Deck 12: Smoking Tobacco

Question 1

The addictive ingredient of cigarette smoking is

A) nicotine.
B) its good taste.
C) the approval of peers.
D) the aroma of the smoke.

Answer 1

nicotine.

Question 2

The site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange is the

A) alveoli.
B) diaphragm.
C) bronchi.
D) trachea.

Answer 2

alveoli.

Question 3

The presence of nicotine can be detected in the brain

A) as rapidly as 7 seconds after smoking.
B) as rapidly as 2 minutes after smoking and 1 minute after intravenous injection.
C) not until 30 to 40 minutes after smoking.
D) of nonsmokers and smokers alike.

Answer 3

as rapidly as 7 seconds after smoking.

Question 4

People cough in response to smoke because

A) coughing expels irritants from the respiratory tract.
B) coughing is a substitute for sneezing.
C) coughing draws oxygen more deeply into the lungs.
D) of the action of the alveoli.

Question 5

Nicotine

A) is a depressant to those people who smoke, but a stimulant to those who do not.
B) is the main reason why people start to smoke.
C) is a more important factor in starting to smoke than is social pressure.
D) has addictive properties.

Question 6

_______ is/are water-soluble resides of tobacco smoke.

A) Carcinogens
B) Nicotine
C) Tars
D) Aldehydes

Question 7

The half-life of nicotine is ________.

A) 7 seconds
B) 5 minutes
C) 10 minutes
D) 30 minutes

Question 8

Tobacco sales of American tobacco companies are likely to remain strong because

A) smoking rates of Canadians are rising sharply.
B) smokers are living longer and thus will smoke more cigarettes over a lifetime.
C) tobacco markets in Africa, Eastern Europe, and Asia are expanding.
D) more North Americans have begun to smoke pipes.

Question 9

Nicotine affects the __________ nervous system.

A) central
B) peripheral
C) anterior
D) both a and b

Question 10

Cigarette smoking in the United States reached its peak per capita consumption

A) prior to the Revolutionary War.
B) during the Civil War.
C) during the early part of the 20th century.
D) during the 1960s.

Question 11

_______ is/are responsible for cigarette smoking's addictive nature.

A) Carcinogens
B) Nicotine
C) Tars
D) Aldehydes

Question 12

There are at least 60 types of _______ in cigarettes.

A) carcinogens
B) nicotine
C) tars
D) aldehydes

Question 13

A disorder characterized by the obstruction of respiratory passages and loss of bronchial elasticity is

A) bronchitis.
B) allergy.
C) emphysema.
D) bulimia.

Question 14

Nicotine is

A) a stimulant.
B) a tranquilizer.
C) both of these.
D) neither of these.

Question 15

The decline in the rate of cigarette smoking in the United States can be traced to

A) a report from the U.S. Surgeon General that linked smoking with adverse health effects.
B) adverse weather conditions in southeastern states that significantly reduced the supply of tobacco.
C) the successful use of hypnosis by health psychologists to get people to stop smoking.
D) an agreement among movie producers and directors to stop portraying cigarette smoking.

Question 16

Which of these factors help popularize smoking in the United States?

A) ready-made cigarettes
B) the development of a "blended" cigarette
C) the low cost of cigarettes
D) both a and b

Question 17

The most common chronic lower respiratory disease which occurs when bronchi lose their elasticity is ______________.

A) emphysema
B) acute bronchitis
C) chronic bronchitis
D) lung cancer

Question 18

The principle function of the respiratory system is to take in ____ and to eliminate ____.

A) leukocytes . . . oxygen
B) oxygen . . . carbon dioxide
C) oxygen . . . methane
D) nitrogen . . . carbon dioxide and methane

Question 19

The annual number of excess deaths in the United States attributable to smoking has been
Estimated to be about

A) 25,000.
B) 57,000.
C) 175,000.
D) 443,000.

Question 20

When considering sales in Eastern Europe and China,some evidence suggests that tobacco companies will

A) continue to report large profits.
B) soon become bankrupt.
C) begin to target advertisements toward high school students.
D) voluntarily go out of business as they realize their product contributes to thousands of deaths each year.

Question 21

When nicotine content of cigarettes is lowered,smokers tend to

A) smoke the same number of cigarettes.
B) smoke less of the low-nicotine cigarettes.
C) smoke more of the low-nicotine cigarettes.
D) quit smoking.

Question 22

Which ethnic group does not appear to use smoking as a weight control strategy?

