Deck 13: Sexual Orientation: Gay, Straight, or BI

Question 1

__________ are cognitive frameworks for how people are expected to behave in social situations.

A)Information constellations
B)Scripts
C)Knowledge structures
D)Schemas

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The peer group can also have a big impact in socializing for gender roles.In an Ontario experiment with children in grades 3 to 6

A)boys preferred the exclusively masculine boys and girls preferred the exclusively feminine girls portrayed in stories.
B)boys preferred boys portrayed in stories who behaved in traditionally feminine ways and girls preferred the girls who behaved in traditionally masculine ways.
C)boys preferred girls portrayed in stories who behaved in traditionally masculine ways and girls preferred the boys who behaved in traditionally feminine ways.
D)boys preferred the exclusively masculine boys and girls preferred girls portrayed in stories who behaved in traditionally masculine ways.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

________ is a set of norms,or culturally defined expectations,that define how people of one gender ought to behave.

A)A gender role
B)Gender identity
C)A stereotype
D)A schema

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an example of gender-role socialization?

A)characters on Sesame Street teaching boys and girls how to speak Spanish
B)a teacher calling on the boys in her class more than the girls
C)groups of 6-8 year old girls playing Miss America dress-up
D)a father teasing his 3-year-old son for playing with dolls

Question 5

Extramarital sexual activity by Chinese men may be considered acceptable,particularly in situations

A)in which the man works away from the geographical location of the home.
B)in which the woman has not obtained sufficient sexual experience to sexually satisfy her partner.
C)in which the man feels it necessary to obtain further sexual experience in order to sexually satisfy his partner.
D)of arranged marriage.

Question 6

Gender stereotypes that are present in the mass media,particularly TV shows

A)have little effect on the beliefs and behaviour of children.
B)primarily affect young boys more than young girls.
C)primarily affect young girls rather than young boys.
D)have a significant effect upon the beliefs and behaviour of children.

Question 7

A number of cross-cultural similarities in gender roles were found by research in the Ethnocultural Communities Facing AIDS study.For example

A)the roles and tasks of males and females in the family are identical.
B)male and female children are given the same freedoms and restrictions with respect to dating and premarital sex.
C)both males and females are expected to be equally active in sexual relationships.
D)females are expected to be passive and to meet males' needs in sexual relationships.

Question 8

The increased availability of television in a town in British Columbia was associated with which of the following in children of that town?

A)increased promiscuity
B)increased incidence of homosexuality
C)an increase in gender-stereotyped attitudes
D)a decrease in testosterone levels

Question 9

In South Asian and Chinese families but NOT in English-speaking Caribbean families,women are expected to be

A)virgins
B)submissive to men
C)higher achievers than men
D)primary caregivers

Question 10

Ben believes that women are weaker than men and need men to take care of them-a stereotype he has held since youth.After befriending Julie,a self-made successful entrepreneur and CEO of an international corporation,Ben's beliefs

A)change to allow for some women to not need taking care of.
B)adjust to specify that women need taking care of outside of their occupation.
C)remain the same regarding women.
D)completely change;he now believes women are as capable as men.

Question 11

In general,how have media portrayals of gender stereotypes changed over time?

A)There has been a trend toward much less stereotyping.
B)There has been little change.
C)There has been a trend toward much more stereotyped portrayals of gender roles.
D)There is much less stereotyping in magazines,but not other media forms.

Question 12

In their studies of initiating sexual activity in dating and cohabiting couples,Byers and colleagues (1989;1992)found that

A)males in dating and long-term relationships are more likely to initiate sex than females.
B)males in dating and long-term relationships are equally as likely as females to initiate sex.
C)males in dating and long-term relationships are less likely to initiate sex than females.
D)females in dating and long-term relationships are more likely to refuse to have sex than males.

Question 13

Alex is a quiet,considerate,and pretty child.Alex is often told that she is pretty and knows that she is very quiet.Alex's mom is also quiet,pretty and considerate.As Alex gets older she meets more and more women who are also quiet and considerate.Using the concept of self-socialization,how is the match between Alex's characteristics and the characteristics of women in her life likely to influence Alex?

