Deck 14: The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

Question 1

A person who is in balance for total body water

A)Must ingest more water than is lost in the urine
B)Must ingest more water than is lost by all output pathways combined
C)Will have a balanced intake and output so that total body water will stay the same
D)Both must ingest more water than is lost in the urine and will have a balanced intake and output so that total body water will stay the same are correct
E)Both must ingest more water than is lost by all output pathways combined and will have a balanced intake and output so that total body water will stay the same are correct

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Constriction of the ________ decreases hydrostatic pressure in the nephron's filtering structures; the _________.

A)Afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries
B)Efferent arterioles, proximal convoluted tubules
C)Renal vein, peritubular capillaries
D)Renal arteries, juxtaglomerular apparatus
E)Vasa recta, ascending loop of Henle

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Renal tubular cells may

A)Actively transport molecules across their basolateral membranes in order to secrete the molecules into the tubular lumen
B)Synthesize substances in order to secrete them into the tubular lumen
C)Secrete protein into the tubular lumen
D)Both actively transport molecules across their basolateral membranes in order to secrete the molecules into the tubular lumen and synthesize substances in order to secrete them into the tubular lumen are correct
E)Both synthesize substances in order to secrete them into the tubular lumen and secrete protein into the tubular lumen are correct

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Basic renal processes include

A)Filtration from Bowman's capsule into the glomerulus
B)Secretion from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries
C)Reabsorption from the capillaries into the tubular lumen
D)Filtration from Bowman's capsule into the glomerulus and secretion from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 5

Tubular reabsorption

A)Involves the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid
B)Occurs only in the proximal tubule
C)Involves transepithelial transport that may have a combination of active and passive components
D)Both involves the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid and occurs only in the proximal tubule are correct
E)Both involves the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid and involves transepithelial transport that may have a combination of active and passive components are correct

Question 6

The active transport of sodium

A)In all segments of the tubule is dependent upon Na, K-ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane
B)In all segments of the tubule follows passive transport of sodium into the epithelial cells
C)In the proximal tubule allows for secondary active cotransport of hydrogen ion and countertransport of glucose and amino acids
D)Both in all segments of the tubule is dependent upon Na,K-ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane and in all segments of the tubule follows passive transport of sodium into the epithelial cells are correct
E)Both in all segments of the tubule follows passive transport of sodium into the epithelial cells and in the proximal tubule allows for secondary active cotransport of hydrogen ion and countertransport of glucose and amino acids are correct

Question 7

Which of the following does not correctly describe kidney function? The kidneys

A)Contribute significantly to long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure by maintaining the proper plasma volume
B)Produce urine of a fixed composition in order to maintain homeostasis of extracellular fluid
C)Excrete metabolic waste products
D)Assist in maintaining proper acid-base balance in the body
E)Secrete hormones

Question 8

Which of the following statements concerning the process of glomerular filtration is correct?

A)The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration
B)The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum
C)All of the plasma that enters the glomerulus is filtered
D)Both the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration and the glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum are correct
E)Both the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration and all of the plasma that enters the glomerulus is filtered are correct

Question 9

The composition of the glomerular filtrate

A)Is identical to that of blood plasma
B)Is identical to that of urine
C)Changes as the filtrate passes through the tubule
D)Is both is identical to that of blood plasma and is identical to that of urine
E)Is both is identical to that of blood plasma and changes as the filtrate passes through the tubule

Question 10

Which of the following substances undergo renal tubular secretion?

A)Calcium ion
B)Sodium ion
C)Potassium ion
D)Both calcium ion and sodium ion are correct
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 11

The tubular fluid is ________ to plasma as it enters Bowman's space,______ to plasma at the beginning of the loop of Henle,______ to plasma at the tip of the loop and ________ to plasma as it leaves the loop to enter the distal convoluted tubule.

A)Isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
B)Isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
C)Isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
D)Isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
E)Isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

Question 12

Functions of the kidneys include

A)The regulation of body salt and water balance
B)Hydrogen ion homeostasis
C)The regulation of blood glucose concentration
D)The regulation of body salt and water balance and hydrogen ion homeostasis
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 13

The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is ________ plus the amount that is ________ minus the amount that is ________.

