Deck 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Sexuality

Question 1

Professor Smith is studying a heterosexual couple's sexual behaviour.She is interested in how the psychological mechanisms they used in choosing each other were shaped by natural selection.What approach is she using?

A)sociobiological
B)evolutionary psychology
C)psychoanalytic
D)learning theory

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to sociobiology theory,homosexuality may be explained by which of the following?

A)The lack of sexual reproduction between homosexuals gives them the evolutionary advantage of having more resources available to themselves.
B)Homosexuality likely evolved to provide more care-giving individuals within a community.
C)Homosexuality likely evolved as a fourth sexual selection strategy in communities with an over-representation of one gender.
D)Because of its focus on reproduction,sociobiological theory cannot explain homosexuality.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is a popular criticism of Sigmund Freud's work?

A)the idea that the unconscious cannot be studied scientifically
B)the idea that there are stages of sexual development
C)the "Inductor Theory of Primary Sexual Differentiation"
D)his forward thinking in terms of male and female equity

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Professor Smith is studying the sexual behaviour of a heterosexual couple.She is interested in how the behaviour of this couple evolved and how it is similar to the behaviour she observed last week in the monkeys in her backyard.The concept expressed here is part of the

A)sociobiological approach
B)social learning approach
C)mixed species approach
D)conflict approach

Question 5

A psychology student studies the "wedding ring" effect,the idea that people who are already in a committed relationship seem to be more attractive to opposite-sex singles.Using the ideas in sexual strategy,why might this be so?

A)A person in a committed relationship must only want a sexual encounter,making them a good short-term partner and that is what both men and women desire.
B)A person in a committed relationship must have the qualities of a good long-term partner and that is what both men and women desire.
C)A man in a committed relationship would not be available,making him attractive to single women who generally desire a long-term partner only.
D)A woman in a committed relationship would not be available,making her attractive to single men who generally desire a short-term partner only.

Question 6

Which of the following is a sexual strategy which would be considered an effective evolutionary psychological mechanism?

A)A male choosing a fertile female who appears unhealthy.
B)A male chooses a sexually available female for both short-term and long-term relationships.
C)A male choosing a sexually available female for a short-term relationship,but avoiding such females for a long-term relationship.
D)A female choosing a partner for the short-term relationship because of immediate resource availability but not considering the implication for the long term.

Question 7

Which component of the personality operates on the reality principle?

A)the ego
B)the id
C)the superego
D)Eros

Question 8

Which of the following supports the sociobiological theory of parental investment?

A)Fathers spend an equal amount of money on their genetic children and their current stepchildren.
B)Fathers spend more money on their genetic children than on stepchildren from past relationships.
C)Fathers spend less money on their genetic children than on their current stepchildren.
D)Fathers' spending habits are entirely dictated by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Question 9

Some theorists suggest we may look at a partner's physique and complexion to estimate their

A)social status
B)sexual experience
C)genetic structure
D)reproductive potential

Question 10

Susie and John are on a date at the zoo.During their visit to the wild cat sanctuary,they come upon a male and female lion mating.While they are giggling at the cats' public display,Susie notices that she is becoming aroused.John,on the other hand,is experiencing no arousal except for some discomfort with the lion's ongoing encounter.How might some researchers interpret Susie and John's responses as a demonstration of natural selection?

A)Historically,men who have sex with felines do not reproduce;therefore,John is not sexually aroused by the sexual scene.
B)Susie has likely experienced sexual arousal to animals having sex in her past and is now conditioned to respond to the sexual scene.
C)Historically,finding humour in uncomfortable situations is a valuable trait to have in a mate;therefore,Susie is aroused by John.
D)Historically,women who had automatic physiological responses to a wide range of stimuli were more likely to survive;therefore,Susie is aroused by the sexual scene.

Question 11

Which of the following is the concept sociobiologists use to describe "the process by which the individuals that are best adapted to their environment,survive,reproduce,and pass on their genes"?

A)sexual strategies
B)natural selection
C)environmental physiology
D)gender schemas

Question 12

A girl is impressed with her boyfriend's ambition.She feels he will make a good husband and father.She accepts his proposal of marriage.This is an example of

A)sexual selection
B)natural selection
C)cognitive selection
D)social display

Question 13

A married man who refrains from flirting with a female in front of his wife is being guided by his

A)id
B)ego
C)libido
D)pleasure principle

Question 14

According to Freud,identification with the same-gender parent occurs at the conclusion of the stage of psychosexual development called the

A)anal stage
B)oral stage
C)genital stage
D)phallic stage

Question 15

Which theoretical formulation has been criticized for an over-emphasis on reproduction?