A)Alex is likely to react by becoming the opposite.
B)The match is likely to strengthen Alex's female gender identity.
C)Alex is already a girl so the match does little to influence her.
D)Alex is likely to become depressed because of dangerous combination of these characteristics.

Question 14

Why do adult men and women behave as gender roles say they should?

A)Gender identity transfer
B)Gender inculcation
C)Socialization
D)Normalization

Question 15

A ________ is a set of culturally defined expectations that define how people of one gender ought to behave;a ________ is a generalization about a group of people (such as all persons of one gender)that distinguishes them from others.

A)stereotype;gender schema
B)gender schema;stereotype
C)stereotype;gender role
D)gender role;stereotype

Question 16

Probably the first thing we want to know about a baby that we are viewing for the first time is its

A)race
B)religion
C)social class
D)gender

Question 17

According to cognitive theorists,which is NOT TRUE about our gender schema?

A)It influences how we process information.
B)It causes us to dichotomize information on the basis of gender.
C)It causes us to distort information that is stereotypically inconsistent.
D)Its influence is not affected by our own gender roles.

Question 18

In most Chinese families,the __________ is considered the head of the household and the __________ is the primary caregiver.

A)eldest female;youngest female
B)man;woman
C)woman;man
D)man;hired servant

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the traditional sexual script (TSS)for males in sexual situations?

A)Men are expected to let women take the lead after sexual activity starts.
B)Males with a lot of sexual experience are very attractive and masculine.
C)Males are responsible for both their and their female partner's sexual enjoyment.
D)Males are the initiators in sexual situations.

Question 20

Since 1972,stereotypes among university students about men and women have

A)become more positive for women.
B)become more positive for men.
C)not changed much.
D)become less positive for men.

Question 21

Both having __________ and _________ are considered important aspects of the female role and indicators of success for women in English-speaking Caribbean communities in Canada.

A)a job;a car
B)a male partner;a child
C)a male partner;a job
D)a child;a career

Question 22

Which of the following is an aspect of the traditional sexual script and the underlying gender schema?

A)Women are "oversexed" and men are "undersexed."
B)High sexual experience enhances women's but decreases men's perceived status.
C)Men are expected to be "sexperts."
D)Women,because of their greater sexual interest,are supposed to be the initiators in sexual situations.

Question 23

As a result of women's prescribed gender role in South Asian communities in Canada

A)women are very likely to express any dissatisfaction they have about their sexual relationship with their husband.
B)women are likely to visit male prostitutes during marriage.
C)women are not supposed to question the behaviour of their husband.
D)women are expected to chastise their husbands severely if they discover extramarital sexual activity.

Question 24

Traditionally in English-speaking Caribbean communities in Canada,the man was expected to _________ and then woman was expected to __________

A)care for children;be the provider
B)care for the household;care for the children
C)be the provider;care for children and work outside the home
D)to place importance to his personal achievement;place importance on her personal achievement

Question 25

According to your text,in which of the following cultures are men NOT expected to participate in premarital sexual activity in order to become sexually experienced?

A)Chinese
B)South Asian
C)English-speaking Caribbean
D)Aboriginal Canadian

Question 26

One of the stereotypes that exists is that men and women differ in their motives for having sex.Men-at least according to the stereotype-are more interested in the physical aspects of sex and women are thought to be most interested in the love and romance aspects of sex.This stereotype

A)is basically false because men and women have similar reasons for having sex across the board.
B)is partly true because men are more likely to have physical reasons for having sex than women but men and women are similar on their love and romance reasons.
C)has not been substantiated to be either true or false because it is basically not empirically testable.
D)is wishful thinking on the part of males who are generally unaware of what women think.

Question 27

Sex researchers have consistently found gender differences in actual behaviour for all EXCEPT

A)ability to decode non-verbal behaviour.
B)frequency of masturbation.
C)physical response to erotic material.
D)self-disclosure of personal information.

Question 28

It appears that the two largest areas of gender differences in sexuality occur in the areas of ___________ and ___________,respectively.

A)masturbation;attitudes about casual sex
B)masturbation;marital sexuality
C)homosexuality;masturbation
D)attitudes about casual sex;oral-genital contact

Question 29

Which of the following research findings DOES NOT support traditional gender-role stereotypes?

