Deck 9: Behavioral Factors in Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

Myocardial infarctions

A) are commonly known as heart attacks.
B) are seldom life threatening, but serve as a signal of possible heart disease.
C) result from loss of oxygen to the brain.
D) none of these.

Answer 1

are commonly known as heart attacks.

Question 2

Atherosclerosis may affect blood supply in any part of the body,but it is most dangerous when it affects

A) veins in the extremities.
B) arteries in the extremities.
C) any veins.
D) coronary arteries.

Answer 2

coronary arteries.

Question 3

Approximately ________ of Americans have hypertension.

A) one-third
B) one-fourth
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Answer 3

one-third

Question 4

Coronary artery disease differs from coronary heart disease

A) in terms of severity-coronary artery disease is more severe than coronary heart disease.
B) in terms of the location of the damage-coronary artery disease refers to plaque in the arteries, whereas coronary heart disease involves damage to the myocardium.
C) in terms of the number of people affected-many more people have coronary heart disease than coronary artery disease.
D) in no identifiable way.

Question 5

What is the term that refers to any damage to the myocardium as a result of insufficient blood supply?

A) coronary heart disease
B) coronary artery disease
C) stroke
D) hypertension

Question 6

What is the system that consists of the heart,arteries,and veins?

A) Musculoskeletal
B) Cardiovascular
C) Endocrine
D) Immune

Question 7

The disorder that includes the formation of plaque in the arteries is

A) angina pectoris.
B) atheromatous fatigue.
C) atherosclerosis.
D) arteriosclerosis.

Question 8

______ carry oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of the body,whereas ______ moves deoxygenated blood toward the heart.

A) Veins; arteries
B) Arteries; capillaries
C) Arteries; veins
D) Veins; arterioles

Question 9

Restriction of blood flow is called

A) arteriosclerosis.
B) ischemia.
C) arrhythmia.
D) an embolism.

Question 10

The third most frequent cause of death is _______,which is the result of oxygen deprivation to the brain.

A) hypertension
B) angina pectoris
C) a stroke
D) a myocardial infarction

Question 11

A more technical name for "hardening of the arteries" is

A) angina pectoris.
B) atherosclerosis.
C) arteriosclerosis.
D) ischemia.

Question 12

Beth had difficulty breathing and a crushing pain in her chest.However,it only lasted a few seconds.Beth likely was experiencing symptoms for

A) hypertension
B) angina pectoris
C) a stroke
D) a myocardial infarction

Question 13

Bob is experiencing dizziness,nausea,a squeezing pain in his chest,and cold sweating.He is likely experiencing symptoms for

A) hypertension
B) angina pectoris
C) a stroke
D) a myocardial infarction

Question 14

Mike's doctor tells him that his arteries have hardened.The more technical term for this would be

A) atherosclerosis
B) arteriosclerosis
C) myocardium
D) cardiac attack

Question 15

In younger individuals,_____ pressure is most strongly related to cardiovascular risk,but in older individuals _______ pressure is more indicative of cardiovascular risk.

A) diastolic, systolic
B) diastolic, presystolic
C) systolic, diastolic
D) presystolic, diastolic

Question 16

Millions of Americans have abnormally high blood pressure,or __________.

A) hypertension
B) angina pectoris
C) a stroke
D) a myocardial infarction

Question 17

A disorder characterized by a restriction of oxygen to the heart,a sensation of crushing pain,and a difficulty in breathing but no loss of consciousness or damage to myocardium is

A) stroke.
B) arrhythmia.
C) heart attack.
D) angina pectoris.

Question 18

For blood pressure,_______ pressure represents pressure generated by the heart's contractionsand _______,pressure represents pressure experienced between contractions.

A) diastolic, systolic
B) diastolic, presystolic
C) systolic, diastolic
D) presystolic, diastolic

Question 19

The circulation of blood permits

A) the transportation of oxygen to body cells.
B) the removal of carbon dioxide from cells.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor

Question 20

Coronary arteries

A) carry blood from the heart to the remainder of the body.
B) carry blood from the body's extremities to the heart.
C) furnish blood to the heart.
D) furnish blood to the brain.

Question 21

Judith has Type 1 diabetes,which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.Therefore,Judith

A) can do nothing to protect herself against cardiovascular disease.
B) has a behavioral risk factor for cardiovascular disease and can engage in certain behaviors to eliminate her risk.
C) cannot eliminate her risk for cardiovascular disease, but she can learn to manage her disorder and thus lower her risks.
D) has a physiological risk for cardiovascular disease and can learn to reduce her risk to that of a person with no risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Question 22

Differences in hormones may help explain some of the differing rates of cardiovascular disease in men and women; ______ are responsible for much of the gender gap in heart disease.

