Deck 5: Motivation

Question 1

McClelland's theory of motivation places emphasis on socially acceptable behavior.

Answer 1

False
Explanation: A major difference between the four content theories is McClelland's emphasis on socially acquired needs.

Question 2

Autonomy means having your manager make decisions on your behalf and closely monitoring your work.

Answer 2

False
Explanation: The opposite is true; autonomy means being able to make independent decisions, set goals, and work without supervision.

Question 3

Monitoring the needs,abilities,goals,and preferences of employees is strictly the domain of personnel/human resource managers.

Answer 3

False
Explanation: Each individual manager also has this responsibility.

Question 4

A critical point in understanding Maslow's thinking is that from a managerial perspective,unsatisfied needs are dangerous because they may lead to undesirable performance outcomes.

Question 5

The process theories of motivation focus on the factors within the person that energize,direct,sustain,and stop behavior.

Question 6

Research found that managers at lower organizational levels in small firms are typically more satisfied than their counterparts in large firms.A later study confirmed the same relationship and also found upper level managers are more satisfied in smaller firms than larger ones.

Question 7

The valence associated with an outcome is by definition always positive.

Question 8

McClelland contends that when a need is strong,it motivates a person to use behavior that leads to its repetition.

Question 9

Managing the psychological contract successfully is one of the more important and challenging aspects of a manager's job.

Question 10

Persistence is an important component of motivation.

Question 11

According to Locke,individuals are likely to adjust their idea of what constitutes an equitable payment in order to justify their pay.

Question 12

Organizational justice is the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed throughout an organization.

Question 13

Group value theory suggests that fair group procedures are considered to be a sign of respect.

Question 14

As managers advance in an organization,their need for security increases.

Question 15

The notion of inputs and outcomes within equity theory is the exact opposite of the notion of giving and receiving in the psychological contract.

Question 16

Goal-setting theory emphasizes the importance of unconscious goals in explaining motivated behavior.

Question 17

Intensity refers to the staying power of behavior,or how long a person will continue to devote effort.

Question 18

Herzberg's two-factor theory states that dissatisfiers or hygiene factors are needed to maintain at least a level of "no dissatisfaction."

Question 19

Content approaches to motivation include:
Maslow's need hierarchy,McClelland's ERG theory,Herzberg's two-factor theory,and Alderfer's learned needs theory.

Question 20

Companies that engage in layoffs may find that many "survivors" of the layoffs end up voluntarily leaving the company as well.

Question 21

A study of 4,000 employees found three main areas affect employee motivation.These areas include all of the following except:

A) Organizational issues
B) Interpersonal issues
C) Leader issues
D) Job issues

Question 22

_______________ is the founder of the theory that states that conscious goals and intentions are the determinants of behavior.

A) Maslow
B) Alderfer
C) Locke
D) McClelland

Question 23

The "growth" need within Alderfer's ERG theory is similar to Maslow's __________ category.

A) esteem
B) self-esteem
C) self-fulfillment
D) physiological

Question 24

Personality and personal health are individual differences should be considered when implementing goal-setting programs.

Question 25

Job _______________ is defined as the process of building personal achievement,recognition,challenge,responsibility,and growth opportunities into a person's job.

A) enrichment
B) enlargement
C) creation
D) opportunity

Question 26

Which of the following is highest on Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Safety and security
B) Esteem
C) Physiological needs
D) Self-actualization

Question 27

What basic assumption about people did Maslow make that caused him to believe that they would constantly move up the needs hierarchy?

A) People are natural leaders
B) People will always have obligations to meet
C) People believe in things that are more important than themselves
D) People have a need to grow and develop

Question 28

Alderfer's ERG theory suggests that,in addition to the satisfaction-progression process that Maslow proposed,a _______________ process is also at work.

A) frustration-regression
B) frustration-anger
C) progression-regression
D) progression-growth

Question 29

Vague goals,such as "do your best," lead to higher output than do specific goals.

Question 30

It is important for any goal to be clear,meaningful,and unique.

Question 31

The sets of needs proposed by Alderfer's ERG theory include all of the following except:

A) Ego
B) Existence
C) Relatedness
D) Growth

Question 32

Needs may be viewed as energizers or triggers of behavioral responses.

