Deck 10: Behavioral Factors in Cancer

Question 1

Cancer

A) is a relatively new disease, first diagnosed during the latter half of the 19th century.
B) is a group of diseases marked by the growth and spread of new cells.
C) is due to a parasite that attacks new cells.
D) is due almost completely to contact with dangerous chemicals.

Answer 1

is a group of diseases marked by the growth and spread of new cells.

Question 2

The factor LEAST likely to explain why people of different ethnic background have different rates of cancer deaths is

A) biology.
B) knowledge about cancer and its treatment.
C) access to medical care.
D) level of adherence to health recommendations.

Answer 2

biology.

Question 3

During the 1990s,death rates from lung cancer for men

A) began to decline.
B) increased slightly.
C) increased sharply.
D) were exceeded by death rates from prostate cancer for the first time since the 19th century.

Answer 3

began to decline.

Question 4

The second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States is

A) lung cancer.
B) breast cancer
C) stomach cancer.
D) colorectal cancer.

Question 5

________ is a form of cancer that arises from cells in connective tissues,such as bones or muscles.

A) Leukemia
B) Sarcoma
C) Carcinoma
D) Lymphoma

Question 6

Metastasis refers to

A) the growth rate of benign tumors.
B) the spread of malignancy from one part of the body to another.
C) a type of breast cancer.
D) a particularly deadly form of lung cancer.

Question 7

Which of these ethnic groups has the strongest risk for cancer deaths?

A) Hispanic Americans
B) European Americans
C) African Americans
D) Asian Americans

Question 8

All of the following are types of malignant growths EXCEPT

A) carcinoma
B) leukemia
C) lymphoma
D) benign

Question 9

From about 1900 until the mid-1990s,cancer death rates in the United States

A) rose steadily.
B) exceeded death rates from cardiovascular disease.
C) dropped steadily.
D) remained quite constant.

Question 10

Since about 1993,cancer death rates in the United States have

A) increased for men, but decreased for women.
B) decreased slightly.
C) increased sharply for women, but remained about the same for men.
D) increased sharply for both men and women.

Question 11

Which of these best explains the recent drop in cancer death rates in the U.S.?

A) better treatment procedures
B) better techniques for diagnosing cancer
C) changes in lifestyle
D) both a and c contributed to the drop.

Question 12

The main difference between benign and malignant tumors is

A) that malignant cells can invade surrounding tissues.
B) the ability of benign tumors to metastasize.
C) the size of the tumor each produces.
D) that benign tumors attack nearly any tissue, whereas malignancies are specific to animal (including human) tissue cells.

Question 13

Since the mid-1990s,cancer deaths in the United States

A) remained quite constant.
B) rose steadily.
C) began to drop.
D) leveled off.

Question 14

In the United States,_________ cancer accounts for about 28% of all cancer deaths but only about 14% of cancer cases.

A) lung
B) breast
C) prostate
D) colon/rectal

Question 15

In the United States,both prostate cancer and breast cancer

A) have the highest incidence and the highest mortality rates.
B) have low incidence and low mortality rates.
C) have high incidence but relatively lower death rates.
D) none of these.

Question 16

All of the following cancers have increased in recent years EXCEPT

A) liver cancer.
B) melanoma.
C) colorectal cancer.
D) rates for all of these cancers have increased

Question 17

Janet was told that her cancer originated in her blood,and therefore she is likely to have a form of _________.

A) leukemia
B) sarcoma
C) carcinoma
D) lymphoma

Question 18

Most cancer deaths in the United States are caused by

A) pollution.
B) genetic factors.
C) diet and smoking.
D) the sun.

Question 19

Which cancer has the highest incidence (but not the highest death rate)for women in the United States?

A) lung
B) breast
C) cervical
D) colon

Question 20

In the United States,_____ cancer has the second highest death rate of any cancer.

A) lung
B) colorectal
C) breast
D) prostate

Question 21

The decline in the breast cancer death rate is due mainly to

A) decline in alcohol consumption
B) decline in cigarette smoking
C) improvements in early detection and treatment
D) increases in women using hormone replacement therapy.

Question 22

The number one preventable cause of death in the United States is

A) high serum cholesterol.
B) cigarette smoking.
C) AIDS.
D) accidents.

