Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Ethology describes motivation from a(n)

A)psychoanalytic perspective.
B)behaviorism perspective.
C)evolutionary perspective.
D)humanistic perspective.

Answer 1

evolutionary perspective.

Question 2

A major criticism of drive reduction theory is that

A)all behavior reduces drives, so it doesn't really explain anything.
B)people often behave in ways that increase drives.
C)there are no behaviors that actually reduce drives.
D)drives and needs are always related.

Answer 2

people often behave in ways that increase drives.

Question 3

The concept of _____ pertains to a psychological state, whereas _____ involves a physiological state.

A)reflex/need
B)need/drive
C)drive/need
D)need/reflex

Answer 3

drive/need

Question 4

The feeling of hunger that initiates the act of opening a refrigerator for food best represents a(n)

A)instinct.
B)objective.
C)drive.
D)reflex.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of the optimum arousal theory?

A)When a person is very excited, his arousal levels are low.
B)When a person is bored, his arousal levels are high.
C)Performance is best in the absence of arousal.
D)Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal.

Question 6

A(n) _____ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

A)need
B)drive
C)instinct
D)reflex

Question 7

Which of the following statements about instincts is FALSE?

A)Instincts are biological patterns of behavior that are assumed to be universal throughout a species.
B)Instincts are learned behavioral responses.
C)Instincts are generally set in motion by a "sign stimulus."
D)Instincts may explain a great deal of nonhuman animal behavior.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of the drive reduction theory?

A)Drive pertains to a physiological state, whereas need involves a psychological one.
B)As a drive becomes stronger, an individual is motivated to increase it.
C)Needs and drives are always closely associated.
D)Drives do not always follow from needs.

Question 9

According to drive reduction theory, the goal of drive reduction is

A)self-actualization.
B)homeostasis.
C)self-determination.
D)to elevate the level of arousal.

Question 10

Dan walks out of an air-conditioned room into the heat of a summer day, and after sometime his body releases excess heat by sweating.This is due to the body's tendency to maintain

A)intrinsic motivation.
B)self-determination.
C)homeostasis.
D)self-actualization.

Question 11

Darrin is a good piano player.When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes.When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes.His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate.The variations in Darrin's performance can be best explained by the

A)Yerkes-Dodson law.
B)Clark Hull's theory.
C)James-Lange theory.
D)Cannon-Bard theory.

Question 12

Identify the true statement about cholecystokinin (CCK).

A)It usually signals the brain to stop digesting the food.
B)It travels to the brain and triggers hunger.
C)It travels to the stomach to aid in digestion.
D)It typically signals a person to stop eating.

Question 13

Whenever Olivia watches a television commercial featuring food, she is ridden by a desire to eat.These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen to search for food.Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of

A)intuition.
B)motivation.
C)sensation.
D)perception.

Question 14

A(n) _____ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

A)need
B)drive
C)instinct
D)reflex

Question 15

You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily.According to drive reduction theory, your body will have a(n) _____ for water, which will produce a(n) _____ for water, which will lead to a(n) _____ to get water.

A)instinct; motivation; need
B)instinct; motivation; drive
C)need; motivation; drive
D)need; drive; motivation

Question 16

The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as

A)equity.
B)catharsis.
C)homeostasis.
D)homogeneity.

Question 17

As a person exercises, the oxygen levels in his body begin to drop.Hence, the person begins to breathe more rapidly in order to ensure an adequate supply of oxygen to his cells.This increase in his breathing rate is an attempt to restore

A)drive.
B)homeostasis.
C)hypostasis.
D)self-actualization.

Question 18

Jenna is a talented singer.Her singing is commendable when she is well rehearsed and is performing with her school choir group.In such situations, she is moderately aroused and fairly relaxed.However, when Jenna's friends are around, she gets overly aroused and anxious.In such situations, she finds it hard to focus and often makes mistakes.Which of the following psychological principles can be used to explain the rationale behind Jenna's performance?

A)Cannon-Bard theory
B)Yerkes-Dodson law
C)James-Lange theory
D)Self-regulation

Question 19

Motivated behavior is

A)energized, directed, and sustained.
B)excitatory, disoriented, and dynamic.
C)logical, analytical, and unmanageable.
D)reflexive, reflective, and adaptive.

Question 20

When Cannon and Washburn measured stomach contractions with a balloon, they found that

A)when subjects report hunger, their stomach is relaxed.
B)when subjects report a full stomach, their stomach is relaxed.
C)when subjects report hunger, their stomach is contracting.
D)when subjects report a full stomach, their stomach is contracting.

Question 21

Soon after a car accident, Sally was rushed to the hospital.The doctors discovered that Sally's ventromedial hypothalamus had suffered some damage as a result of the accident.In the context of the biology of hunger, the doctor should expect that Sally will

A)lose weight rapidly.
B)lose weight gradually.
C)gain weight rapidly.
D)gain weight gradually.