A)Women self-disclose more than men in dating relationships.
B)Ideally,men and women are equally expressive in sexual situations.
C)Women are better at reading non-verbal communication.
D)Men express more verbal aggression than women.

Question 30

Which of the following terms has NOT been used by Aboriginals to describe independent,aggressive women who expressed masculine traits and participated in male-stereotyped activities?

A)Warrior woman
B)Two-Spirit
C)Manly hearted woman
D)Berdache

Question 31

Canadian research (Lawrance et al. ,1996)on communication patterns among university students suggests

A)that men are more emotionally expressive than women in nonsexual situations.
B)that we are moving toward a norm of greater emotional expressiveness for men.
C)that there seems to be no shift in the expectation of men to not express their feelings.
D)that the traditional gender role where women are expected to be emotionally expressive is no longer true.

Question 32

In traditional Aboriginal culture,the marriage of a man to a Two-Spirit male would be considered

A)a homosexual marriage
B)a transsexual marriage
C)a transvestite marriage
D)a marriage by two people of different genders

Question 33

While 32% of grade 11 girls agreed that it was all right to have casual sex,this number is _____ for grade 11 boys.

A)26%
B)66%
C)46%
D)86

Question 34

In which of South Asian,Chinese,and English-speaking Caribbean cultures is it NOT ever permitted for men to engage in extra-marital sex?

A)Chinese
B)South Asian
C)English-speaking Caribbean
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 35

Research on male-female psychological differences indicates that males are

A)much more aggressive than females as children.
B)much more aggressive than females at all ages.
C)less likely to take risk than females.
D)less likely to interrupt than females.

Question 36

According to the authors of your text,which social processes seem to have resulted in increased male dominance among North American Aboriginal people?

A)Domination and assimilation
B)Acculturation and adaptation
C)Observation and synthesis
D)Assessment and behaviour modification

Question 37

Before contact with Europeans,at least some Aboriginal people in North America had relatively __________ gender roles when compared with European culture of the same period.

A)egalitarian
B)primitive
C)stereotyped
D)unequal

Question 38

In studies of sexuality,the largest difference in sexual behaviour between men and women exists in relationship to incidence of ___________,especially when the factor of age is considered.

A)sexual intercourse
B)oral-genital contact
C)anal intercourse
D)masturbation

Question 39

When it comes to attitudes toward casual sex,the belief that emotional involvement in a relationship is a prerequisite for participating in sexual intercourse is

A)demonstrated in women's attitudes more than in men's attitudes.
B)true for men more than for women.
C)equally demonstrated in men's and women's attitudes.
D)demonstrated more in people not using contraception as compared to those using contraception.

Question 40

In South Asian communities in Canada,females tend to be

A)given privileges or freedoms.
B)allowed to date.
C)expected to have extensive knowledge of sexual activity before marriage.
D)highly valued if their virginity remains intact.

Question 41

Heiman found a high correlation between self-reports and physiological measures of arousal in women when

A)women had been told to pay attention to changes that occurred in their bodies as they viewed eroticA.
B)women engaged in sexual intercourse in the laboratory.
C)women masturbated in the laboratory.
D)women read erotica.

Question 42

Female students who were told their truthfulness was being analyzed by a polygraph (a bogus-pipeline)reported _______ sex partners than their male counterparts.

A)many more
B)slightly more
C)many less
D)a less accurate number of

Question 43

Which general cultural factor discussed in the text provides the clearest evidence of differences in restrictions and permissions in male and female sexuality?

A)Double standard
B)Traditional sexual script
C)Family roles
D)Occupational roles

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of category specificity in sexual arousal?

A)A heterosexual man is aroused by a scene of two men engaged in intimate sexual activity.
B)A lesbian woman is physiologically aroused by an image of a woman giving oral sex to a man.
C)A gay man is subjectively aroused by an image of two men grinding on a dance floor.
D)A heterosexual woman is turned on by lesbian sex.

Question 45

Typically,boys' earliest sexual experiences are with ________,while girls' earliest sexual experiences are with ________.