Question 23

Taylor is a 28-year-old stockbroker with a 6-year-old son.She smokes about 30 cigarettes a day and consumes about 5 to 10 alcoholic drinks during a week.Because her mother died of cancer of the esophagus at age 64,Taylor is trying to reduce her risk of cancer.Her best course of action would be to

A) change jobs.
B) have another child.
C) quit smoking.
D) stop drinking.

Question 24

With regard to radiation and cancer,evidence suggests that

A) any exposure to radiation greatly increases one's risk for cancer.
B) any exposure to radiation slightly increases one's risk for cancer.
C) dental and medical personnel who work with X-rays have a significantly greater risk of cancer.
D) long-time employment in a nuclear power plant increases cancer death rates.

Question 25

Women with a mutated form of the BRCA 1 gene are as much as ______ as likely to develop _______ cancer as someone who has the non-mutated form of the gene.

A) seven times; lung
B) seven times; breast
C) twice; breast
D) twice; lung

Question 26

Bettye is a 40-year old X-ray technician who smokes about two packs of cigarettes a day,drinks about two alcoholic beverages a day,and eats a diet low in saturated fats.Her number one risk for cancer death is her

A) job.
B) smoking.
C) diet.
D) gender.

Question 27

African Americans have greater incidence rates for most cancers compared to other ethnic groups.These ethnic discrepancies in incidence rates are most likely due to

A) behavioral factors
B) genetic factors
C) biological factors
D) racial discrimination

Question 28

Male cigarette smokers are _______ times more likely to die of lung cancer than men who have never smoked.

A) 10.5
B) 23.3
C) 50
D) 67.2

Question 29

The BRCA gene is related to breast cancer;

A) women with this gene are about 20 times as likely to develop breast cancer as women without this gene.
B) women with a mutated form of this gene are vulnerable to breast cancer.
C) this gene is responsible for about 50% of breast cancer cases.
D) women with this gene will develop breast cancer, and 40% of them will do so before age 35.

Question 30

Across all cancers,_______ are due to inherited genetic mutations.

A) 1-2%
B) 5-10%
C) 15-20%
D) 25-30%

Question 31

_______ is the leading cause of death among children aged 1-14 years and ______ is the second leading cause of death for that age group.

A) Cancer; unintentional injury
B) Cancer; cardiovascular disease
C) Unintentional injury; cancer
D) Cardiovascular disease; cancer

Question 32

All of the following cancers have decreased in recent years EXCEPT:

A) liver cancer.
B) prostate cancer.
C) breast cancer.
D) lung cancer.

Question 33

Recent evidence suggests that genetic factors play the biggest part in the development of _____ cancer.

A) breast
B) prostate
C) lung
D) colorectal

Question 34

When examining the cancer risk of exposure to radiation,living in a community near a nuclear power plant __________.

A) increases risks for all cancers.
B) increases risks for mouth, throat, and lung cancer.
C) increases risk for all cancers in men.
D) does not increase risk for cancers.

Question 35

Women whose mothers developed breast cancer before age 40,compared with those whose mothers did not have cancer,are

A) about two times more likely to develop breast cancer.
B) about five to ten times as likely to develop breast cancer.
C) no more likely to have breast cancer.
D) much less likely to have breast cancer.

Question 36

Testicular cancer

A) has age-related risks similar to other cancers.
B) varies from the age-related risk of other cancers, striking middle-aged men more often than older men.
C) varies from the age-related risk of other cancers, striking young men more often than older ones.
D) has a higher mortality rate than lung or prostate cancer.

Question 37

Although the leading cause of lung cancer deaths continues to be smoking,_________ is another important behavioral risk for all other cancers in the United States.

A) diet.
B) unsafe sex.
C) alcohol.
D) stressful life events.

Question 38

________ risk factors for cancer,include genetics and family history,whereas ______ risk factors include smoking and diet.

A) Inherent; behavioral
B) Inherent; environmental
C) Behavioral; inherent
D) Behavioral; environmental

Question 39

Studies on the attitudes of smoking in Denmark compared to the United States indicate that _______ may play an important role in how an individual understands his or her perceived risk from smoking.