Question 33

According to Herzberg,which of the following is a motivator?

A) Working conditions
B) Achievement
C) Salary
D) Quality of technical supervision

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of Maslow's esteem?

A) Developing and mentoring others
B) Starting a charity that helps children
C) Receiving regular salary increases
D) Receiving a high-level promotion

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of Maslow's self-actualization?

A) Developing and mentoring others
B) Receiving a high-level promotion
C) Having a supportive supervisor
D) Receiving regular salary increases

Question 36

The _______________ component of motivation refers to the strength of the response once the choice is made.

A) direction
B) intensity
C) opportunity
D) persistence

Question 37

Porter,when testing Maslow's hierarchy,assumed that physiological needs were being adequately satisfied for managers,so he substituted a higher-order need called __________.

A) autonomy
B) achievement
C) intellectual satisfaction
D) spirituality

Question 38

Joining the bowling team to make friends is a _______________ need.

A) physiological
B) psychological
C) sociological
D) Maslowian

Question 39

When need deficiencies are present,individuals are less susceptible to a manager's motivational efforts.

Question 40

Taking a lunch break and getting a drink of water are examples of a _______________ need.

A) physiological
B) psychological
C) sociological
D) Maslowian

Question 41

Although Herzberg's motivation theory is popular,it has been criticized for all of the following reasons except:

A) It over-simplifies the nature of job satisfaction
B) No self-reports of performance were used
C) It requires people to look at themselves retrospectively
D) The motivational and performance consequences of the theory are untested

Question 42

The content theories presented in the text focus mainly on the needs and incentives that energizes or triggers _______________.

A) behavior
B) motivation
C) leadership
D) satisfaction

Question 43

Which of the following statements best reflects Maslow's theory?

A) People attempt to satisfy basic needs before trying to satisfying higher-level needs
B) The need hierarchy is comprised of existence, relatedness, and growth
C) A person who is continually frustrated in satisfying one level of need will regress to the next lowest level need
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 44

Which of the following statements best reflects Herzberg's theory?

A) The need hierarchy is comprised of existence, relatedness, and growth
B) A person who is continually frustrated in satisfying one level of need will regress to the next lowest level need
C) Some individuals have a high need for achievement
D) Two sets of factors affect motivation: motivators and hygiene factors

Question 45

Most research on equity theory has focused on _______________ as the basic outcome.

A) job titles
B) pay
C) satisfaction
D) motivation

Question 46

_______________ refers to the strength of a person's belief that attainment of an outcome.

A) Instrumentality
B) Valence
C) Expectancy
D) Equity

Question 47

A high need for _______________ can be traced to a history of receiving rewards for sociable,dominant,or inspirational behavior.

A) affiliation
B) recognition
C) power
D) both affiliation and power

Question 48

The process theories of motivation are concerned with answering the question of how individual behavior is _______________.

A) maintained
B) stopped
C) directed
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 49

Procedural justice has a positive effect on all of the following except:

A) Organizational commitment
B) Getting along with others
C) Trust in superiors
D) Work effort

Question 50

People are more inclined to interpret decisions as fair when:

A) They have a voice in the decision
B) There is consistency is decision making
C) The processes and procedures conform to ethical and moral values
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 51

_______________ refers to an individual's belief regarding the likelihood that a particular behavior will be followed by a particular outcome.

A) Instrumentality
B) Valence
C) Expectancy
D) Equity

Question 52

Procedural justice has been shown to have a positive impact on _______________.

A) organizational commitment
B) work effort
C) organizational citizenship
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 53

Which of the following statements best reflects McClelland's theory?

A) A person who is continually frustrated in satisfying one level of need will regress to the next lowest level need
B) Two sets of factors affect motivation: motivators and hygiene factors
C) Some individuals have a high need for achievement
D) People attempt to satisfy basic needs before trying to satisfying higher-level needs

Question 54

_______________ refers to the perceived equity or fairness of the organizational processes and procedures used to make resource and allocation decisions.

A) Distributive justice
B) Organizational justice
C) Inequity
D) Procedural justice

Question 55

Vroom defines _______________ as a process governing choices among alternative forms of voluntary activity.

