Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

_____ of information is linked with neural activity, especially in the brain's left frontal lobe.

A)Self-reference
B)Forgetting
C)Chunking
D)Elaboration

Answer 1

Elaboration

Question 2

In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of encoding information?

A)Alex, a five-year-old boy, is reciting his alphabets.
B)Deborah is watching a movie in the theater.
C)Daniel is writing an essay on the dinosaurs he learned about last week.
D)Mike is painting a picture of a woman he used to know.

Answer 2

Deborah is watching a movie in the theater.

Question 3

Which of the following is true of elaboration in memory?

A)The less elaborate the processing within deep processing, the better the memory.
B)There is no link between brain activity and elaboration during encoding.
C)Elaboration becomes difficult when self-reference techniques are used.
D)Elaboration can occur at any level of processing.

Answer 3

Elaboration can occur at any level of processing.

Question 4

Your roommate Chuck is having difficulty in his chemistry class.He asks you for advice on how to improve his memory of the material.You suggest that rather than trying to memorize the definitions, he should learn the concept by coming up with real-world examples.You tell Chuck to work on making links between new information and everything he already knows.Which of the following memory strategies are you recommending to Chuck?

A)elaboration
B)imagery
C)chunking
D)selective attention

Question 5

_____ refers to the retention of information or experience over time.

A)Learning
B)Memory
C)Priming
D)Amnesia

Question 6

Multitasking is an example of

A)mental imagery.
B)divided attention.
C)priming.
D)rehearsal.

Question 7

_____ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage.

A)Transmission
B)Retrieval
C)Decay
D)Encoding

Question 8

Which of the following is true of the term "levels of processing" in memory?

A)It negates the role of deep processing in memory.
B)It emphasizes shallow processing as the key step in memory retrieval.
C)It asserts that deeper processing produces poorer memory.
D)It refers to a continuum of memory processing.

Question 9

Elsa is studying for her psychology exam with the TV on in the background.Research on the effects of divided attention suggests that watching TV while studying will _____ Elsa's exam performance.

A)slightly increase
B)strongly increase
C)decrease
D)have no effect on

Question 10

Which of the following is true of divided attention in the context of memory encoding?

A)Divided attention involves concentrating on different activities, one activity at a time.
B)Divided attention is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
C)Divided attention is not likely to impede an individual's ability to pay attention to a specific aspect of an experience.
D)Divided attention can be especially detrimental to the process of encoding information.

Question 11

According to research, which of the following is an effective elaboration technique?

A)thinking of physical characteristics
B)thinking of smells
C)thinking of self-references
D)thinking of sounds

Question 12

Which of the following is a feature of the deepest level of processing in memory?

A)It is usually confined to analyzing the physical features of a stimulus.
B)It deals with recognizing and labeling a stimulus.
C)It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus.
D)It predominantly uses the amygdala of the human brain.

Question 13

Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes.

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)chunking

Question 14

Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video-game systems.Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video-game systems on display.According to research on encoding processes, Matt is able to accurately recall all this information because he

A)has shallowly processed this information.
B)has deeply processed this information.
C)has processed this information at an intermediate level.
D)used non-linguistic encoding processes.

Question 15

Kevin is studying for a vocabulary test.When he studies the word "braggart," he thinks of how his childhood friend Billy acted whenever Billy was given a new toy.Which of the following is the highest level of processing Kevin has engaged in while encoding the word "braggart"?

A)shallow
B)intermediate
C)deep
D)impersonal

Question 16

_____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

A)Divided attention
B)Elaboration
C)Multitasking
D)Sustained attention

Question 17

The ability to listen to music while reading a magazine indicates

A)divided attention.
B)sustained attention.
C)vigilance.
D)chunking.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of shallow processing in memory?

A)Semantic, meaningful, and symbolic characteristics are used in shallow processing.
B)Physical features are analyzed in the process of shallow processing.
C)A deeper level of understanding is gathered through shallow processing than through intermediate processing.
D)A stimulus is recognized and labeled in shallow processing.

Question 19

Identify the true statement about intermediate processing.

A)The physical and perceptual features are analyzed predominantly in intermediate processing.
B)In intermediate processing, a stimulus is typically identified and labeled.
C)The semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics are used in intermediate processing.
D)In intermediate processing, meaning is assigned to a stimulus.

Question 20

_____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

A)Imagery
B)Elaboration
C)Divided attention
D)Sustained attention

Question 21

After hearing a friend's telephone number for the first time, Harold was immediately able to recite all seven digits of the phone number in perfect order.Harold most likely used his _____ to recite these digits.

A)procedural memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 22

In the context of short-term memory, which of the following is true of rehearsal?

A)Information stored in short-term memory lasts half a minute or less with rehearsal.
B)Rehearsal can only be verbal, giving the impression of an inner voice.
C)Information can be retained indefinitely if rehearsal is not interrupted.
D)Rehearsal is the best strategy for retaining information over longer periods of time.