A) acceptability of smoking
B) cultural prevalence of smoking
C) overall mortality rates
D) both a and b

Question 40

Which of these is the strongest inherent risk factor for cancer?

A) advancing age
B) ethnic background
C) gender
D) family history

Question 41

In moderate amounts,selenium offers protection against ________ cancer(s).

A) prostate
B) kidney
C) colon
D) both a and c

Question 42

During the past 70 years,the introduction of refrigeration and food additives has been linked most strongly to

A) decreases in lung cancer.
B) increases in colon cancer.
C) increases in stomach cancer.
D) decreases in stomach cancer.

Question 43

Susan regularly tans using an indoor tanning bad.Compared to other young adults who do not use tanning beds,Susan is at a _____ increased risk for melanoma.

A) 25%
B) 45%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 44

Josh is a 22-year-old nonsmoking college senior who wants to reduce his risk for lung cancer.His best course of action would be to

A) take large doses of vitamin E, vitamin C, and vitamin A supplements.
B) take moderate doses of a variety of supplements.
C) adopt a life-long diet that contains high levels of fruits and vegetables.
D) avoid high levels of dietary vitamin C.

Question 45

Lee Ann believes that diet is an important factor in cancer.She wants to eat a diet that will protect her.Current research indicates that

A) Lee Ann should concentrate on eating a high-protein diet.
B) Lee Ann should take vitamin supplements.
C) Lee Ann should eat "natural" foods with no preservatives.
D) Lee Ann should eat a diet high in fruits and vegetables.

Question 46

Nick eats a high-fat diet and this may increase risk for _______ cancer.

A) colorectal
B) testicular
C) lung
D) kidney

Question 47

Current evidence for a link between alcohol consumption and breast cancer is

A) convincing, with studies showing that higher consumption creates higher risk.
B) strong, with all studies showing a causal relationship.
C) weak, with most studies showing no link.
D) nonexistent, because no studies have yet investigated this link.

Question 48

As a risk factor for cancer,alcohol has

A) approximately the same risk as cigarette smoking.
B) approximately the same risk as improper diet.
C) a synergistic effect with smoking.
D) a synergistic effect with ultraviolet light.

Question 49

Individuals who keep a healthy weight,maintain a healthy diet,stay physically active,and drink in moderation have a _____ lower risk for cancer-related death than individuals who do not adhere to those healthy behaviors.

A) 21%
B) 33%
C) 48%
D) 66%

Question 50

Women who consume ____ drinks per _____ have a moderate to strong risk for breast cancer.

A) 1-2; week
B) 1-2; day
C) 3-5; week
D) 3+; day

Question 51

Among the following,which of these factors carries the lowest risk factor for cancer?

A) several family members developed cancer before age 50
B) a diet high in vegetables
C) being African American
D) having multiple sex partners

Question 52

Individuals who keep a healthy weight,maintain a healthy diet,stay physically active,and drink in moderation have a _____ lower risk for cardiovascular disease-related death than individuals who do not adhere to those healthy behaviors.

A) 21%
B) 33%
C) 48%
D) 66%

Question 53

A high-fat diet that contributes to high cholesterol levels appears to be a risk factor for _____________.

A) lung cancer
B) breast cancer
C) testicular cancer
D) colorectal cancer

Question 54

Bruce eats a diet high in fiber.High-fiber diets have been shown to be protective for ______ cancer.

A) esophagus
B) kidney
C) endometrium
D) colorectal

Question 55

John eats a lot of meat in his diet,mainly preserved meats,such as ham and bacon.His diet increases his risk of ______ cancer.

A) colorectal
B) testicular
C) lung
D) kidney

Question 56

Currently,the evidence that some diets can prevent cancer is

A) difficult to establish through randomized, controlled trials.
B) stronger for taking dietary supplements than for consuming specific foods.
C) about as strong as the evidence that smoking is related to cancer.
D) nonexistent.

Question 57

Some evidence indicates that being ___________ is positively related to colon and rectal cancer.

A) overweight
B) female
C) male
D) European American

Question 58

Exposure to the human papillomavirus (HPV)increases risk for ____ and ____ cancer.

