Deck 14: Eating and Weight

Question 1

Stable weight is maintained when

A) a person eats a high-protein diet.
B) the amount of calories expended equals the amount eaten.
C) the calories absorbed by the intestines are half of the number of calories eaten.
D) activity is at a minimum and basal metabolism is at a maximum.

Answer 1

the amount of calories expended equals the amount eaten.

Question 2

With regard to eating and metabolism,research has shown that

A) overeating changes metabolism.
B) undereating changes metabolism.
C) both overeating and undereating can change metabolism.
D) metabolism is set by genetics and thus cannot be changed.

Answer 2

both overeating and undereating can change metabolism.

Question 3

____________ is a hormone produced by the stomach.Its levels rise before and fall after meals,which may provide a short-term signal to eat.

A) Leptin
B) Ghrelin
C) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
D) Ventromedial

Answer 3

Ghrelin

Question 4

Production of the peptide hormone cholecystokinin results in

A) feelings of satiation.
B) feelings of hunger.
C) a need to engage in physical activity.
D) depression, anxiety, and loss of energy.

Question 5

From the stomach,digested food passes into the

A) small intestine.
B) large intestine.
C) anus.
D) blood stream.

Question 6

Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the circular muscles that propel food through the digestive system is known as

A) the esophagus.
B) peristalsis.
C) voluntary digestion.
D) acidic flow.

Question 7

The principal function of the stomach is to

A) begin the process of digestion.
B) pass digested food into the large intestine.
C) pass digested food into the blood stream.
D) mix food particles with gastric juices.

Question 8

______ propels food through the digestive system,a largely involuntary process.

A) Peristalsis
B) Gastric juices
C) Salivary Glands
D) Parotids

Question 9

In the study of experimental starvation,what were the effects of semi-starvation on the behavior of the participants?

A) They showed high group morale and cooperation.
B) They exercised vigorously to distract themselves from feelings of hunger.
C) They became aggressive and lost interest in their normal activities.
D) They became overly attached to other group members.

Question 10

The relationship between eating and weight maintenance is best described by which of the following statements?

A) Weight gain is proportional to overeating.
B) A person who eats more than 3,000 calories per day will gain weight.
C) Metabolic rate is a factor in weight maintenance.
D) Fat people eat fewer calories per day than do thin people.

Question 11

Digestion of most types of nutrients occurs in the __________.

A) large intestine
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) gall bladder

Question 12

In Sims's studies on experimental overeating,some volunteers had trouble returning to their original weight after the experiment.This problem was associated with

A) family histories of obesity.
B) family histories of diabetes.
C) a permanent change in setpoint brought about by the overeating.
D) a permanent change in blood glucose level.

Question 13

____________ levels fall when fat stores fall,which may provide a long-term signal to eat more.

A) Leptin
B) Ghrelin
C) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
D) Ventromedial

Question 14

_________ NOT part of the digestive system.

A) The teeth are
B) The esophagus is
C) The stomach is
D) The bronchioles are

Question 15

Which system of the body is plagued with more diseases and disorder than any other system?

A) immune
B) digestive
C) cardiovascular
D) none of the above

Question 16

____________ levels signal low fat stores,prompting individuals to eat.

A) Low leptin
B) High leptin
C) Low insulin
D) High insulin

Question 17

The hormone ___________ provides a short-term signal for eating,and ________ provides a long-term signal.

A) insulin . . . CCK
B) leptin . . . insulin
C) serotonin . .. epinephrine
D) ghrelin . . . leptin

Question 18

When the participants in the study on experimental starvation were re-fed at the end of the starvation phase of the experiment,

A) many of them gained more weight than they had lost.
B) most of them were not able to regain lost weight.
C) they became more cheerful and optimistic than they had been prior to the starvation phase.
D) they no longer had much interest in food.

Question 19

__________ furnish(es)moisture that allows food to be tasted.

A) The esophagus
B) The tongue
C) Salivary glands
D) Teeth

Question 20

The goal of Keys's project,begun during World War II,was to study

A) the effects of hunger and food deprivation.
B) the rate of weight gain due to systematic overfeeding.
C) the effects of setpoint readjustment with drugs.
D) the optimum ratio of fat to lean body tissue in volunteers.

Question 21

The body mass index (BMI)

A) is a measure of total weight.
B) considers both age and gender in calculating obesity.
C) is defined as a person's height (in meters) divided by body weight (in kilograms) squared.
D) is defined as body weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared.

