Question 24

The _________________ consists of all surrounding conditions and influences that affect an organism or a group or organisms.

A) society
B) behavioral sink
C) ecosystem
D) environment

Question 25

For most of the past 200 years,the largest cities in the world have been industrial urban centers in Europe and North America.

Question 26

________________ is the science dealing with the size,distribution,composition,and changes in population.

A) Sociology
B) Ecology
C) Demography
D) Homography

Question 27

Three schools of thought regarding fertility reduction include family planning,improving industrialization,and coercion as means of curbing the birth rate.

Question 28

Demographic transition theory relates changes in birth and death rates to processes of modernization.

Question 29

Global warming ranks very high in terms of public concern.

Question 30

The number of live births per 1,000 members of a population in a given year is the __________ rate.

A) crude birth.
B) general fertility
C) age-specific fertility
D) fecundity

Question 31

Indigenous Americans are the most segregated minority group in the U.S.

Question 32

Descriptive decline refers to a deterioration in city services and the social amenities of urban life.

Question 33

According to Chinese officials,in recent years there have been about 50 abortions in that country for every 100 births.

Question 34

Functionalists emphasize that human beings must become more sensitive to both the manifest and latent consequences of their actions on the environment to avoid damaging the ecosystem.

Question 35

On a daily basis,each U.S.citizen uses more than five times the amount of energy calculated to be the worldwide average per capita.

Question 36

In 1800,14 percent of the world's population lived in urban areas.

Question 37

In 2003,world population had reached __________ billion.

A) 6.48
B) 7.23
C) 8.63
D) 9.74

Question 38

The discipline that studies the interrelationships between the living and nonliving organisms and their environment is

A) environmentalism.
B) ecology.
C) tree-hugging.
D) symbiosis.

Question 39

A relatively stable community of organisms with established interlocking relationships and exchanges with one another and their natural habitat is called

A) society.
B) a behavioral sink.
C) environment.
D) an ecosystem.

Question 40

The three factors that determine population change within a given society are

A) births,accidental deaths,and homicides.
B) births,deaths,and immigrations.
C) births,deaths,and out-migrations.
D) births,deaths,and migrations into or out of the society.

Question 41

The boom in population in the western part of the United States is due primarily to

A) declining death rates resulting from better medical care.
B) internal migration.
C) a rapidly growing birth rate.
D) the demographic transition.

Question 42

The baby-boom-echo generation is

A) the generation born just after World War II.
B) a group consisting of those babies born to the baby boomer generation.
C) represented by the tiny base of the 1980 population pyramid.
D) a consequence of the Social Security dependency ratio.

Question 43

Migration is usually a burden in terms of costs and loss of social networks,so migrants are usually

A) older.
B) less educated.
C) better off economically.
D) less ambitious than others.

Question 44

The potential number of children that could be born to a woman is called

A) fertility.
B) the child-woman ratio.
C) the crude birth rate.
D) fecundity.

Question 45

The highest life expectancy rate in the world is found in

A) the U.S.
B) the United Kingdom.
C) Spain.
D) Japan.

Question 46

The baby-boom cohort

A) stands out in all the population pyramids.
B) is emerging as the "power generation" in political and economic institutions.
C) will need Social Security and Medicare support from the smaller generations coming behind them.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 47

The average number of children per woman of childbearing age for a modern population to replace itself without immigration is called the level of

A) fertility.
B) fecundity.
C) zero population growth.
D) demographic transition.

Question 48

The number of births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 is the

A) crude birth rate.
B) age-specific birth rate.
C) general fertility rate.
D) fecundity rate.

Question 49

Low agricultural productivity and low commodity prices in Mexico are examples of ___________ factors in migration patterns.

A) pull
B) neutral
C) negative
D) push

Question 50

The difference between births and deaths,plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population is known as the

A) demographic transition rate.
B) fecundity rate.
C) growth rate.
D) net migration rate.

Question 51

The number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births is called the

A) crude death rate.
B) age-specific death rate.
C) infant morbidity rate.
D) infant mortality rate.

Question 52

Demographically,a fertility rate is

A) related to actual reproductive behavior.
B) data dealing with the potential to reproduce.
C) the equivalent of fecundity.
D) data regarding ZPG.

Question 53

The average number of children per woman of childbearing age for a modern population to replace itself without immigration is

A) 1.0.
B) 2.1.
C) 3.
D) 3.5.

Question 54

The __________ rate is the increase or decrease per 1,000 members of the population in a given year that results from people entering or leaving a society.

A) demographic reduction
B) emigration
C) net migration
D) immigration

Question 55

In 2005,the infant mortality rate in the United States

A) was the lowest in the world.
B) was 6 per 1,000.
C) was above that of many other industrialized nations.
D) was 6 per 1,000 and was above that of many other industrialized nations are correct.