A) cervical; breast
B) cervical; oral
C) breast; oral
D) oral; throat

Question 59

Mary is obese and her weight increases her risk for all of the following cancers EXCEPT:

A) esophagus
B) kidney
C) endometrium
D) colorectal

Question 60

One reason that consuming red meat may raise the risk for cancer is

A) the methods of preparation, such as grilling and smoking, provide risks.
B) the high protein content is a risk.
C) the high carbohydrate content of the meat is a risk.
D) meat is more likely to be contaminated that grains, nuts, or vegetables.

Question 61

Kristy is a 21-year-old college student who is concerned about breast cancer because both her mother and grandmother developed the disease before the age of 55.Current evidence shows that Kristy can reduce her chances of breast cancer by

A) continuing as a nondrinker.
B) continuing as a nonsmoker.
C) beginning and maintaining a regular physical activity program.
D) doing all of these.

Question 62

_____ is related to adjusting well to a diagnosis of cancer,but not necessarily survival of cancer.

A) Optimism
B) Social support
C) Hardiness
D) Physical Energy

Question 63

Skin cancer is more common among

A) dark-skinned people.
B) light-skinned people.
C) light-skinned people who avoid the sun.
D) people who live in Europe compared with people who live in the United States.

Question 64

Physical activity is most likely to protect women against breast cancer if

A) they begin a physical activity program early in their lives and maintain physical activity.
B) they postpone physical activity until after menopause.
C) they begin a physical activity program early in life and then stop or greatly reduce exercise after menopause.
D) they are married and have at least one child.

Question 65

In the United States,lung cancer accounts for the highest percent of all cancer deaths for both
women and men.

Question 66

Physical activity seems to offer some protection against

A) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
B) colon cancer.
C) bone cancer.
D) lung cancer.

Question 67

Which is a risk factor for cancer of the cervix?

A) having a first child later in life
B) large number of sex partners
C) use of diaphragms and condoms
D) high educational level

Question 68

Which of these cancer treatments has serious and painful side effects?

A) radiation
B) surgery
C) chemotherapy
D) all of these

Question 69

Women with greater ___________ show slower cancer progression than women with less.

A) emotional support
B) structural social support
C) problem-focused support
D) invisible support

Question 70

Currently,cancer death rates in the United States are rising.

Question 71

When cancerous growth has not yet metastasized,____ is most likely to be recommended.

A) surgery
B) hormonal therapy
C) immunotherapy
D) chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy

Question 72

Thus far,research evidence suggests that psychological interventions _________.

A) prolong the life of those with cancer
B) improve short term emotional support
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 73

Research indicates that a diagnosis of cancer often

A) results in feelings of fear and anger.
B) leads to suicide in about 25% of patients.
C) leads to significant psychosocial problems in about 60% of patients.
D) leads to clinical depression in more than 50% of patients.

Question 74

HIV infection is associated with increases in

A) lung cancer.
B) Kaposi's sarcoma.
C) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
D) both Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Question 75

Research indicates that psychotherapy can help cancer patients

A) make a good adjustment to their disease and extend their lives.
B) reduce the distress of cancer and treatment but not extend their lives.
C) accept their disease and become optimistic.
D) attain a better level of integration of family and health care personnel.

Question 76

Psychologists' involvement in cancer has centered mostly on

A) diagnosis and cure.
B) diagnosis and prevention.
C) neoplastic research and prevention.
D) prevention and helping patients to cope with their illness.

Question 77

Leo has been diagnosed with prostate cancer.Leo is LEAST likely to experience high levels of stress if

A) he is unmarried.
B) his wife makes a "big show" of her concern.
C) his wife demonstrates an obvious high level of social support.
D) his wife provides social support, but Leo does not notice her efforts.

Question 78

Elsa has recently experienced fatigue,weight change,hair loss,nausea,loss of sexual interest,sleep problems,and loss of appetite after her treatment for cancer.These symptoms are most likely to follow

A) chemotherapy.
B) surgery.
C) hormonal treatment.
D) immunotherapy.

Question 79

In the United States,

A) most people with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma do not have AIDS.
B) most people with Kaposi's sarcoma do not have AIDS.
C) most people with rectal cancer have AIDS.
D) most people with colon cancer have AIDS.

Question 80

Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer that occurs most frequently in the United States as a result of

A) ultraviolet light.
B) HIV infection.
C) suppression of emotion.
D) Type A behavior pattern.