Question 22

In the study of experimental starvation,the effects of starvation on participants were all of the following EXCEPT:

A) aggressiveness
B) losing interest in normal activities
C) cooperation with others
D) obsession with food

Question 23

Obesity can result from

A) overeating.
B) slow metabolism.
C) too little physical activity.
D) any or all of these.

Question 24

How does setpoint influence metabolism during a period of severe food restriction?

A) It increases metabolism.
B) It decreases metabolism.
C) It does not influence metabolism.
D) It increases metabolism in the beginning but decreases metabolism if the food restriction continues.

Question 25

Studies of adopted children and identical twins have found that

A) genetic factors are important in weight and fat distribution.
B) environmental factors are more important than genetic factors in determining weight.
C) genetic factors are more important for men, and environmental factors are more important for women in determining weight.
D) genetic factors are more important for women, and environmental factors are more important for men in determining weight.

Question 26

Christi is five feet four and has a body mass index of 17.5.Christi could most accurately be described as

A) extremely thin.
B) somewhat thin
C) average in weight.
D) somewhat heavy.

Question 27

The history of the human species has been marked mostly by shortages of food,

A) which would make a "thrifty" metabolism a survival advantage.
B) which lends support to the setpoint concept.
C) which casts doubts on the positive incentive model.
D) which casts doubt on the role of hormones in weight regulation.

Question 28

During the past 20 years,Americans have reduced the percent of calories obtained from dietary fat,and

A) they have become thinner.
B) they have increased their sugar consumption.
C) they have decreased their fast food consumption.
D) their average weight has remained the same.

Question 29

Researchers have suggested several reasons why obesity has increased in the United States over the past two decades.One possibility is that people are

A) eating more meals at home.
B) increasing their consumption of fast food and sodas.
C) increasing their percentage of dietary fat.
D) decreasing their intake of sugar.

Question 30

An analysis of the women who have won the Miss America contest since 1978 showed what percent of them in the underweight range?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Question 31

The results of the studies on experimental starvation and experimental overeating

A) indicate that eating is a learned behavior.
B) suggest that eating is always pleasurable.
C) are consistent with the concept of setpoint.
D) show that eating is relatively unimportant in the lives of most people.

Question 32

Carl is five feet,ten inches tall,has a medium frame,and weighs 154 pounds.In other words,Carl is about in the middle of the ideal weight range according to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company's desirable weight charts.This means that Carl

A) has a healthy waist-to-hip ratio.
B) needs to gain a few pounds.
C) should try to lose a few pounds.
D) none of these.

Question 33

According to the positive incentive model of weight control,people

A) will have difficulty weighing either much more or much less than their biologically determined setpoint.
B) eat for pleasure.
C) are rewarded for having fat children.
D) are punished for having fat children.

Question 34

The setpoint concept assumes that

A) people have a kind of internal thermostat that regulates weight.
B) gaining weight is easier than losing it.
C) losing weight is easier than gaining it.
D) heredity is unrelated to a person's weight.

Question 35

From an anthropological perspective,what would be the advantage of a setpoint for fat?

A) Fat storage and retention helped protect people during food shortages.
B) Fat enhanced physical attractiveness and reproduction.
C) Fat helped protect individuals from injuries.
D) Fat made individuals less attractive to predators.

Question 36

Most people who see themselves as being overweight are

A) African American women.
B) not sufficiently overweight to be at risk for increased mortality.
C) greatly at risk for increased mortality.
D) both a and c are true.

Question 37

After several weeks on a 500-calorie a day diet,Loraine is constantly hungry,tired,and not interested in much of anything.According to the setpoint concept,

A) these are the effects of damage to her hypothalamus.
B) she is losing too much muscle tissue.
C) she is below her setpoint.
D) she is still above her setpoint.

Question 38

Throughout most of history,being plump or fat

A) was a sign of laziness.
B) was a mark of prosperity.
C) was a signal of poor health.
D) characterized working class people.

Question 39

The skinfold technique and bioelectrical impedance are ways to measure

A) utilization of glucose by adipose tissue.
B) percentage of body fat.
C) metabolic activity of fat.
D) ratio of height to body weight.

Question 40

Which of these techniques represents a person's distribution of body fat?