Question 22

Which of the following chemical substances plays an important role in the state of feeling full?

A)oxytocin
B)leptin
C)dopamine
D)estrogen

Question 23

If it is night, we are likely to feel hungry even if we ate a big lunch.This illustrates

A)the effect of learned associations on eating behavior.
B)the effect of emotional state on eating behavior.
C)the effect of suggestion on eating behavior.
D)the effect of mindlessness on eating behavior.

Question 24

Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the

A)adrenal gland.
B)hypothalamus.
C)amygdala.
D)pituitary gland.

Question 25

Gary wants to lose weight by reducing his caloric intake.He eats a candy bar for breakfast instead of a bowl of cereal because the candy bar has fewer calories.Is Gary doing the right thing?

A)Yes, the number of calories is the most important factor in losing weight.
B)Yes, the candy bar will keep Gary from getting hungry longer than if he had eaten the cereal.
C)No, the candy bar contains complex carbohydrates which will make Gary gain more weight.
D)No, the candy bar will make Gary hungry sooner than if he had eaten the cereal.

Question 26

_____ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in females._____ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in males.

A)Estrogens/Androgens
B)Androgens/Estrogens
C)Estrogens/Endorphins
D)Endorphins/Androgens

Question 27

Which of the following is true of ventromedial hypothalamus?

A)When this area of an animal's brain is stimulated, the animal starts eating.
B)If this part of the hypothalamus is destroyed, even a starving animal will show no interest in fooD.
C)When this area of an animal's brain is destroyed, the animal eats profusely and quickly becomes obese.
D)It is involved in stimulating eating.

Question 28

According to research on the human sexual-response pattern, orgasm lasts for about _____.

A)60 seconds
B)3 to 15 seconds
C)20 to 30 seconds
D)40 to 45 seconds

Question 29

Which of the following is true of an individual suffering from obesity?

A)An obese invidual can have 10 to 20 billion fat cells.
B)An obese individual has to eat more to feel satisfied.
C)An obese individual has an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss.
D)An obese individual weighs less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for age and height.

Question 30

The _____ is involved in stimulating eating.

A)ventromedial hypothalamus
B)lateral hypothalamus
C)amygdala
D)prefrontal cortex

Question 31

Edna loves McDonald's sweet tea.Whenever she sees the famous "golden arches," she drives right in and orders a sweet tea.This best illustrates the effect of _____ on her eating behavior.

A)learned associations
B)negative reinforcement
C)avoidance learning
D)modeling

Question 32

Which of the following is true of the biology of hunger with regard to the human body?

A)The hormone cytokine helps start the digestion of food, travels to the brain through the bloodstream, and signals a person to stop eating.
B)Galactose is an important factor in hunger, probably because the brain critically depends on it for energy.
C)The lateral hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.
D)Hunger is triggered by a set of sugar receptors, located in the brain, when sugar levels fall too low.

Question 33

Danielle is a woman of normal weight, whereas Ron is an obese man.Whenever they go out to dinner together, Ron always eats more food.Ron, a psychology major, correctly explains this difference in food intake by pointing out that

A)males release leptin at a slower rate than females.
B)he has more fat cells than Danielle and he is not satiated until all his fat cells are filled.
C)the ventromedial hypothalamus of his brain induces in him an urge to take in large portions of food.
D)males and females have different levels of the hormone cholecystokinin.

Question 34

In humans, _____ concentrations have been linked with weight, body fat, and weight loss in response to dieting.

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)leptin
D)oxytocin

Question 35

Which of the following plays an important role in glucose control?

A)oxytocin
B)gastrin
C)insulin
D)androgens

Question 36

Males experience a refractory period during the _____ phase of the human sexual-response pattern.

A)excitement
B)plateau
C)orgasm
D)resolution

Question 37

The beginning of the process of erotic responsiveness occurs during the _____ of the human sexual-response pattern.

A)plateau phase
B)resolution phase
C)excitement phase
D)orgasm phase

Question 38

The _____ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.

A)ventromedial hypothalamus
B)lateral hypothalamus
C)amygdala
D)prefrontal cortex

Question 39

The chemical substance _____, released by fat cells, decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism.

A)cholecystokinin
B)leptin
C)insulin
D)oxytocin

Question 40

Debbie is interested in working on projects that will help fight childhood obesity.She is offered a job in a laboratory where researchers are studying the effects of leptin on weight control.Is the job relevant to Debbie's interest?

A)No, leptin is only relevant to animal weight control.
B)No, leptin is a neurotransmitter that is associated with memory.
C)Yes, leptin is a hormone that is involved in blood-sugar regulation.
D)Yes, leptin is a hormone that is linked to human weight loss.