A)sociology
B)sociobiology
C)social learning theory
D)script theory

Question 16

Sociobiologists believe that human sexual behaviours are primarily the result of

A)observational learning
B)personal experience
C)evolution
D)cultural influences

Question 17

Pair-bonding and attachment increase reproductive success.Which example illustrates these mechanisms?

A)A mother and father are emotionally involved and share finances.
B)A mother and her child have a loving relationship and the father provides finances.
C)A mother and father are emotionally involved and both have a loving relationship with the child.
D)A father and his child have a loving relationship and the mother provides stability.

Question 18

What term did Freud use to describe the sex drive?

A)evolution
B)libido
C)thanatos
D)evolutionary imperative

Question 19

When a group of males at a party compete to catch the attention of one particularly beautiful and intelligent female,they are displaying a behaviour called

A)gender schema
B)latency
C)sexual selection
D)parental investment

Question 20

Let's say you are a person who is willing to have sex with anyone,anytime,anyplace.According to Freud,you have an overactive

A)pituitary and hypothalamus
B)id
C)ego
D)superego

Question 21

Which of the following is most consistent with operant conditioning?

A)continuing to have sexual intercourse because of having experienced painful intercourse on a consistent basis
B)becoming sexually aroused in a new circumstance that is similar to one's past sexual experiences
C)masturbating as a child even when we know that we will be punished if we are caught
D)sexually responding to our image of what the other gender is doing

Question 22

Jody's first serious girlfriend often would wear lycra workout shorts when "serious" sexual intimacies were on the agenda in the back seat of his car.Now whenever he sees a female attired in the same way,he feels sexually aroused.Jody's reaction is an example of

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)sexual conditioning
D)social conditioning

Question 23

One of the main criticisms of Freud is that

A)he claimed children were sexual beings.
B)his data came from disturbed patients.
C)he suffered from acute depression himself.
D)the sample on which he based his findings was too large.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a feminist critique of how Freud viewed women's psychosocial development?

A)Women are inferior because they do not have a penis.
B)A vaginal orgasm is more mature than a clitoral orgasm.
C)Women are the source of boys' Oedipus complex.
D)There are differences between vaginal and clitoral orgasms.

Question 25

One of the principles of operant conditioning is the delay factor where punishment is not very effective in stopping the behaviour.This principle can be seen in

A)engaging in sexual intercourse after watching pornography
B)becoming sexually aroused in a new circumstance that is similar to one's past sexual experiences.
C)continuing to engage in unprotected oral sex after having been diagnosed with Chlamydia in the throat.
D)becoming sexually aroused after imagining a sexual activity.

Question 26

At around two years old,parents typically potty train their children.In Freud's view,this behaviour is an example of what stage of development?

A)oral stage
B)phallic stage
C)genital stage
D)anal stage

Question 27

In Freudian terms,a child who steals a cookie from the jar and then feels guilty has a

A)strong libido
B)strong id
C)weak superego
D)strong superego

Question 28

Young boys living in Melanesia are forced to perform fellatio on an enemy boy in the dark after being exhausted in initiation rites.This reduces the erotic effects of homosexual behaviour and is an example of

A)observational learning
B)imitation
C)aversion conditioning
D)cognitive restructuring

Question 29

A therapist uses a schedule of immediate rewards and punishments for appropriate and inappropriate sexual arousal to images on a screen.What type of therapy is the therapist using?

A)psychoanalysis
B)behaviour therapy
C)cognitive therapy
D)social learning therapy

Question 30

Neuropsychoanalysis research has provided support for Freud's theories by showing that

A)the temporal lobe likely contains the ego.
B)the unconscious can be accessed with electrical stimulation.
C)parts of the limbic system are active during strange dreams.
D)parts of the frontal lobe are active during strange dreams.

Question 31

The theorists/researchers who believe that all or almost all of our adult sexual behaviour is determined by our childhood experiences use which of the following approaches?

A)social learning
B)sociobiology
C)structural functional
D)psychoanalytic

Question 32

Food is a __________ reinforcer,and sex is a ________ reinforcer.