A) waist-to-hip ratio
B) skinfold technique
C) weight charts
D) water immersion technique

Question 41

In general,the relationship between weight and poor health is

A) S-shaped.
B) U-shaped.
C) direct-the heavier the person, the greater the risk for poor health.
D) inverse-the heavier the person, the lower the risk for poor health.

Question 42

Using body mass index (BMI),a BMI of ____ to _____ is defined as overweight.

A) 30; 45
B) 25; 29.9
C) 17.9; 25
D) 25; 30

Question 43

All of the following are explanations that researchers have suggested for why obesity has increased in the past two decades EXCEPT:

A) increased consumption of fast food.
B) increased consumption of sweetened soda.
C) increased consumption of genetically modified foods.
D) decreases in physical activity.

Question 44

Studies from the United States and Europe show that people begin to have a slight risk for all-cause mortality after their body mass index reaches ____ or higher.

A) 20
B) 24
C) 28
D) 32

Question 45

Nelson enjoys tasty food,and he will eat food even when he isn't hungry,if he is fond of that type of food.This eating pattern is most consistent with the _____ model.

A) positive incentive
B) psychodynamic
C) setpoint
D) behavior modification

Question 46

Although there is support for a _____ explanation of obesity,this does not fully explain the rise of obesity since obesity rates have skyrocketed in the past two decades.

A) setpoint
B) genetic
C) positive incentive
D) biological

Question 47

The pattern of risk factors called metabolic syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) excess abdominal fat
B) heart disease
C) insulin resistance
D) problems with levels of cholesterol

Question 48

All of the following are methods to assess body fat EXCEPT:

A) imaging the body
B) skin-fold technique
C) body-mass index
D) self-reports

Question 49

Research has found which of these weight-related factors to be MOST dangerous?

A) distribution of weight around the waist and abdomen
B) distribution of weight around the thighs and hips
C) low body mass index
D) being 10 pounds overweight

Question 50

Self-reports indicate that overweight people ________ and objective measurements indicate that overweight people _______.

A) eat less; eat more
B) eat less; eat less
C) eat more; eat more
D) eat more; eat less

Question 51

Eating foods high in ______ may increase appetite rather than lead to feelings of satiation.

A) calories
B) carbohydrates
C) fat
D) flavor

Question 52

Which of these people has the GREATEST danger of developing a health problem?

A) a woman who is 15 pounds overweight
B) a woman whose weight is 10% above the weight recommended by the weight charts
C) a man whose weight is a stable 12% above the weight recommended by the weight charts
D) a man who gains 20% above the ideal recommended weight

Question 53

Research has shown a positive relationship between obesity and

A) high blood pressure.
B) nonfatal heart disease.
C) diabetes.
D) all of these.

Question 54

Bart is concerned because his 75-year-old grandfather has always been about 20 pounds overweight and refuses to diet.Bart should know that

A) losing weight after age 50 doubles the risk for cardiovascular disease.
B) after age 65, losing weight might actually be dangerous.
C) his grandfather should go on a diet whether or not he wants to do so.
D) both a and c are correct.

Question 55

In general,which of these people would have the GREATEST risk for health problems due to being overweight?

A) a 50-year-old man who is 20% over his ideal weight with most of the extra weight on his thighs and hips
B) a 50-year-old man who is 20% over his ideal weight with most extra weight around his abdomen
C) a 50-year-old woman who is 20% over her ideal weight
D) a 26-year-old woman who is 25% over her ideal weight

Question 56

Extreme obesity has ______ during the 1990s.

A) stayed the same
B) doubled
C) tripled
D) decreased

Question 57

One possible explanation as to why individuals have differing setpoints is

A) genetics.
B) past success or failure at diets.
C) ethnicity.
D) age.

Question 58

Research on sleep and weight has shown that __________ precedes weight gain.

A) short sleep duration
B) many naps
C) long sleep cycle
D) both a and b

Question 59

When humans or rats have a variety of tasty foods available,

A) humans increase their food intake, but rats do not.
B) rats increase their food intake, but humans do not.
C) both rats and humans increase their food intake.
D) food intake remains constant for both.

Question 60

If using BMI to define obesity and overweight,then _____ of adults are overweight and obese in the US.

A) 23%
B) 33%
C) 55%
D) 67%

Question 61

Gastric bypass surgery

A) usually produces massive weight loss.
B) carries health risks from the surgical procedure.
C) has replaced liposuction as the most common surgical approach to weight control.
D) both a and b.