A) behavioral factors
B) physiological factors
C) psychological factors
D) both b and c

Question 23

If a diet high in salt-cured foods is an established risk factor for hypertension,then

A) this type of diet is negatively correlated with hypertension.
B) this type of diet is a predictor of hypertension.
C) salty foods are a definitive cause of hypertension.
D) salt restriction may or may not be advised for those who are at risk for developing hypertension.

Question 24

Since 1960,death rates from cardiovascular disease have

A) increased gradually.
B) increased sharply.
C) decreased dramatically.
D) remained about the same.

Question 25

African Americans experience _____,which tends to increase blood pressure.

A) a diet higher in salt than European Americans
B) a diet lower in fat and higher in fiber
C) larger and more cohesive families
D) discrimination based on skin color

Question 26

Which ethnic group has the highest risk for cardiovascular death?

A) Native Americans
B) Hispanic Americans
C) African Americans
D) Asian Americans

Question 27

Darlene's current blood pressure is 149 over 95.This means that Darlene has

A) low blood pressure.
B) prehypertension.
C) Stage 1 hypertension.
D) Stage 2 hypertension.

Question 28

For an adult,blood pressure of 190/130 would be

A) normal.
B) prehypertension.
C) Stage 1 hypertension.
D) Stage 2 hypertension.

Question 29

Including both heart disease and stroke,a little over _____ % of deaths in the U.S.are due to cardiovascular disease.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 70
D) 85

Question 30

Compared with European Americans,African Americans

A) have higher rates of hypertension and higher rates of cardiovascular mortality.
B) have lower rates of hypertension but higher rates of cardiovascular mortality.
C) lower rates of hypertension and lower rates of cardiovascular mortality.
D) lower rates of cardiovascular reactivity.

Question 31

The decline in deaths from cardiovascular disease during the last four decades of the 20th century was due to

A) better dietary practices.
B) reduction in cigarette smoking.
C) improvements in medical care.
D) all of these.

Question 32

Beginning in the early 1990s,death rates from cardiovascular disease

A) have been quite consistent throughout all the nations of the world.
B) dropped faster in Eastern Europe than in the United States.
C) have been higher for Russian women than for Russian men.
D) increased drastically in Russia and other former Soviet Union countries.

Question 33

In general,men and women have a similar death rate from cardiovascular disease,but there is a discrepancy,with men ___________ having a significantly higher risk.

A) below age 20
B) during middle age
C) over 75
D) who are married

Question 34

All of the following are physiological risk factors for cardiovascular disease EXCEPT:

A) cholesterol
B) hypertension
C) inflammation
D) physical activity levels

Question 35

The 1964 Surgeon General's report on the dangers of smoking was one of the studies that led to widespread lifestyle changes and lowering of cardiovascular disease rates.The other influential study was

A) the 1965 Surgeon General's report.
B) the Alameda County Study.
C) the Framingham Heart Study.
D) the Chattanooga Cardiovascular Prevention Trial.

Question 36

Bill Clinton,whose story introduced this chapter,had some family history of heart disease and had eaten a high-fat diet for many years of his life.Which of his risks would be an inherent cardiovascular risk factor for the former President?

A) his high-stress job as President
B) his gender
C) his history of being overweight
D) his diet

Question 37

The strongest physiological risk factor for cardiovascular disease is

A) lack of social support.
B) hypertension.
C) obesity.
D) smoking.

Question 38

The single best predictor for heart attack and stroke is

A) obesity.
B) hypertension.
C) high cholesterol.
D) lack of exercise.

Question 39

Stroke is the result of deprivation of oxygen to the ______,and a similar restriction to the ______ causes heart attack.

A) brain . . . myocardium
B) cerebrum . . . cerebral arteries
C) heart . . . lungs
D) central nervous system . . . peripheral nervous system

Question 40

Currently,most authorities believe that __________ is the most critical element in linking cholesterol to cardiovascular disease.

A) a balance of total cholesterol to HDL
B) a balance of LDL to HDL levels
C) total HDL level
D) total LDL level

Question 41

People who currently smoke are _________to suffer a heart attack that people who have never smoked.

A) three times as likely
B) just as likely
C) ten times as likely
D) twice as likely

Question 42

When health care researchers refer to problems in glucose metabolism,they are describing

A) either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes
B) one component of the metabolic syndrome.
C) a combination of elevated blood pressure and elevated cholesterol.
D) both a and b.

Question 43

Other than advancing age,______ is the single most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

A) gender
B) hypertension
C) high cholesterol
D) ethnic background

Question 44

According to the Framingham study,not all cholesterol is equally implicated as a cardiovascular risk._______ was found to offer some protection against heart attack,but ______ was positively related to cardiovascular disease.