A) motivation
B) recognition
C) achievement
D) relatedness

Question 56

McClelland's learned needs theory is based on three needs: the need for achievement,the need for affiliation,and the need for _______________.

A) identification
B) resolution
C) power
D) wealth

Question 57

_________ justice refers to the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed throughout an organization.

A) Perceived
B) Organizational
C) Procedural
D) Distributive

Question 58

The essence of ________ theory is that employees compare their job inputs and outputs with those of others in similar work situations.

A) ratio
B) equity
C) input
D) comparison

Question 59

In Vroom's view,most behaviors are considered to be _______ the employee and consequently __________.

A) under the voluntary control of; need no motivation
B) forced on; are motivated
C) under the voluntary control of; are motivated
D) forced on; need no motivation

Question 60

Herzberg's model basically assumes that job satisfaction is _______________ concept.

A) an abstract
B) a five-level
C) not a unidimensional
D) effectively what he calls a "sportsmanship"

Question 61

Employees who experienced bullying and incivility at work were more likely to experience all of the following except:

A) Lower life satisfaction
B) Increased desire for informational justice
C) Lower organizational commitment
D) Conflict between work and family

Question 62

All of the following are suggested ways to promote high levels of informational justice during turbulent times except:

A) Informal "chats" by top managers, whether in person or via e-mail or videoconference
B) Sugarcoating bad news
C) Establishing a human resources hotline that employees can call for updates
D) Creating a Web page that is updated on a daily basis

Question 63

Applying Maslow's theory,why might an employee's unsatisfied need present a problem to management?

Question 64

Needs refer to deficiencies an individual experiences at a particular time.List the three broad categories are typically used to characterize these deficiencies.

Question 65

_________ justice is the degree to which individuals feel fairly treated in the workplace.

A) Perceived
B) Organizational
C) Distributive
D) Reward

Question 66

Locke's goal theory highlights all of the following except:

A) Goal specificity
B) Goal intensity
C) Goal equity
D) Goal difficulty

Question 67

How are psychological and sociological deficiencies different? Provide an example of each.

Question 68

Mike is putting forth an extreme effort to accomplish a goal.Based upon this statement we can say Mike has _______.

A) high goal commitment
B) high goal intensity
C) high goal drive
D) high goal-esteem

Question 69

_______________ is/are individual-oriented,in that they place primary emphasis on the characteristics of people.

A) Content theories
B) Expectancy theory
C) Equity theory
D) Goal-setting theory

Question 70

______________ justice focuses on whether employees perceive that decisions and other communication from authorities are explained in a fair manner.

A) Cognitive
B) Distributive
C) Informational
D) Communications

Question 71

Maslow identified five needs and arranged them into a hierarchy.Identify the needs.

Question 72

Which of the following is considered a content theory?

A) Maslow: five-level need hierarchy
B) Vroom: an expectancy theory of choices
C) Locke: goal-setting theory that conscious goals and intentions are the determinants of behavior
D) All of the choices are based on content theory.

Question 73

Looking at motivation from a content theory approach,the psychological contract suggests that,in return for time,effort,and other considerations,individuals want to receive:

A) Need gratification
B) Information equity
C) Motivation
D) Job satisfaction

Question 74

Motivation is made up of all the following "components" except:

A) Direction
B) Intensity
C) Opportunity
D) Persistence

Question 75

____________ theory emphasizes the cognitive processes and the role of intentional behavior in motivation.

A) Cognitive
B) Equity
C) Goal-setting
D) Intentional

Question 76

There are ____ components of organizational justice.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 77

In a very general sense,____________ theory suggests that members of an organization engage in reasonably predictable give-and-take relationships (exchanges)with each other the organization.

A) equity
B) exchange
C) distribution
D) relationship

Question 78

The ________________ is an unwritten agreement between the individual and the organization that specifies what each expects to give to and receive from the other.

A) exchange contract
B) psychological contract
C) psychological equation
D) relationship covenant

Question 79

The text presents four content theories of motivation.What are they?

Question 80

_________ justice refers to judgments made by employees about whether they feel fairly treated by their supervisors and other authorities in the organization.

A) Interpersonal
B) Organizational
C) Distributive
D) Reward