A)other boys;other girls
B)masturbation;boys
C)masturbation;masturbation
D)girls;boys

Question 46

The response to specific erotic material featuring explicit heterosexual sex that was initiated by the female was found to be most arousing to

A)females
B)males
C)both females and males
D)older males

Question 47

The best explanation given for why women are likely to misjudge their erotic arousal about half the time is that this is due to

A)hormones,especially the lack of testosterone.
B)the internal location of much of their sexual anatomy.
C)cultural factors which teach women not to cue in to their own bodies.
D)their inherent lack of interest in sex.

Question 48

Teaching girls more about their sexual organs,genitals,the clitoris in particular and encouraging them to masturbate would decrease gender differences in sexuality IF

A)women masturbating at a later age than men is the reason for gender differences.
B)visibility of sexual anatomy is the reason for gender differences.
C)culture is the reason for gender differences.
D)hormones are the reason for gender differences.

Question 49

Which of the following is true regarding orgasms?

A)Men are more consistent than women at having orgasms during sex.
B)Women are more likely to have an orgasm during masturbation than men.
C)Women are more likely than men to have an orgasm with a partner they have had sex with previously.
D)Females have more frequent,but less intense,orgasms than men.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a research finding that supports the statement,"men have a stronger sex drive compared to women"?

A)Men want more sex partners than do women.
B)Men have a greater variety of sexual fantasies than do women.
C)Men think about sex more often than do women.
D)Women want greater frequency of intercourse than do men.

Question 51

A photoplethysmograph refers to

A)a "peter meter."
B)a cylinder placed in the vagina to measure physiological sexual arousal.
C)an instrument used to measure an erection.
D)a camera used in sex research because of its unique ability to capture images in the dark.

Question 52

How is physiological arousal measured (in laboratory research)in the male?

A)Photoplethysmograph
B)Photometer
C)Penile loop
D)Penile strain gauge

Question 53

It has been suggested that women may develop an "erotic dependency" upon men because

A)men are naturally better at sex than women.
B)women often have a higher sex drive and men are defined as necessary to fulfill this biological need.
C)women often first learn to use sex to get male attention.
D)women often have little experience with other sexual pleasures,such as masturbation.

Question 54

Researchers have found that men and women are equally aroused by erotic stimuli.However,they have also found that

A)men and women do not demonstrate category specificity in their physiological arousal to sexual stimuli.
B)men are category specific but women are not in their physiological arousal to sexual stimuli.
C)women are category specific but men are not in their physiological arousal to sexual stimuli.
D)men and women both demonstrate category specificity in their physiological arousal to sexual stimuli.

Question 55

A study using the bogus-pipeline method,anonymous reporting,and the threat of peer exposure regarding the number of sexual partners a person had,found which of the following?

A)Males significantly exaggerated their reported number of sex partners if they thought others would find out the information.
B)Females significantly under-reported the number of partners under threat of exposure and over-reported the number of partners in the polygraph condition.
C)Females significantly under-reported the number of partners in both the anonymous and exposure condition,but reported a number similar to that of males in the polygraph condition.
D)Males significantly over-reported the number of partners they had in the exposure and polygraph condition,but were accurate in the anonymous condition.

Question 56

Which of the following is TRUE regarding what we believe our partners want from sex?

A)We listen closely to their preferences,and use these to form stereotyped ideas of what all partners want.
B)Women's ideals of sex are closer to their partners' preferences than to their own stereotypes of men's preferences.
C)Men's ideals of sex are closer to their partners' preferences than to their own stereotypes of women's preferences.
D)Both men and women have ideals that are closer to their own stereotyped view of their partners' preferences than to their partners' actual preferences.

Question 57

It appears that there are almost no differences by gender in

A)incidence of masturbation.
B)attitudes about casual sex.
C)arousal to erotica (viewing erotic scenes).
D)anxiety and guilt about sex.

Question 58

The hormonal explanation of gender differences in sexuality rests on the findings that __________ is related to sexual behaviour.

A)dopamine
B)testosterone
C)estrogen
D)adrenaline

Question 59

Which of the following is evidence that the double standard in sexuality is decreasing?

A)Men and women continue to report differences in incidence and frequency of masturbation.
B)Where gender differences in sexual behaviour were found in the past,they are no longer supported in research.
C)Women continue to report more negative evaluations of women who engage in casual sex compared to their evaluations of men who engage in casual sex.
D)Men and women think that it is less normal for a man than for a woman to not be interested in sex.