Question 56

According to demographer Richard Easterlin,

A) small generations typically produce large generations,and large generations typically produce smaller ones.
B) smaller birth cohorts may experience less competition for jobs when they enter the work force.
C) smaller birth cohorts may experience more competition for jobs when they enter the work force.
D) small generations typically produce large generations,and large generations typically produce smaller ones and smaller birth cohorts may experience less competition for jobs when they enter the work force are correct.

Question 57

High American wages served as a _____________ factor contributing to the illegal immigration patterns of people from Mexico.

A) pull
B) push
C) neutral
D) positive

Question 58

Normally,a population pyramid shows the distribution of

A) minorities in a population.
B) population by age and sex.
C) population by income.
D) population by occupation.

Question 59

Movement of people from one nation to another is called __________ migration.

A) international
B) global
C) inter-country
D) internal

Question 60

Thomas Malthus argued that population

A) increases arithmetically;food supply increases geometrically.
B) increases in parallel fashion;food supply increases arithmetically.
C) increases geometrically;food supply increases arithmetically.
D) should be checked by artificial birth control.

Question 61

According to the __________ perspective,governments fashion policies designed to produce changes in demographic behavior.

A) developmentalist
B) coercion
C) societalist
D) family planning

Question 62

A major problem with the family planning approach to population reduction is that it

A) forces people to be sterilized.
B) assumes that people want to have fewer children.
C) argues for economic development first,then birth control.
D) sees offspring as a form of social security.

Question 63

Giving advantages in housing,taxes,scholarships,and recreation to single as opposed to married people illustrates __________ of population reduction?

A) family planning strategy
B) developmentalist strategy
C) societalist perspective
D) coercive strategy

Question 64

The theory of urban development that emphasizes wedge shapes extending from the center to the periphery is called the

A) concentric circle model.
B) sector model.
C) multiple nuclei model.
D) original zone model.

Question 65

The size of preindustrial cities was restricted by all but which of the following?

A) Early cities had trouble with the threats from neighboring cities.
B) The absence of modern medicine and sanitation made life a deadly reality.
C) Thomas Malthus's theorem
D) The class structure prevented rural-urban migration.

Question 66

The primary processes fostering the development of the global city are

A) gentrification and squalor.
B) invasion and organization.
C) dispersal and concentration.
D) suburbanization and exurbanization.

Question 67

Karl Marx viewed population growth as always relative to the

A) demand for resources.
B) supply of food.
C) availability of employment opportunity.
D) family structure.

Question 68

Historically,population planners have focused on

A) how to keep the world's poorest women from having more babies.
B) Thomas Malthus' theory.
C) Karl Marx's perspective.
D) demographic transition theory.

Question 69

A ________________ is a relatively dense and permanent concentration of people who secure their livelihood chiefly through nonagricultural activities.

A) city
B) megalopolis
C) corporation
D) suburban area

Question 70

An argument against demographic transition theory is that it does not apply particularly well to

A) developing nations.
B) modern nations today.
C) Africa.
D) the United States.

Question 71

The _________ model of urban development was originated in and represented by the city of Chicago.

A) concentric circle
B) sector
C) multiple nuclei
D) "doughnut structure"

Question 72

Thomas Malthus focused primarily on the paradox of

A) the human being's need for food and desire for sex.
B) the social classes.
C) contraception and higher birth rates.
D) the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.

Question 73

The developmentalist strategy for population reduction is based on

A) a family planning device.
B) demographic transition theory.
C) coercion.
D) a passive-resistance approach.

Question 74

According to Neo-Malthusian Paul Ehrlich,

A) Malthus correctly suggested there were too many people in the world and too little food.
B) Marx was right about the need for a conflict between the rich and poor.
C) those who have enough food also will suffer the effects of ecosystem destruction and pollution.
D) Malthus correctly suggested there were too many people in the world and too little food and those who have enough food also will suffer the effects of ecosystem destruction and pollution are correct.

Question 75

According to the __________ strategy,fertility is a pattern of behavior tied closely to the institutional and organizational structure of society.

A) family planning
B) societalist
C) coercion
D) developmentalist

Question 76

According to demographic transition theory,the primary factor that affects growth rates is

A) the desire for sex.
B) modernization.
C) migration.
D) fecundity.

Question 77

According to Sassen,changes in the world economy are transforming major urban centers into what she calls the

A) modern Mesopotamia.
B) global city.
C) megalopolitan sprawl.
D) behavioral sink.

Question 78

A megalopolis is

A) sociological terminology for a city.
B) the same thing as a metropolis.
C) a strip city connecting outlying rural areas with urban development.
D) not found in current areas of urban development.

Question 79

Important to the emergence of cities was the

A) domestication of plants.
B) domestication of animals.
C) ability to produce surplus food.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 80

The foundation for the metropolitan phase of urbanism is found in

A) the application of science to industry.
B) the widespread use of electric power.
C) the advent of modern forms of transportation.
D) All of the choices are correct.