A)primary;primary
B)conditioned;conditioned
C)primary;conditioned
D)conditioned;primary

Question 33

Freudian psychoanalysts believe development ___________ whereas modern psychoanalysts believe development _______________.

A)ends in adolescence;is lifelong
B)is lifelong;ends in adolescence
C)is biological;is sociological
D)depends on parents;depends on genetics

Question 34

Imagine that you have learned to become aroused to your partner's cologne or perfume.In conditioning terms,the cologne or perfume would be referred to as a(n)

A)conditioned response
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 35

Using learning theory terminology presented in the text,the negative experience of contracting a sexually transmitted disease following sexual intercourse would be called a(n)

A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)punishment
D)operant

Question 36

A weakness of Freud's theory of psychosocial development was his belief that not much happened sexually during the

A)oral stage
B)latency stage
C)anal stage
D)genital stage

Question 37

A woman who constantly smokes cigarettes and chews gum would be said to be fixated at the:

A)phallic stage
B)genital stage
C)oral stage
D)penis envy stage

Question 38

Which is NOT one of Freud's important contributions to sexuality?

A)making sex something the public could talk about.
B)showing that sex was an appropriate topic for scientific research.
C)showing that sex is a natural and inseparable part of human life.
D)his identification of the latency period of childhooD.

Question 39

What are the two main concepts of social learning theory?

A)identification and imitation
B)operant conditioning and classical conditioning
C)reinforcement and punishment
D)aversion and imitation

Question 40

Because stimulation of the clitoris and stimulation of the penis is automatically pleasurable,the sexual pleasure derived from such stimulation is classified as a(n)

A)conditioned response
B)unconditioned response
C)unconditioned stimulus
D)conditioned stimulus

Question 41

Which is an example of equity?

A)Jane and John experience the same profit in their relationship.
B)Jane believes that John experiences more costs in their relationship than she does.
C)John believes that Jane receives as many rewards as she should and fewer costs than she should in their relationship.
D)Jane and John believe that the rewards they get are proportional to the costs they bear in their relationship.

Question 42

Second,what social exchange principle is demonstrated in the scenario in the question above?

A)Comparison level for alternatives
B)Comparison level
C)Balance of rewards and costs
D)Vicarious learning

Question 43

What does equality mean in social exchange theory?

A)That both partners receive the same rewards.
B)That neither partner receives costs.
C)That both partners receive the same profits.
D)That men do the same number of chores as women.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT crucial to understanding human sexuality according to cognitive psychologists?

A)perception
B)labeling
C)evaluation
D)modification

Question 45

Which theory explains relationships in terms of rewards and cost?

A)Social learning theory
B)Symbolic interaction theory
C)Social exchange theory
D)Social economic theory

Question 46

According to critics,what concept in relationships does social exchange theory NOT explain well?

A)Partner Selection
B)Love
C)Infidelity
D)Sexual Satisfaction

Question 47

Jen's friend Sandra lends her a lawn mower because last week Jen took care of Sandra's dog while she was out of town.This example demonstrates how _______________ views social relationships.

A)social learning theory
B)social exchange theory
C)evolutionary theory
D)symbolic interaction theory

Question 48

Toni has high expectations for having consistently great sex in her relationships.Although she enjoys having sex with Brett,Toni would like to have more regular,more varied,and longer sexual encounters.Toni has been feeling less sexually attractive because of her perceived limited sex life with Brett.Brett is very happy with the sex that they have.How would Byers and her colleagues expect Toni to rate her level of sexual satisfaction?

A)Very high
B)Very low
C)Non-existent
D)Not great

Question 49

In social exchange terminology,what is the balance of rewards to cost called when there are more rewards than costs?

A)Profit
B)Deficit
C)Reinforcement
D)Product

Question 50

The fact that males living in Melanesia spend 10 or more years in exclusively homosexual relationships,then spend the remainder of their lives in exclusively heterosexual relationships shows that:

A)ultimately psychoanalytic ideas of parental influence are most important.
B)sexuality is not necessarily fixed,and may be changeable in some societies by social learning and cognitive restructuring.
C)sexual selection does not occur within this culture.
D)legality is the only barrier to homosexuality.