Question 60

Although men and women do NOT differ greatly in their arousal to erotica,researchers consistently find that

A)more women read erotica than do men.
B)men are more likely to use porn than are women.
C)men are more likely to enjoy porn than are women.
D)most women are ashamed of their arousal from erotica.

Question 61

At what age do men experience their strongest interest in sex?

A)19;35-40
B)25;24-26
C)35;15-19
D)50;50+

Question 62

Those who are gynephilic are sexually attracted to

A)men
B)women
C)men and women
D)neither men nor women

Question 63

A __________ is a person whose physical sex does not match their gender identity.

A)masturbator
B)transsexual
C)homosexual
D)homosocial

Question 64

Which of the following is TRUE of all transgendered individuals?

A)They always regard their physical sex as opposite to their biological sex.
B)They always seek gender reassignment surgery.
C)They consistently project a gender opposite to their physical gender.
D)None of the answer choices are incorrect.

Question 65

Intense genital-focused sexuality which leads to relatively quick sexual arousal and concern with orgasm is known as

A)person-centred sex
B)body-centred sex
C)self indulgence
D)the testosterone effect

Question 66

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,people who express a strong and persistent cross-gender identification as well as discomfort with their own biological sex or gender role have

A)gender dysphoria
B)transexualism
C)transgenderism
D)bigendered identities

Question 67

Another term for gender reassignment is

A)gender transition
B)transgender
C)gender dysphoria
D)gender blender

Question 68

How long does the "real life test" (which all pre-operative transsexuals must undergo)last?

A)3 months or more
B)6 months
C)5 years
D)10 years

Question 69

Jill is masculine-looking and attracted to women.Jill cross-dressed as a prepubescent and adolescent and found it sexually exciting.Jill underwent gender reassignment surgery at the age of 42.Based on the descriptions in your text,Jill is most likely

A)a heterosexual man
B)a lesbian woman
C)a transman
D)a transwoman

Question 70

In medical terminology regarding transgender people,pre-operative refers to ________ whereas post-operative refers to ________.

A)what people do to decide to have surgery;what people do with their lives after surgery
B)procedures that occur just before surgery;recovery after surgery
C)people who are planning surgery;people had have had the surgery
D)genital anatomy that doesn't match gender identity;genital anatomy that has been changed to match gender identity

Question 71

In "A Transman's Story," Matt did not begin to present as a male until he was in university because

A)he felt a need to conform,and living in a small town did not allow him to be exposed to gay individuals prior to university.
B)his parents were against it.
C)he was convinced by a friend he met at university.
D)B and C are correct.

Question 72

Women are most likely to initiate sex when they are in their

A)early teens
B)late teens
C)early twenties
D)middle thirties

Question 73

Those who are androphilic are sexually attracted to

A)men
B)women
C)men and women
D)neither men nor women

Question 74

The kind of sexual expression where the emphasis is placed upon appreciation for the sensual and emotional aspects of sex is called

A)body-centred sex
B)person-centred sex
C)totally awesome-centred sex
D)transcendental sex

Question 75

Which of the following are NOT considered to be transgendered individuals?

A)cross dressers
B)two-spirit persons
C)homosexuals
D)intersexed individuals

Question 76

An individual who is slightly more body-centered than person-centered sexually (having gradually acquired the person-centered sexuality)is probably

A)an adolescent female
B)a mature female
C)an adolescent male
D)a mature male

Question 77

The terms male-to-female and female-to-male are used for which of the following reasons?

A)shorten form of specifying who is giving to whom
B)indicate which gender is initiating sexual behaviour
C)identify the change in the gender of sexual interest
D)identify the direction of transition

Question 78

Someone who is over 35 and whose sexual response has become quicker and more intense is likely

A)male
B)female
C)either male or female
D)transsexual

Question 79

According to Aaron Devor,Stage 1 of adopting a transgendered identity is

A)experiencing anxiety about gender and sex.
B)questioning your assigned gender.
C)deciding to undergo gender reassignment surgery.
D)rejection social ideas of male and female.

Question 80

A continuum of female-based and male-based identities is one conceptualization to do which of the following?

A)measure gender-identity
B)provide an alternative to the two-gender system current in North American society
C)explain why some characteristics are present more in men than in women
D)None of these answers are correct