Question 62

When overweight children attempt to lose weight,

A) they are less successful than adults.
B) they succeed in behavioral programs that involve their family.
C) boys succeed but girls do not.
D) they tend to become diabetic after losing about 10% of their body weight.

Question 63

A low-carbohydrate,high-fat diet

A) may initially produce weight loss.
B) is an attractive dieting choice for many people.
C) produces a higher dropout rate than some other programs.
D) all of these.

Question 64

In a survey of adults,______ of women were trying to lose weight.

A) 20%
B) 38%
C) 42%
D) 76%

Question 65

Most people who lose weight

A) maintain their weight loss.
B) do so without the help of a program or therapist.
C) do so by taking diet pills.
D) continue a downward spiral of weight loss.

Question 66

Which weight loss program is likely to have the greatest problem with relapse?

A) a very low-calorie diet that produces quick weight loss
B) a program that adds posttreatment sessions
C) a behavior modification program
D) a program that includes social support and aerobic exercise

Question 67

What would you tell your female friend who is 15 pounds above her ideal weight and who has asked you for advice?

A) "Give up sweets for 6 weeks."
B) "You look great. Forget about losing weight."
C) "Forget about dieting; adopt a regular exercise program and stop overeating."
D) "Eat the same kinds of food you're eating now, but only about half as much."

Question 68

The safest and surest way to lose weight and be healthy is to

A) exercise
B) eat healthy
C) rely on diet pills
D) both a and b

Question 69

Which of these is the most effective combination for substantial weight loss during dieting and maintaining weight loss after 1 year?

A) fat suctioning and liquid protein diet
B) prescription amphetamines and nonprescription phenylpropylalamine
C) low-calorie diet and increased physical activity
D) high carbohydrate diet and psychoanalysis

Question 70

People who __________ lose weight may experience health benefits; those who ____________ lose weight are at increased risk for health problems.

A) unintentionally . . . intentionally
B) intentionally . . . unintentionally
C) rapidly . . . slowly
D) always . . . never

Question 71

One simple technique to keep yourself on track after a weight loss program is to ___________.

A) weigh yourself daily
B) join a different weight loss program
C) exercise daily
D) never weigh yourself

Question 72

Who is most likely to gain health benefits from dieting?

A) a person with a BMI of 26 who is able to lose weight but gains it back
B) a 55-year-old who has gained 15 pounds over the past 5 years
C) a person who was 25 pounds over ideal weight but who has already lost 15 pounds
D) a person who is 40 pounds overweight and is able to lose 10% of her body weight

Question 73

Both low-carbohydrate diets and low-fat diets share one drawback:

A) neither produces weight loss.
B) both are unhealthy.
C) both produce high dropout rates.
D) all of these.

Question 74

Exercise

A) stimulates appetite and results in overeating and weight gain.
B) must be combined with calorie restrictions for weight loss to occur.
C) tends to increase the setpoint, adjusting it upward.
D) may be sufficient by itself to cause weight loss.

Question 75

Research suggests that

A) losing weight as rapidly as possible is the best dieting strategy.
B) dieters who seek therapy for weight loss are less likely to maintain their weight loss than those who lose weight on their own.
C) dieting speeds metabolic rate, thus facilitating weight loss.
D) people should not remain on the same diet for more than 6 weeks.

Question 76

Diets that contain _______ are good choices to help weight loss.

A) high fiber from fruits and veggies
B) low-fat foods
C) low-carbohydrate foods
D) liquid food

Question 77

A review of commercial weight loss programs found that individuals ________ in 1-2 years.

A) regain 50% of their weight
B) keep their lost weight off
C) regain 10% of their weight
D) keep losing weight

Question 78

A single-food diet (for example,all the hard-boiled eggs you want)

A) will not produce weight loss unless the single food is low in calories.
B) is nutritionally more balanced than most liquid diets.
C) may produce weight loss after the dieter becomes bored with the lack of variety in the diet.
D) is usually a high fiber, low-carbohydrate diet.

Question 79

One recent study found that dieters who ________ lost twice as much weight as those on the same program that did not.

A) went to therapy
B) kept a food diary
C) exercised twice a week
D) both a and c

Question 80

Behavior modification programs for weight control usually

A) punish unhealthy eating habits.
B) punish weight gain.
C) reinforce healthy eating habits.
D) reinforce weight loss.