Question 51

Lee has been going on dates with both Terri and Joe.Terri is wealthy and takes Lee on extravagant trips paying for everything;but he often travels for work for long periods of time.Joe is more modest and most of their dates involve spending time in common activities together.Lee is looking for loving companionship.First,according to social exchange theory,which dating partner is Lee likely to choose?

A)Neither
B)Terri
C)Joe
D)A new person

Question 52

According to schema theory,seeing pictures of little boys playing with dolls is information that is called

A)schema-resistant
B)schema-malignant
C)stereotype-inconsistent
D)stereotype-distorted

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT explained by the principles of reinforcement in social exchange theory?

A)Change
B)Selection
C)Stability
D)Satisfaction

Question 54

A teacher wants to use the concept of self-efficacy when she teaches her class on condom use.Which activity should she incorporate?

A)demonstrate how to put on a condom using a dildo
B)display pictures showing the steps of how to put on a condom
C)talk to the students about problems they have while putting on condoms
D)have each of the students practice putting a condom on a dildo

Question 55

Operant conditioning might posit the following regarding homosexuality:

A)It is due to a reinforcement of sexual actions toward same-sex individuals.
B)Stereotypes of homosexuals persist because we filter out stereotype-inconsistencies.
C)Over time,homosexuality should be less common because of a lack of offspring resulting from homosexual pairings.
D)It is a result of genetic imprinting.

Question 56

A researcher team is interested in couples' sexual satisfaction.They ask people about what parts of their sexual relationship are positive,which parts are negative,and whether overall they find their sexual relationship to as good/bad as they expected.What theory of sexual relationships is this research team investigating?

A)Symbolic interaction theory
B)Social exchange theory
C)Sociobiology
D)Social learning theory

Question 57

Males living in Melanesia who shift from a pattern of exclusive homosexuality to a pattern of exclusive heterosexuality are instructed that there are several stages through which a boy must pass to become a masculine man.These boys also participate in initiation ceremonies that involve first giving fellatio to older boys/men and then receiving fellatio from younger boys.The structure of this cultural tradition combines which two theories of sexuality?

A)operant and classical conditioning
B)cognitive theory and learning theories
C)schema processing and evolutionary theory
D)psychoanalysis and sociobiology

Question 58

Cognitive psychologists believe that distress is caused by which of the following?

A)physiological and/or biochemical changes
B)reinforcement of negative moods
C)unpleasant,exaggerated and/or distorted thoughts
D)pressures from competing demands of family,work,and religious beliefs

Question 59

What is a schema?

A)A general knowledge framework
B)A sneaky way of being
C)A technique to identify the sex of a baby
D)A stereotyped behaviour

Question 60

Let's say that you are trying to explain some kinds of sexual behaviour as resulting from exposure to erotica obtained from "adult" websites.You believe that people will use the techniques they observe in the erotica if they have positive results from trying them.The theory which you are drawing on to explain the sexual behaviour is

A)sociobiology
B)operant conditioning
C)script theory
D)social learning theory

Question 61

Who was one of the earliest contributors to sexual behavioural research and administered the first large-scale sex survey?

A)Margaret Mead
B)Magnus Hitschfeld
C)Alfred Kinsey
D)Bronislaw Malinowski

Question 62

From the sociological perspective,if you were to state that a particular institution was an important source for norms where various types of sexual behaviour are viewed as being wrong,such as extramarital sex,the institution that you would be referring to would be

A)education
B)religion
C)the economy
D)medicine

Question 63

How does gender schema theory explain why stereotypes about homosexuals,heterosexuals,males,females,sexual behaviour,etc. ,are very slow to change?

A)we remember events and people in ways that fit better with our stereotypes
B)we learn what to expect of people by observing what they do
C)we learn to expect certain things from certain people and situations
D)we tend to give the same meaning to people across different contexts

Question 64

At the macro level of analysis,our sexuality would be interpreted to be influenced by all EXCEPT for which one of the following?

A)the family
B)religion
C)the economy
D)sexual orientation

Question 65

If we are studying two societies in relation to their views on prostitution and we find that in one,prostitution is legal and in the other,it is not,the social system or institution that we are examining is

A)medicine
B)the law
C)the family
D)religion

Question 66

Which of the following is TRUE regarding sexual behaviour and the institution of medicine?