A) African Americans
B) European Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) Hispanic Americans

Question 23

Among 9-to 14-year-old children,

A) boys are more likely than girls to smoke as a means of weight control.
B) boys at this early age were not concerned with weight control.
C) girls were more likely than boys to smoke as a means of weight control.
D) girls at this early age were not concerned with weight control.

Question 24

Of the following,which group is more likely to be current smokers?

A) females compared to males
B) older adults compared to younger adults
C) poorer adults compared to wealthier adults
D) highly educated compared to high-school educated

Question 25

One way that smokers show an optimistic bias is

A) believing that their friends are less likely to die.
B) believing that their brand of cigarettes are less likely to cause disease.
C) believing that smoking does not cause cardiovascular disease.
D) both a and b.

Question 26

A review of media influence on smoking found ________ association between media exposure and smoking.

A) a weak
B) a moderate
C) a strong
D) no

Question 27

Madison is a nonsmoking 16-year-old high school sophomore who has a large cigarette-sponsored poster in her bedroom.Compared with nonsmoking Wendy,who has no such poster in her room,Madison is more likely to

A) begin smoking.
B) begin smoking but then quit within two months.
C) have a pessimistic bias.
D) be an only child.

Question 28

In understanding who is addicted to cigarette smoking,smoking more than ______ in one's lifetime increases the difficulty of quitting.

A) 1 cigarette
B) 50 cigarettes
C) 100 cigarettes
D) 1000 cigarettes

Question 29

Who is most likely to begin smoking as a means of weight control?

A) middle-aged women
B) teenage boys involved in athletics
C) teenage girls with a fear of weight gain
D) middle-aged men

Question 30

Barrett is 14 years old and has smoked about 200 cigarettes in her lifetime.Barrett should know that

A) quitting will be quite easy because she is not yet a regular smoker.
B) she can smoke for another four or five years and then quit.
C) quitting now will be quite difficult.
D) quitting later will be impossible without formal therapy.

Question 31

Currently,about ____% of adults in the United States smoke cigarettes.

A) 16
B) 21
C) 47
D) 68

Question 32

Smokers __________ when smoking lower-nicotine cigarettes.

A) smoke more cigarettes
B) smoke fewer cigarettes
C) smoke the same amount of cigarettes
D) refuse to smoke

Question 33

Many of the adolescents who begin smoking

A) do not believe that the hazards apply to them.
B) are unaware of the dangers of smoking.
C) do so because their parents and teachers tell them not to smoke.
D) have an unconscious death wish.

Question 34

Research on smoking,peer pressure,and adolescents suggest that

A) anti-smoking messages work in decreasing smoking rates in groups of friends.
B) overt pressure from friends is needed to increase the chances that a teen will smoke.
C) adolescents will begin to smoke to fit in with their social group, regardless of whether pressure is overt.
D) media exposure does not increase smoking in peer groups.

Question 35

By the time students reach the 12th grade,______ of boys and girls are frequent smokers.

A) 1-3%
B) 6-8%
C) 10-12%
D) 17-20%

Question 36

_____ may be the influence in adolescents' decision to begin smoking.

A) Curiosity
B) Self-esteem
C) Depression
D) Anxiety

Question 37

Of the following,which group is more likely to be current smokers?

A) females compared to males
B) American Indians compared to Asian Americans
C) older adults compared to younger adults
D) highly educated compared to high-school educated

Question 38

Ashley is a normal weight 16-year-old girl who wants to lose weight and has started smoking to help her do so.Ashley is at risk for

A) other risky weight loss strategies.
B) switching to illicit drugs.
C) skipping school.
D) Type 2 diabetes.

Question 39

The highest rate of per capita cigarette consumption in the US was in _____ .

A) 1934
B) 1962
C) 1966
D) 2012

Question 40

Chris is a smoker.What would be your predictions about Chris?

A) Chris is a man with a college degree.
B) Chris is a woman with a college degree.
C) Chris began smoking as a teenager.
D) Chris has parents who do not smoke.

Question 41

People who smoke

A) believe that smoking has few negative health consequences.
B) believe that smoking has few negative health consequences when compared to drinking.
C) believe that smoking is dangerous, much as do people who do not smoke.
D) have less consistent attitudes toward smoking than adolescent smokers.

Question 42

Which of the following diseases is rarely diagnosed among nonsmokers?

A) cardiovascular disease
B) prostate cancer
C) breast cancer
D) chronic lower respiratory disease

Question 43

Which of these smokers exhibits an optimistic bias?