Question 41

Dennis works as a salesman at a large retail store.He is happily married and lives in a safe neighborhood.He earns enough money to eat and provide for his family.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Dennis most likely to fulfill next?

A)physiological needs
B)safety and security
C)esteem
D)love and belongingness

Question 42

Which of the following statements about gender differences in sexual attitudes and behavior is FALSE?

A)Men think about sex more often than women do.
B)Men show more changes in their sexual patterns and desires over their lifetime than women do.
C)Men view more pornography.
D)Men have more permissive attitudes toward casual premarital sex.

Question 43

What is the correct order of the human sexual-response pattern?

A)plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution
B)excitement, orgasm, resolution, plateau
C)orgasm, excitement, plateau, resolution
D)excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Question 44

The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is

A)esteem.
B)self-actualization.
C)belongingness.
D)competence.

Question 45

According to recent research on sexual patterns of behavior in the United States,

A)marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior.
B)promiscuity and infidelity rule sexual behavior.
C)single people have more sex than married people.
D)most married women have been unfaithful at least once.

Question 46

In the context of human sexual-response pattern, which of the following is true of the resolution phase?

A)The resolution phase begins the process of erotic responsiveness.
B)It involves an explosive discharge of neuromuscular tension and an intensely pleasurable feeling.
C)In this phase, males enter a refractory period during which they cannot have another orgasm.
D)The most obvious signs of response in this phase are the beginnings of lubrication of the vagina and partial erection of the penis.

Question 47

At age 33, Ricky is a highly ranked partner in a law firm.He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize.He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life?

A)Ricky's physiological needs are not being met.
B)Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met.
C)Ricky's esteem needs are not fulfilled.
D)Ricky does not feel safe at home.

Question 48

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first?

A)physiological needs
B)safety needs
C)belongingness and love
D)self-actualization

Question 49

An individual's _____ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests.

A)genetic factors
B)gender role
C)gender identity
D)sexual orientation

Question 50

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and belongingness

A)after our basic physiological and safety needs are met.
B)before our basic biological and safety needs are met.
C)after we have found self-actualization.
D)after self-esteem needs have been met.

Question 51

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, before a person can feel safe, he needs to

A)satisfy his physiological needs.
B)find intimacy.
C)achieve self-actualization.
D)develop high self-esteem.

Question 52

According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible

A)immediately after the needs for safety and protection have been fulfilled.
B)immediately after the physiological needs have been fulfilled.
C)after needs relating to esteem, safety, physiology, and love have been met.
D)once people undergo training on how to attain it.

Question 53

According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

A)hunger, thirst, and sex
B)hunger, security, and love
C)competence, autonomy, and relatedness
D)hunger, esteem, and achievement

Question 54

Jared is a salesman at a large retail store.Upon meeting his monthly sales target, he is honored with the title of "Star Salesman" by the management.Despite the recognition, Jared is not very happy.He feels that the management should have rewarded him with a bonus instead of a title.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Jared seeking to fulfill?

A)Safety needs
B)Physiological needs
C)Esteem needs
D)Self-actualization needs

Question 55

According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves

A)drive-reduction.
B)self-efficacy and mastery.
C)environmental stimuli.
D)maintaining optimal arousal.

Question 56

William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try and improve the lives of the residents there.The citizens currently have enough to eat and drink.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what would these citizens be in need of next?

A)safety
B)esteem
C)belongingness and love
D)self-actualization

Question 57

According to the self-determination theory, when an individual has a high sense of self-efficacy and a belief that he or she can gain skills and overcome obstacles, the individual's beliefs most likely reflects

A)relatedness.
B)extrinsic motivation.
C)competence.
D)homeostasis.

Question 58

From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of

A)reinforcement of individual abilities.
B)instinctive responses to environmental stimuli.
C)specific responses to ethological, innate drives.
D)humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs.

Question 59

Which of the following is true according to self-determination theory?

A)Self-determination theory is a drive reduction theory.
B)Organismic needs arise from deficits.
C)The needs emphasized in the self-determination theory primarily concern personal growth rather than the filling of deficiencies.
D)When behaviors serve the needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness, individuals experience extrinsic motivation.

Question 60

In accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following factors can best explain a person's difficulty in committing to a relationship?

A)financial insecurity
B)lack of self-actualization
C)preference to be alone
D)unfulfilled esteem needs

Question 61

When a corporate employee takes up art out of self-interest and derives huge satisfaction while making a work of art, the corporate employee is most likely stimulated by

A)self-actualization.
B)self-regulation.
C)extrinsic motivation.
D)intrinsic motivation.