Question 23

When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____.

A)sensory memory/long-term memory
B)long-term memory/short-term memory
C)long-term memory/procedural memory
D)semantic memory/long-term memory

Question 24

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, information can last up to a lifetime in

A)sensory memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)working memory.

Question 25

Chunking involves

A)quickly scanning information for relevant details.
B)immediately forgetting relevant information.
C)using Miller's framework for memory retrieval.
D)reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into smaller more meaningful units.

Question 26

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

A)sensory memory
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)schemas

Question 27

George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term is between _____ units of information.

A)2 and 7
B)5 and 9
C)7 and 12
D)9 and 12

Question 28

How long does information last in sensory memory?

A)a fraction of a second to several seconds
B)30-60 seconds
C)2-3 minutes
D)5 minutes

Question 29

A person is most likely to store a seven-digit phone number in his or her _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)implicit
D)echoic

Question 30

_____ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory.

A)Iconic memory/echoic memory
B)Declarative memory/nondeclarative memory
C)Echoic memory/iconic memory
D)Nondeclarative memory/declarative memory

Question 31

Which of the following correctly differentiates between sensory memory and short-term memory?

A)Compared with sensory memory, short-term memory is limited in capacity.
B)Compared with sensory memory, short-term memory stores information for a shorter time.
C)Compared with short-term memory, sensory memory retains all information from the environment.
D)Compared with short-term memory, sensory memory can store smaller amounts of information.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of short-term memory?

A)It is made up of explicit and implicit memory.
B)It is a relatively permanent type of memory.
C)It holds perceptions of the world for just an instant.
D)It is improved by chunking and rehearsal techniques.

Question 33

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS.Mary used the tactic of

A)mental structuring.
B)visual structuring.
C)chunking.
D)cueing.

Question 34

Which of the following is true of sensory memory?

A)Sensory memory is typically reflected in the sights and sounds one encounters in daily life.
B)Sensory memory is brief and without detail.
C)Sensory memory holds information in time frames of 30 seconds or more.
D)Sensory memory processes all the information encountered by a person.

Question 35

_____ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

A)The dual-code hypothesis
B)The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory
C)Ebbinghau's curve of forgetting
D)Parallel distributed processing (PDP)

Question 36

Although _____ is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.

A)sensory memory
B)selective memory
C)long-term memory
D)declarative memory

Question 37

According to _____, memory for pictures is better than memory for words.

A)Ebbinghau's curve of forgetting
B)the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory
C)the dual-code hypothesis
D)parallel distributed processing (PDP)

Question 38

Shannon is an excellent student.She rewrites her class notes after each class.Rewriting her notes is a form of

A)rehearsal.
B)priming.
C)chunking.
D)imagery.

Question 39

Identify the element of sensory memory that would be most useful in quickly scanning a map of a country to learn the geographical location of its states.

A)echoic memory
B)implicit memory
C)iconic memory
D)procedural memory

Question 40

Jeff is trying to remember a list of 20 letters, grouped into the following chunks: OL DHA ROL DAN DYO UNG BEN.In the context of chunking, which of the following is most likely to improve his recollection of the letters?

A)waiting at least a few hours before trying to recall the letters
B)reading them only once and trying to recall them later
C)re-chunking the letters to form meaningful words
D)removing the chunks and arranging the letters alphabetically

Question 41

Working memory

A)has an unlimited capacity.
B)is the same thing as short-term memory.
C)is a passive memory system.
D)holds information temporarily while performing cognitive tasks.

Question 42

Which of the following is subdivided into episodic and semantic memory?

A)sensory memory
B)implicit memory
C)explicit memory
D)working memory

Question 43

A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory.

A)episodic
B)autobiographical
C)procedural
D)semantic

Question 44

Which of the following is true of working memory?

A)Working memory allows individuals to hold information permanently as they perform cognitive tasks.
B)Working memory functions as a passive storehouse with shelves to store information until it moves to long-term memory.
C)Working memory has a limited capacity, similar to the RAM of a computer.
D)Working memory's storage capacity is virtually unlimited.

Question 45

According to Baddeley, the _____ is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language.

A)visuo-spatial sketchpad
B)central executive
C)phonological loop
D)amygdala

Question 46

Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of

A)iconic memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)declarative memory.
D)procedural memory.

Question 47

Which of the following is the main reason that hampers the use of rehearsal as a tool for retaining information over a long period of time?

A)It involves the unconscious repetition of information.
B)It can only be used to store verbal information for half a minute or less.
C)It always results in distortion of memories.
D)It involves mechanically repeating information, without imparting meaning to it.

Question 48

_____ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.

A)Explicit memory
B)Implicit memory
C)Episodic memory
D)Semantic memory

Question 49

Which of the following is true of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

A)When there are many items in the visuo-spatial sketchpad, one can represent them accurately enough to retrieve them successfully.
B)The visual spatial sketchpad depends on the phonological loop for its operations.
C)The visuo-spatial sketchpad acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves attention and which should be ignored.
D)The capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad is limited.