A) Total cholesterol level . . . omega-3 fatty acid
B) Lipoproteins . . . cholesterol
C) Low-density lipoprotein . . . high-density lipoprotein
D) High-density lipoprotein . . . low-density lipoprotein

Question 45

Glucose metabolism problems are a risk factor for CVD

A) even if the problems are not sufficiently severe to quality as diabetes.
B) only in overweight people.
C) if the problem results in the overproduction of insulin.
D) only in people who have high cholesterol.

Question 46

All of the following are behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease EXCEPT:

A) smoking
B) diet
C) physical activity levels
D) educational level

Question 47

Carrie and her boyfriend argued last night and this argument led to the end of their relationship.A week later,Carrie is thinking about the argument and is replaying everything she said over and over again.This type of self-focus is called

A) expressed anger.
B) reactivity.
C) depression.
D) rumination.

Question 48

Kelly currently eats a diet that consists mainly of red meat,junk food,and soda.To lower her risk of heart disease,she should:

A) maintain the same diet but also increase intake of carbohydrates
B) maintain the same diet but also increase intake of fruits and veggies
C) reduce her intake of red meat, junk food, and soda and increase intake of fruits and veggies
D) reduce her intake of red meat, junk food, and soda and increase intake of carbohydrates

Question 49

_______ is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease,and,in the elderly,is associated with the occurrence of a second,fatal heart attack.

A) Loneliness
B) Anxiety
C) Gum disease
D) Reactivity

Question 50

Of the following individuals,who is the least at risk for cardiovascular disease?

A) Betty, a 50-year old widow who lives by herself
B) Anna, a 50-year old married woman who has many friends
C) Pete, a 50-year old married man who has many friends
D) Frank, a 50-year old unmarried man who lives by himself

Question 51

Research indicates that the effects of socioeconomic background on cardiovascular disease __________.

A) begins in early adulthood
B) begins in early adolescence
C) begins in late adulthood
D) are set from the time a person is born.

Question 52

With regard to serum cholesterol levels and risk of heart disease among middle-aged people,research suggests that

A) cholesterol level may not be a risk factor.
B) the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL may be more important than total cholesterol.
C) low-density lipoprotein may protect against heart disease.
D) a high ratio of total cholesterol to HDL is desirable.

Question 53

The component of Type A personality that is most associated with risk for cardiovascular disease is

A) competitiveness.
B) a sense of urgency.
C) hostility.
D) competitiveness, a sense of urgency, and hostility.

Question 54

Overall,women have a higher level of ______,which may help explain the gender gap in heart disease.

A) total cholesterol levels
B) HDL levels
C) LDL levels
D) the balance of total cholesterol to HDL

Question 55

Individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds are at a(n)______ risk for cardiovascular disease and this finding can be explained by ______________.

A) decreased; modifiable lifestyle factors
B) decreased; psychological factors
C) increased; modifiable lifestyle factors
D) increased; psychological factors

Question 56

Extra weight carried around which body part is related to an increase risk for heart attack?

A) the hips
B) the abdomen
C) the chest
D) the thighs

Question 57

________ may be related to higher rates of hypertension among African Americans.

A) Obesity
B) Cardiac reactivity
C) Hostility
D) Suppressed anger

Question 58

Which combination yields the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease?

A) moderate total levels of cholesterol with a ratio of total cholesterol to HDL of more than 6 to 1
B) moderate total levels of cholesterol with a 3.5 to 1 ratio of total cholesterol to LDL
C) low levels of total cholesterol with a ratio of total cholesterol to HDL of less than 4.5 to 1
D) low total levels of cholesterol with a 3.5 to 1 ratio of LDL to total cholesterol

Question 59

Anger is a(n)________ accompanied by physiological arousal,whereas hostility is a negative ______ toward others.

A) attitude; emotion
B) attitude; reaction
C) reaction; emotion
D) emotion; attitude

Question 60

Factors that contribute to inflammation,such as _______ and depression,may also increase the risk for cardiovascular disease.

A) anxiety
B) insomnia
C) stress
D) diabetes

Question 61

People with low levels of education have high rates of death from cardiovascular disease.The most valid explanation for this observation is that

A) low educational levels cause CVD.
B) high educational levels protect against CVD.
C) educational level is related to hypertension, obesity, and access to the health care system.
D) educational level is related to gender, which is related to amount of smoking, which is related to CVD.

Question 62

Reducing hypertension is difficult because

A) hypertension has no visible symptoms.
B) no drugs have yet proven effective in lowering blood pressure.
C) most cardiologists do not consider hypertension as a risk factor for heart disease.
D) high cholesterol is a powerful side-effect of reductions in blood pressure.