A)Filtered; reabsorbed; secreted
B)Reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
C)Secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
D)Filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
E)Reabsorbed; secreted; filtered

Question 14

The kidneys regulate,or help to regulate,the plasma concentration of each of the following except

A)Water
B)Sodium ion
C)Potassium ion
D)Phosphate ion
E)Glucose

Question 15

Tubular reabsorption of

A)Glucose is active
B)Glucose is saturable
C)Urea would not occur if water were not being reabsorbed simultaneously
D)Both glucose is active and glucose is saturable are correct
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 16

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is

A)Composed of parts of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the efferent arteriole
B)Composed of juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa
C)The site of renin secretion
D)Composed of parts of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the efferent arteriole and composed of juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa
E)Composed of juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa and the site of renin secretion

Question 17

Which of the following does not normally appear in the glomerular filtrate?

A)Glucose
B)Plasma protein
C)Sodium
D)Urea
E)Bicarbonate ion

Question 18

Both water and sodium are

A)Filtered at the glomerulus
B)Actively reabsorbed by the tubule
C)Secreted by the tubule
D)Both filtered at the glomerulus and actively reabsorbed by the tubule are correct
E)Both filtered at the glomerulus and secreted by the tubule are correct

Question 19

Each of the following substances is initially present in proximal tubular fluid in the kidney.Which one is not normally present in urine?

A)Calcium ion
B)Hydrogen ion
C)Potassium ion
D)Phosphate ion
E)Glucose

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding glomerular filtration is correct?

A)It will occur when the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus exceeds the sum of the fluid pressure in the capsule plus the osmotic force due to proteins in the plasma
B)GFR is increased by sympathetic stimulation of afferent glomerular arterioles
C)GFR increases in response to decreasing plasma volume
D)Both it will occur when the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus exceeds the sum of the fluid pressure in the capsule plus the osmotic force due to proteins in the plasma and GFR is increased by sympathetic stimulation of afferent glomerular arterioles are correct
E)Both it will occur when the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus exceeds the sum of the fluid pressure in the capsule plus the osmotic force due to proteins in the plasma and GFR increases in response to decreasing plasma volume are correct

Question 21

In terms of the amount of water lost or conserved through urine formation,which region(s)of the renal tubule demonstrate the highest degree of variability?

A)The glomerulus
B)Proximal convoluted tubule
C)Loop of Henle
D)Distal convoluted tubule
E)Cortical and medullary collecting ducts

Question 22

Water,reabsorbed into the blood returns to the bloodstream via

A)The vasa recta
B)Afferent arterioles
C)Efferent arterioles
D)Peritubular capillaries
E)Collecting ducts

Question 23

Which of the following would increase the excretion of sodium and water?

A)Increased hydrostatic pressure in the afferent renal arterioles
B)Increased mean arterial blood pressure
C)Increased atrial distension
D)Both increased hydrostatic pressure in the afferent renal arterioles and increased mean arterial blood pressure are correct
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 24

About 2/3 of the reabsorption of sodium and chloride takes place in the structure of the nephron known as the

A)Renalron
B)Glomerulus
C)Proximal convoluted tubule
D)Distal convoluted tubule
E)Collecting duct

Question 25

The rate-limiting (regulated)step for stimulating the secretion of aldosterone is

A)Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
B)Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
C)Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
D)Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
E)Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney

Question 26

With the condition known as diabetes mellitus

A)An individual's blood plasma glucose concentration exceeds 180 mg./100ml
B)The status of blood can be correctly described as hypoglycemic
C)Plasma glucose concentration is less than the transport maximum by the nephrons
D)The ability of tissue cells to take up glucose is dramatically increased beyond normal
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 27

A decrease in the total body content of sodium causes

A)A concurrent increase in plasma volume, which induces an increase in GFR and sodium reabsorption
B)A concurrent decrease in plasma volume, which induces an increase in GFR and sodium reabsorption
C)A concurrent increase in plasma volume, which induces an increase in GFR and a decrease in sodium reabsorption
D)A concurrent decrease in plasma volume, which induces a decrease in GFR and sodium reabsorption
E)A concurrent decrease in plasma volume, which induces a decrease in GFR and an increase in sodium reabsorption

Question 28

Which of the following statements regarding renal handling of sodium ion is correct?