Question 62

Autonomy refers to

A)the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.
B)the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles.
C)the need to engage in warm relations with other people.
D)the sense that one is in control of one's own life.

Question 63

Identify the true statement about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.

A)Intrinsic motivation is believed to lead to more positive outcomes than extrinsic motivation.
B)Extrinsic motivation is believed more likely to produce competent behavior and mastery.
C)People whose motivation is intrinsic are most likely to show the least amount of interest and excitement.
D)Intrinsic motivation very rarely results in improved performance, persistence, or creativity.

Question 64

Self-efficacy refers to

A)the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.
B)the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles.
C)the need to engage in warm relations with other people.
D)the sense that one is in control of one's own life.

Question 65

When individuals engage in a behavior because they enjoy it, they

A)are extrinsically motivated.
B)are intrinsically motivated.
C)have an external locus of control.
D)have an internal locus of control.

Question 66

Marsha does a good job because she knows her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals.Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals.Both women do the same kind of work.Who is most likely to perform better?

A)Marsha is most likely to perform better.
B)Georgia is most likely to perform better.
C)They both will perform equally well.
D)Marsha is more likely to perform better but also more bored with her work.

Question 67

_____ emphasize independence and self-reliance, whereas _____ emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interdependence.

A)Individualistic cultures/collectivist cultures
B)Collectivist cultures/individualistic cultures
C)Agricultural societies/urban societies
D)Poverty-ridden societies/wealthy societies

Question 68

Setting goals, planning for the implementation of goals, and monitoring progress are all aspects of

A)self-determination theory.
B)self-regulation.
C)self-fulfilling prophecy.
D)intrinsic motivation.

Question 69

When an individual studies specifically to avoid his or her parent's disapproval, then the individual's attitude toward studying is most likely a result of

A)self-actualization.
B)self-regulation.
C)extrinsic motivation.
D)intrinsic motivation.

Question 70

Which of the following is most related to extrinsic motivation?

A)relatedness
B)competence
C)self-esteem
D)reward

Question 71

Competence, relatedness, and autonomy are examples of

A)extrinsic motivation.
B)intrinsic motivation.
C)environmental stimuli.
D)drive reduction.

Question 72

Annie's mother pays her $5 for every book she reads.Annie is reading like crazy, not because she loves books, but rather because she enjoys spending her money on candy and toys.Annie is demonstrating _____ motivation.

A)intrinsic
B)extrinsic
C)organismic
D)drive-reduction

Question 73

Relatedness refers to

A)the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.
B)the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles.
C)the need to engage in warm relations with other people.
D)the sense that one is in control of one's own life.

Question 74

Courtney reads psychology books because these subjects fascinate her.She really enjoys learning about new approaches to psychology.Courtney is being driven by

A)extrinsic motivation.
B)intrinsic motivation.
C)external attribution.
D)self-actualization.

Question 75

Ray played basketball all of his life because he loved the sport.He became so good that he was given the opportunity to play professionally, and eventually he signed a very lucrative contract.After that contract ran out, the team offered him slightly more money, but he decided that it was not enough and that he wanted to quit.Which of the following best explains Ray's behavior from a motivational perspective?

A)Ray is being driven by his organismic needs.
B)The team is not showing Ray the respect that he has earned.
C)Extrinsic motivation has replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play basketball.
D)Intrinsic motivation has replaced Ray's extrinsic motivation to play basketball.

Question 76

Professor Miguel surveys students about their motivation for attending college.Which of the following responses is the best example of strong intrinsic motivation?

A)"If I don't go to college, my parents will kick me out of the house.I will be homeless and broke, and I will never be able to catch up with others my age."
B)"I'm here to get a college degree so I can make money, get the respect I deserve, and take great care of my family."
C)"I'm in college because I love learning.Education satisfies my curiosity and makes me feel like a confident well-informed person."
D)"If I don't go to college, I can't be covered on my parents' health insurance."

Question 77

When individuals engage in a behavior for some external payoff or to avoid a punishment, they

A)are extrinsically motivated.
B)are intrinsically motivated.
C)have an external locus of control.
D)have an internal locus of control.

Question 78

Don places a great deal of value on money, prestige, and his physical appearance.According to your textbook, compared to someone who values the organismic needs, Don will be more likely to experience

A)lowered self-actualization and physical illness.
B)higher well-being but less physical illness.
C)higher well-being but less self-esteem.
D)less physical illness and well-being.

Question 79

In the context of emotion, thinking about being in love with someone is an example of

A)physiological arousal.
B)behavioral expression.
C)conscious experience.
D)subconscious reaction.

Question 80

The _____ calms the body.

A)sympathetic nervous system
B)non-adrenergic neurons
C)parasympathetic nervous system
D)non-cholinergic neurons