A) Jim overestimates the danger of smoking and believes that he has a very high chance of developing a smoking-related disease before age 60.
B) Loraine believes that smoking is not really dangerous and so she has about the same risk for smoking-related diseases as do other people.
C) Robbie overestimates the danger of smoking and believes that she has about the same risk for smoking-related diseases as do other people.
D) Joe understands the danger of smoking but believes that his risk of a smoking-related disease is less than that of other smokers.

Question 44

With regard to smokers and fear of weight gain,research suggests that

A) older female smokers express the greatest fears of weight gain.
B) European American women are more acceptant of weight gain than African American women.
C) young female smokers express the greatest fears of weight gain.
D) young male smokers express the greatest fears of weight gain.

Question 45

The reinforcement explanation of smoking assumes that,for someone who becomes a smoker,

A) the positive consequences outweigh the negative ones.
B) the negative stimulus of one's first attempts at smoking arouses a corresponding positive process.
C) the positive stimulus of one's first attempts at smoking arouses a corresponding negative process.
D) no negative consequences are experienced.

Question 46

Pat,a smoker who fears that stopping smoking would lead to weight gain,is most likely

A) a woman under 30 years of age.
B) a woman 45 years old or older.
C) a man under 30 years of age.
D) a man 45 years old or older.

Question 47

A smoker exhibiting optimistic bias would

A) cut down on the number of cigarettes smoked per day.
B) believe that she is as likely to get lung cancer as other people.
C) believe that other smokers may get lung cancer, but she will not.
D) believe that smoking has positive health consequences.

Question 48

Some people smoke because smoking is negatively reinforcing for them.An example of a negative reinforcer would be

A) a reduction in tension.
B) feelings of relaxation.
C) satisfaction of manual needs.
D) odor of tobacco smoke.

Question 49

Which of these is NOT a frequent result of cigarette smoking?

A) periodontal disease
B) poorer balance
C) attractive physical appearance
D) ovarian cysts

Question 50

When smokers are allowed to smoke only bad-tasting cigarettes,

A) people who smoke for relaxation will show little interest in smoking these cigarettes.
B) people who are addicted to nicotine will not cut back on the amount of cigarettes they smoke.
C) people who smoke for pleasure will smoke few or no cigarettes.
D) all of these.

Question 51

Evidence that smoking causes lung cancer comes from data showing that from 1959 to 1988

A) lung cancer death rates for nonsmokers rose steadily.
B) lung cancer death rates for nonsmokers remained about the same.
C) lung cancer death rates among smokers rose steadily.
D) a combination of b and c.

Question 52

______ is the second leading cause of death in the US but the leading cause of smoking-related deaths.

A) Cardiovascular disease
B) Cancer
C) Chronic lower respiratory disease
D) Mental illness

Question 53

In general,people smoke

A) in order to relax.
B) for a variety of reasons.
C) to satisfy oral needs.
D) to satisfy a need to use their hands.

Question 54

In general,research on the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (passive smoking)has found that passive smoking

A) may slightly increase people's risk for lung cancer.
B) neither increases nor decreases people's risk for lung cancer.
C) lowers people's risk for lung cancer.
D) doubles people's risk for lung cancer.

Question 55

Which of these factors is LEAST common to addicted smokers?

A) They find quitting only moderately difficult.
B) They are usually aware of the fact that they are smoking.
C) They are seldom aware of the fact that they are not smoking.
D) They give very inaccurate replies when asked about how long it has been since their last cigarette.

Question 56

Men who smoke cigars or pipes have a _____ relative risk of dying from cancer compared to nonsmokers.

A) 5.0
B) 15.8
C) 23.3
D) 50.0

Question 57

________ is the deadliest behavior in the history of the United States.

A) Drunk Driving
B) Cigarette smoking
C) Illegal drug use
D) Homicide

Question 58

Randy has been smoking for 20 years and enjoys the smell of cigarette smoke.For Randy,the smell of a burning cigarette would be

A) a negative reinforcer.
B) a positive reinforcer.
C) a noxious stimulus.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 59

Men who smoke cigarettes have a _____ relative risk of dying from cancer compared to nonsmokers.

A) 5.0
B) 15.8
C) 23.3
D) 50.0

Question 60

The trend in smoking rates and the number of lung cancer deaths follow approximately the same pattern,except that

A) increased smoking rates precede the increase in lung cancer deaths by about 25 to 30 years.
B) increased smoking rates precede the increase in lung cancer deaths by about 2 to 3 years.
C) increased lung cancer rates precede the increase in smoking rates deaths by about 25 to 30 years.
D) increased lung cancer rates precede the increase in smoking rates deaths by about 2 to 3 years.