A)In the proximal tubule, sodium ion is actively transported across the luminal membrane of the tubular epithelial cells
B)Atrial natriuretic factor increases sodium ion reabsorption
C)In the absence of aldosterone, no sodium ion reabsorption will occur in the cortical collecting ducts
D)Reabsorption of sodium ion in the proximal tubule is not regulated by hormones
E)None of the choices are true

Question 29

Renin

A)Is secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in renal afferent arterioles
B)Secretion is enhanced by high levels of Na⁺ in the macula densa
C)Secretion is stimulated by elevated blood pressure in the renal afferent arterioles
D)Acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate aldosterone secretion
E)Is described by all of these things

Question 30

Which of the following organs participate in regulating aldosterone levels in the blood?

A)Kidneys and liver
B)Adrenal glands
C)Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels
D)Both kidneys and liver and adrenal glands are correct
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 31

Which of the following most accurately describes the renal transport of sodium ion?

A)Sodium ion is actively transported in all segments of the tubule
B)Primary active transport of sodium ion allows for secondary active transport of glucose and hydrogen ions in the proximal tubule
C)Most of the sodium transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
D)All of the choices are correct
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 32

A person who is unable to synthesize vasopressin

A)Is unable to reabsorb water in the proximal tubule
B)Will excrete glucose in the urine
C)Will excrete a hypotonic urine
D)Will excrete up to 180 L of urine per day
E)Will do all of these things

Question 33

Which of the following would be likely to increase GFR?

A)Increasing sympathetic stimulation of afferent arteriolar smooth muscle
B)Increasing efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction
C)Decreasing plasma volume
D)Increasing the concentration of plasma proteins
E)Increasing secretion of renin

Question 34

Water is reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate at

A)The proximal tubule
B)The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
C)The distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts
D)The proximal tubule and the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 35

Because of the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle and the proximity to it of the medullary collecting ducts,

A)Hyperosmotic urine is generated by active salt reabsorption through membranes that are relatively impermeable to water and the diffusion of water through membranes responsive to vasopressin
B)Hypoosmotic urine is generated by active salt reabsorption through membranes impermeable to water and the diffusion of water through membranes responsive to vasopressin
C)Hyperosmotic urine is generated by active salt secretion into the loop of Henle and into the medullary collecting ducts
D)Hypoosmotic urine is generated by active salt secretion into the loop of Henle and into the medullary collecting ducts
E)The body must excrete a dilute urine

Question 36

The countercurrent multiplier system of the kidney

A)Allows the kidneys to form hypertonic urine
B)Requires that the collecting ducts be near the loops of Henle
C)Requires active transport of sodium and chloride out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D)Would not function if the ascending limb of the loop of Henle were freely permeable to water
E)Is described by all of these choices

Question 37

Vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone

A)Is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland
B)Triggers insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membranes of collecting ducts
C)Promotes the excretion of water into urine
D)Promotes the secretion of potassium into urine
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 38

Diabetes insipidus is a disease that is associated with a deficiency of

A)ACTH
B)Vasopressin
C)Atrial natriuretic factor
D)Angiotensin II
E)Insulin

Question 39

Following ingestion of a large amount of salt,

A)Urine osmolarity would increase
B)Secretion of atrial natriuretic factor would increase
C)Firing by hypothalamic osmoreceptors would decrease
D)Both urine osmolarity would increase and secretion of atrial natriuretic factor would increase would occur
E)All of these things would occur

Question 40

In the presence of aldosterone,most of the reabsorption of sodium occurs in the

A)Proximal tubule
B)Macula densa
C)Descending limb of the loop of Henle
D)Distal convoluted tubule
E)Cortical collecting duct

Question 41

The loss of 0.5 L of sweat would stimulate a greater increase in vasopressin secretion than the loss of an equal amount of blood plasma over the same period of time.This statement is

A)True because sweat is hyperosmotic to plasma
B)True because sweat is hypoosmotic to plasma
C)False because sweat is hypoosmotic to plasma
D)False because sweat is isosmotic to plasma
E)False because sweat is hyperosmotic to plasma

Question 42

Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?