Question 63

Research most strongly suggests that anxiety and depression are

A) negatively related to the development of heart disease.
B) positively related to the development of heart disease.
C) positively related to the development of heart disease but negatively related to its progression.
D) unrelated to the development of heart disease.

Question 64

Flavonoids may protect against CVD,and one food very rich in flavonoids is

A) dark chocolate.
B) milk chocolate.
C) chocolate milk.
D) any of these, which have about the same flavonoid content.

Question 65

With regard to obesity and heart disease,it can be stated that

A) obesity is causally related to heart disease.
B) obesity is an independent risk factor in heart disease.
C) obesity is related to hypertension, which is related to heart disease.
D) obesity is unrelated to heart disease.

Question 66

In general,which of these groups of people have the highest risk for cardiovascular disease?

A) married men
B) single, divorced, or widowed men
C) single women
D) single, divorced, or widowed women

Question 67

Marriage seems to offer some people some protection against heart disease.The best explanation for this protection is that marriage is related to ______,which in turn relates to _____.

A) income level . . . gender
B) gender . . . hypertension
C) social support . . . seeking health care
D) diet . . . cigarette smoking

Question 68

Individuals with few people in their social networks

A) are more than twice as likely to die of coronary artery disease than those with larger social networks.
B) are about half as likely to die of coronary artery disease as those with larger social networks.
C) are at higher risk for heart disease if they are married.
D) are not at elevated risk for heart disease unless they also score high on loneliness.

Question 69

An analysis of fruit and vegetable consumption in countries around the world indicated that

A) higher consumption of these foods could decrease heart disease by over 30%.
B) people in developing countries eat more fruits and vegetables than is optimal for good health.
C) wealthy people in industrialized countries eat an adequate amount of these foods, but poor people in industrialized countries do not.
D) both b and c

Question 70

Taking anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin lowers the risk for CVD because

A) anti-inflammatory drugs make the blood more acidic, which dissolves blood clots.
B) anti-inflammatory drugs lower blood pressure, which is an important risk factor.
C) anti-inflammatory drugs lower cholesterol, which is an important risk factor.
D) anti-inflammatory drugs reduce inflammation, which is a risk for CVD.

Question 71

A diet high in ___________ offers protection against cardiovascular disease.

A) monosaturated fats
B) fruits, vegetables, and fish
C) high-fiber cereals and grains
D) high-oxidant foods

Question 72

The advantages of physical activity to protect against heart disease

A) appear in middle-aged individuals but not young adults.
B) appear in older adults but not middle-aged or young adults.
C) appear in young adults, but the benefits decrease over the lifespan.
D) appear during childhood and persist over the lifespan.

Question 73

Recent research concerning the Type A behavior pattern has indicated that one of the behaviors of the pattern may be more critical than the others as a predictor of heart disease.This behavior pattern is marked by

A) impatience.
B) hostility.
C) time urgency.
D) greediness.

Question 74

Which of these is NOT part of the original Type A behavior pattern?

A) a sense of time urgency
B) a job requiring constant decision making
C) hostility
D) a high level of competitiveness

Question 75

You are MOST at risk for heart disease if you

A) are a woman.
B) are an unmarried man.
C) eat lots of fruits and vegetables.
D) never or seldom become angry.

Question 76

Research has indicated that the _____ of anger is positively related to cardiac reactivity.

A) experience
B) nonexistence
C) expression
D) awareness

Question 77

Grace owns a large manufacturing firm.She is competitive,nearly always angry,and constantly in a hurry to get things done.Grace's greatest risk for heart disease is

A) her anger.
B) the great number of decisions she has to make.
C) her sense of time urgency.
D) her competitiveness.

Question 78

High social rank and status

A) are risks for heart disease.
B) are risks for all-cause mortality.
C) offer protection against cardiovascular disease.
D) are related to educational level but not to health.

Question 79

Brady is a 22-year old college student who smokes,eats high-fat foods,and doesn't exercise.Brady knows that heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States,yet he views his chances of dying of heart disease as near zero.Weinstein would call Brady's attitude

A) blind faith.
B) unconscious denial.
C) optimistic bias.
D) a rationalization.

Question 80

Cigarette smoking is the leading behavioral risk factor for cardiovascular death in the United States.However,

A) cigar and pipe smoking are unrelated to cardiovascular deaths.
B) the increase in men's smoking habits would predict an even greater risk of cardiovascular deaths in the future.
C) declining rates of smoking have led to decreases in cardiovascular death due to cigarette smoking.
D) diet remains the leading behavioral risk factor for cardiovascular death in other parts of the world.