Question 61

Most people who successfully quit smoking cigarettes do so

A) on their own.
B) through the use of hypnosis.
C) by switching to cigars or pipes.
D) by joining Smokers Anonymous.

Question 62

David says that he wants to quit smoking and is considering using nicotine replacement to help him quit.What is your advice to him?

A) He should not need any help in quitting; just quit.
B) Nicotine replacement therapy is not very effective; save his money.
C) Nicotine replacement therapy can help people stop smoking; give it a try.
D) Try chewing regular gum rather than the nicotine replacement gum.

Question 63

In general,which group of people suffers more respiratory diseases from exposure to secondhand smoke?

A) adult men
B) adult women
C) older parents of smoking children
D) young children of smoking parents

Question 64

In the US,about ______ of smokers try to quit each year.

A) 20%
B) 44%
C) 64%
D) 90%

Question 65

Programs that provide adolescents with information about the risks of smoking

A) deter smoking for older teenagers but not for younger ones.
B) are more successful than programs for smoking cessation.
C) are effective if the messages include graphic images of diseased lungs.
D) have little effect because adolescents do not listen to health warnings.

Question 66

_________ suffer the most health problems from passive smoking.

A) Children
B) Adolescents
C) Young adults
D) Middle-age adults

Question 67

Quitting smoking on one's own is possible,and one study found that more than _____ of smokers trying to quit were successful.

A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 70%

Question 68

Helen wants to quit smoking and asks you for advice.You should tell her

A) that the best results come from programs that includes practitioner support, counseling, and nicotine replacement therapy.
B) to continue to smoke but cut down to decrease her risk and so that she won't gain weight.
C) to seek a trained hypnotist who can help her through hypnosis.
D) to find a therapist who will use shock therapy.

Question 69

Long-time employees of one or more of the "5 B's" (bars,bowling alleys,bingo parlors,betting establishments,and billiard halls)

A) have as much as an 18 times greater nicotine concentration than do other workers.
B) have an 11 times greater incidence of lung cancer than do other workers.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor

Question 70

A systematic view of studies on smoke-free workplaces indicate that this strategy

A) reduces the number of cigarettes workers smoke
B) decreases the prevalence of smoking
C) decreases worker satisfaction
D) both a and b

Question 71

More intensive cessation programs are more expensive; research indicates that

A) the expense is worth it-such programs are more effective.
B) the expense is not worth it-such programs are no more effective than less expensive ones.
C) nicotine replacement is more effective than programs with many components.
D) relapse was not a problem for those who participated in an intensive program.

Question 72

A systematic review of nicotine replacement therapy indicated that this approach is

A) more effective than a placebo.
B) less effective than a placebo.
C) about as effective as a placebo.
D) more effective after 4 years than after 3 months.

Question 73

Which of the following has the highest death toll from passive smoking?

A) lung cancer
B) breast cancer
C) heart disease
D) pneumonia

Question 74

Pharmacological approaches have largely been shown to be effective in helping smokers quit except for

A) female smokers.
B) male smokers.
C) adolescent smokers.
D) elderly smokers.

Question 75

_______ may help smokers move from the precontemplation stage to the contemplation stage.

A) Pharmacological treatments
B) Motivational interviewing
C) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
D) Information about the dangers of smoking

Question 76

Heavy cigarette smoking decreases life expectancy by ______ years.

A) 2.1
B) 4.7
C) 8.8
D) 15.2

Question 77

Smokers who are most likely to quit are

A) women.
B) those who have support from their therapists and their families.
C) those who have been diagnosed with heart disease or cancer.
D) unmarried and have few social ties.

Question 78

If physicians give _______,then smokers are more likely to attempt to quit.

A) information on the dangers of smoking
B) information on the rates of success in quitting
C) information on how to quit
D) both a and b

Question 79

In trying to prevent people from smoking,educational programs such as lectures and government pamphlets

A) are not very effective.
B) generate positive feelings toward smoking.
C) are more effective than inoculation programs.
D) are more effective with college students than with junior high school students.

Question 80

The use of smokeless tobacco

A) carries about the same risks for lung cancer as does cigarette smoking.
B) carries about the same risks for heart disease as does cigarette smoking.
C) is similar to cigarette smoking in terms of onset, patterns of use, social influences, and attempts to quit.
D) is similar to cigarette smoking in terms of gender and age of users.