A)Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates calcium reabsorption by the kidneys
B)Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates calcium absorption from the GI tract
C)In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma calcium ion levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes
D)Both parathyroid hormone directly stimulates calcium reabsorption by the kidneys and parathyroid hormone directly stimulates calcium absorption from the GI tract are true
E)Both parathyroid hormone directly stimulates calcium reabsorption by the kidneys and in the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma calcium ion levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes are true

Question 43

Hypoventilation is a cause of

A)Metabolic acidosis
B)Respiratory acidosis
C)Metabolic alkalosis
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)None of these things

Question 44

Stimuli for the increased secretion of aldosterone include

A)Increased potassium ion concentration in adrenal cortical arterial blood
B)Increased angiotensin II concentration in adrenal cortical arterial blood
C)Decreased sodium ion concentration in adrenal cortical arterial blood
D)Both increased potassium ion concentration in adrenal cortical arterial blood and increased angiotensin II concentration in adrenal cortical arterial blood
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 45

Compared to a normal person,a person experiencing metabolic acidosis will have

A)Increased renal secretion of hydrogen ion
B)Increased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate ion
C)Increased arterial $\mathrm { P } _ { \mathrm { CO } _ { 2 } }$ .
D)Increased renal secretion of hydrogen ion and increased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate ion
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 46

Which of the following symptoms would a patient with a deficiency of parathyroid hormone be most likely to experience?

A)Low plasma calcium levels and decreased muscular excitability
B)Low plasma calcium levels and increased muscular excitability
C)Elevated plasma calcium levels and decreased muscular excitability
D)Elevated plasma calcium levels and increased muscular excitability
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 47

Which of the following drugs is not likely to decrease blood pressure?

A)Drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
B)Drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
C)Drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
D)Drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
E)Drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen

Question 48

Which of the following most accurately describes the actions of aldosterone?

A)Aldosterone increases Na⁺ secretion and K⁺ reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts
B)Aldosterone increases Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion in the proximal tubule
C)Aldosterone decreases Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts
D)Aldosterone increases Na⁺ secretion and K⁺ reabsorption in the proximal tubule
E)Aldosterone increases Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts

Question 49

Urge incontinence of the urinary bladder can be controlled by administering drugs that

A)Mimic the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system on the detrusor muscle
B)Block the action of the parasympathetic nervous system in emptying the urinary bladder
C)Promote the binding of norepinephrine to adrenergic receptors in the uretheral sphincters
D)Have potential side effects consistent with reduced activities mediated by the parasysmpathetic nervous system
E)Have potential side effects consistent with reduced activities associated with the sympathetic nervous system

Question 50

Renal regulation of extracellular H⁺ concentration is dependent upon regulating

A)The amount of hydrogen ion filtered by the kidneys
B)The amount of hydrogen ion secreted by the kidneys
C)The amount of bicarbonate ion excreted by the kidneys
D)The amount of hydrogen ion filtered by the kidneys and the amount of hydrogen ion secreted by the kidneys
E)The amount of hydrogen ion secreted by the kidneys and the amount of bicarbonate ion excreted by the kidneys

Question 51

Formation of a highly concentrated urine is dependent upon

A)Elevated levels of vasopressin in the plasma
B)Elevated levels of aldosterone in the plasma
C)Active transport of Na⁺ and Cl^- by the descending limb of the loops of Henle
D)Elevated levels of vasopressin in the plasma and elevated levels of aldosterone in the plasma
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 52

Which of the following statements about renal control of blood acid/base balance is true?

A)Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration
B)Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration
C)Hydrogen ion that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine
D)Both increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration and excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration are correct
E)Both increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration and hydrogen ion that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine are correct

Question 53

The reabsorption of calcium from the kidney filtrate is accomplished mostly (60%)by the _____,but is then supplemented and further controlled under the influence of parathyroid hormone at the ______.

A)Proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
B)Distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule
C)Proximal convoluted tubule, cortical and medullary collecting ducts
D)Distal convoluted tubule, cortical and medullary collecting ducts
E)Distal convoluted tubule, renal corpuscle

Question 54

After prolonged exertion in a hot climate,baroreceptors would ________ firing,leading to ________ secretion of ________ and thus ________ renal reabsorption of ________.

A)Increase; increased; renin; increased; sodium ion
B)Decrease; increased; renin; decreased; sodium ion
C)Decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
D)Increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water
E)Decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water

Question 55

A man with hypertension takes a non-potassium sparing diuretic and does not increase his ingestion of potassium.Which of the following symptoms would he be likely to have?