A)In the late 1800s,physicians indicated masturbation would not cause various pathologies.
B)Today,medicine plays a role in aspects of sexuality it never used to,such as child birth.
C)Today most sex therapists are uncomfortable "prescribing" masturbation as a treatment.
D)Medicine has had minimal influence on our sexuality over the last 100 years.

Question 67

Under Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau,an omnibus bill was passed that made the use of contraception legal and allowed consenting adults to legally have oral and anal sex.These sweeping changes were introduced in

A)1955
B)1960
C)1969
D)1979

Question 68

In the examination of the effects of social institutions for differences in sexual behaviour,Byers and Slattery (1997)observed that it is difficult to support a family on the salary earned in most jobs in Russia.In contrast,a prostitute may earn the equivalent of a monthly salary in just a few hours.As a result,many prostitutes in Russia are highly educated.Which sociological institution is concerned?

A)the economy
B)education
C)the family
D)politics

Question 69

Which of the following is the BEST example of the medicalization of sexuality in the 21^st century?

A)A man asks his physician for a pill to help him attain an erection.
B)A woman asks her physician for a referral to a sex therapist.
C)A woman sees a gynecologist about severe menstrual pain.
D)A man sees his physician for the treatment of a sexually transmitted infection.

Question 70

Which one of the following is MOST LIKELY to be FALSE concerning the legal system and sexuality?

A)Laws are mechanisms of social control.
B)Laws determine normative behaviours.
C)Laws reflect the interests of dominant groups within a society.
D)Laws concerning sexuality are in everyone's best interest.

Question 71

A man walks into a woman's office,shuts the door,and opens his coat to reveal that he is naked.The woman approaches the man and kisses him passionately.A cognitive psychologist might expect the woman to have mentally done what?

A)perceived the man to be attractive and non-threatening
B)used her knowledge of stereotypes to size the man up
C)remembered a sequence of events she saw in a movie
D)telepathically communicated her sexual desire to the man

Question 72

Why are most of us anxious to know the gender of a newborn child before we interact with the child?

A)so parents are not offended by anyone mistaking a boy for a girl
B)it helps us organize knowledge so that we can think and act appropriately
C)it is a social convention to ask
D)clothing no longer tells us the gender of the child

Question 73

A young man is surfing the Internet for sexually explicit images.As he scans the images,he begins to get an erection.He comes across a website that shows adults dressed like cartoon characters engaged in oral sex.He thinks to himself "arg,that's weird and perverted." He instantly loses his sexual arousal.This scenario demonstrates which theory?

A)Evolutionary theory
B)Learning theory
C)Cognitive theory
D)Symbolic interaction theory

Question 74

Jane meets an old friend,Deb,at the grocery store.Deb has a new baby.The first thing Jane says to Deb is,"Is it a boy or a girl?" Jane's desire to know this information lends support to the theory of

A)sociobiology
B)stereotype-distortion
C)social scripting
D)gender schemas

Question 75

On the way to work you see a female ballerina,a male body-builder,and a female construction worker.According to gender schema theory,which of the following are you likely to remember?

A)a female ballerina,male body-builder,and female construction worker
B)a female ballerina,female body-builder,and female construction worker
C)a female ballerina,male body-builder,and male construction worker
D)the female ballerina if you are male,and the male body-builder if you are male

Question 76

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in your textbook as having been illegal in Canada?

A)same-sex sexual activity
B)bestiality
C)contraception
D)sex between two unmarried persons

Question 77

The institution in North American society,which is most responsible for norms and values relating to the prohibitions against homosexual sex,is

A)the family
B)religion
C)the economy
D)education

Question 78

Sociologists view societal influences on human sexuality occurring at a number of levels.The institution of the family is an example of such an influence at the

A)macro level
B)subcultural level
C)interpersonal level
D)individual level

Question 79

Jeannie's mother was happy to have a husband who brought home a pay check every two weeks and was a good man.For her,these characteristics were enough for her to have sex with her husband.Jeannie wants to fall in love with someone who will become her partner both in marriage and in sex.This is an example of how the _____________ institution has changed and the ________________ ideology guides sexual behaviour.

A)economic;procreational
B)economic;relational
C)familial;procreational
D)familial;relational

Question 80

Which theorist would modify a person's sexual thoughts or fantasies to improve his or her sexual functioning?

A)learning theorist
B)operant theorist
C)behavioural theorist
D)cognitive theorist