A)Increased excitability of nerve and muscle cells
B)Decreased excitability of nerve and muscle cells
C)Cardiac arrythmias

Question 56

The kidneys help restore lowered Ca2⁺ levels in the blood by

A)Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing phosphate reabsorption, and increasing Ca²⁺ reabsorption
B)Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing phosphate and Ca²⁺ reabsorption
C)Decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing phosphate and Ca²⁺ reabsorption
D)Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone
E)Increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption

Question 57

A decrease in plasma calcium ion levels in an otherwise normal person will lead to

A)An increase in plasma parathyroid hormone levels
B)An increase in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels
C)An increase in nerve and muscle excitability
D)An increase in plasma parathyroid hormone levels and an increase in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 58

Stimuli for vasopressin secretion include

A)Increased plasma osmolarity
B)Increased plasma volume
C)Ingestion of alcohol
D)Increased plasma osmolarity and increased plasma volume
E)All of the choices are true

Question 59

The kidneys respond to hypoventilation by

A)Increasing their secretion of H⁺ and increasing their reabsorption of HCO_3-
B)Increasing their secretion of H⁺ and decreasing their reabsorption of HCO_3-
C)Decreasing their secretion of H⁺ and increasing their reabsorption of HCO_3-
D)Decreasing their secretion of H⁺ and decreasing their reabsorption of HCO_3-
E)None of these choices

Question 60

Compared to a blood sample from a normal person who is breathing normally,a blood sample from a patient with pulmonary disease that resulted in hypoventilation would probably show

A)Elevated plasma [H⁺], elevated plasma $\mathrm { P } _ { \mathrm { CO } _ { 2 } }$ , and increased plasma [HCO_3-]
B)Elevated plasma [H⁺], elevated plasma $\mathrm { P } _ { \mathrm { CO } _ { 2 } }$ , and decreased plasma [HCO_3-]
C)Elevated plasma [H⁺], decreased plasma $\mathrm { P } _ { \mathrm { CO } _ { 2 } }$ , and decreased plasma [HCO_3-]
D)Decreased plasma [H⁺], elevated plasma $\mathrm { P } _ { \mathrm { CO } _ { 2 } }$ , and decreased plasma [HCO_3-]
E)Decreased plasma [H⁺], decreased plasma $\mathrm { P } _ { \mathrm { CO } _ { 2 } }$ , and decreased plasma [HCO_3-]

Question 61

The kidneys regulate the plasma concentrations of water,sodium,and glucose.

Question 62

The anatomic arrangement of nephrons in the kidneys is such that the glomerulus,proximal tubule,and distal convoluted tubule are in the renal cortex,while the loop of Henle and collecting ducts lie mainly in the renal medulla.

Question 63

A consequence of lack of vasopressin is excretion of sugar in the urine,diabetes mellitus.

Question 64

In healthy individuals,the amount of glucose present in urine will be always be nil because the amount of glucose reabsorption to the blood prevents this.

Question 65

Only substances that are filtered by the kidneys can be excreted by them.

Question 66

The three basic processes of kidney function are filtration from the glomerulus to the capsule,secretion from the tubule to the peritubular capillaries,and reabsorption from the capillaries into the tubular lumen.

Question 67

Water,sodium,and glucose all undergo tubular reabsorption,but urea does not.

Question 68

The distal convoluted tubules drain into the renal pelvis,which in turn drains into the ureter,a tube that carries urine to the bladder.

Question 69

Most of the body's water is located inside cells,whereas most of the body's sodium ion is in the interstitial fluid and plasma.

Question 70

If water intake (ingestion)is decreased,the kidney can decrease the amount of water excreted in urine by increasing the amount of water reabsorbed at the renal corpuscle.

Question 71

The countercurrent mechanism of the kidney allows for the formation of hypertonic urine.

Question 72

The filtered load of water is 180 L/day.

Question 73

Total-body balance of water and sodium ion is largely maintained by regulating urinary loss of these molecules.

Question 74

The spinal reflex for micturition involves stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder that send messages about distension to sympathetic,parasympathetic,and motor neurons in the spinal cord.

Question 75

The walls of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle are freely permeable to water.

Question 76

Large amounts of protein in a person's urine indicate that the person is eating a high-protein diet.

Question 77

Water movement passively follows the active transport of sodium into the interstitial fluid outside the tubule,where both kinds of molecules then diffuse into the peritubular capillaries.

Question 78

Voluntary control of micturition involves controlling motor input to the muscles of the external urethral sphincter.

Question 79

A person lacking vasopressin would have to drink up to 180 L of water per day to make up for the water lost in the urine.

Question 80

The concentration of water in the extracellular fluid is dependent upon the concentration of sodium in the extracellular fluid.