Question 50

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, which of the following contains two separate components: an acoustic code and rehearsal?

A)phonological loop
B)central executive
C)visuo-spatial sketchpad
D)amygdala

Question 51

Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical?

A)sensory memory
B)implicit memory
C)nondeclarative memory
D)episodic memory

Question 52

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, the _____ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore.

A)visuo-spatial working memory
B)central executive
C)phonological loop
D)amygdala

Question 53

Identify a statement that accurately differentiates between short-term memory and working memory.

A)Short-term memory functions as an active memory system, while working memory functions as a passive storehouse.
B)Short-term memory can be used to solve problems, while working memory can be used to rehearse information.
C)Measures of working memory capacity are strongly related to cognitive aptitudes, whereas measures of short-term memory capacity are hardly related to cognitive aptitudes.
D)Working memory has a limited capacity, while short-term memory has a virtually unlimited capacity to store information.

Question 54

_____ has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why._____ has to do with remembering how.

A)Semantic memory/Episodic memory
B)Episodic memory/Semantic memory
C)Implicit memory/Explicit memory
D)Explicit memory/Implicit memory

Question 55

Which of the following is true of the different components of Alan Baddeley's model of working memory?

A)The phonological loop stores visual and spatial information.
B)The phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad function independently.
C)The central executive integrates information only from the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad and not from long-term memory.
D)Unlike the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, the central executive has an unlimited capacity.

Question 56

If all of the information on the hard drive of your computer is like long-term memory, then _____, like RAM, is comparable to what you actually have open and active at any given moment.

A)semantic memory
B)working memory
C)declarative memory
D)procedural memory

Question 57

Based on the famous case study of H.M., a patient who had severe epilepsy, H.M.underwent surgery that involved removing the hippocampus and a portion of the temporal lobes of both hemispheres in his brain.After the surgery, his epilepsy was cured, but his memory was impaired.Which of the following best describes the effect that surgery had on H.M.'s memory?

A)H.M.developed an inability to form new memories that outlive working memory.
B)H.M.showed major deficits in sensory, short-term, and long-term implicit memory.
C)H.M.'s procedural memory suffered the most damage.
D)H.M.could not learn new physical tasks.

Question 58

Which of the following refers to the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts and events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated?

A)sensory memory
B)short-term memory
C)declarative memory
D)nondeclarative memory

Question 59

Minutes before her biology test, Katie tries to learn the definition of "osmosis" from her class notes.She repeats the definition over and over again in her mind until she is confident that she will remember it.Which of the following methods is Katie using to help her memorize the definition?

A)chunking
B)rehearsal
C)mental imagery
D)elaboration

Question 60

Which of the following is true of long-term memory?

A)Long-term memory is a temporary type of memory.
B)Long-term memory stores small amounts of information for long periods of time.
C)Long-term memory has a storage capacity that is virtually unlimited.
D)Long-term memory is relatively simple.

Question 61

The hippocampus, the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other areas of the limbic system play a very important role in _____ memory.

A)repressed
B)implicit
C)explicit
D)sensory

Question 62

What has research in neuroscience revealed about where memories are stored and how they are processed?

A)Memories are stored in a single structure in the brain.
B)Neurons work independently to process memories and represent information.
C)Memory is located in specific sets or circuits of neurons.
D)Brain chemicals play little role in forging the connections that represent memory.

Question 63

In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored?

A)episodic memory
B)semantic memory
C)nondeclarative (implicit) memory
D)declarative (explicit) memory

Question 64

Your knowledge of the alphabet and multiplication tables is most likely to be stored in your _____ memory.

A)episodic
B)semantic
C)autobiographical
D)implicit

Question 65

Vince suffered serious brain injury to his cerebellum in a motorcycle accident.What effect will this have on Vince's life?

A)He probably won't remember his name.
B)He probably won't remember how to ride his motorcycle.
C)He probably won't recognize his wife.
D)He probably won't remember where he lives.

Question 66

The locations of neural activity, called _____, are interconnected.

A)scripts
B)phonological loops
C)chunks
D)nodes

Question 67

Recollections of one's first family vacation to Disneyland are most likely part of one's

A)implicit memory.
B)nondeclarative memory.
C)episodic memory.
D)procedural memory.

Question 68

Which of the following involves memory for skills?

A)semantic memory
B)working memory
C)procedural memory
D)schema

Question 69

Jeremiah, an eight-year-old boy, did not learn to tie his shoelaces until he was six years old.Now, he ties them expertly while talking to others and without looking at his feet.Such skills are associated with _____ memory.

A)flashbulb
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)semantic

Question 70

People very quickly adapt to the procedures and behaviors appropriate at a birthday party.General knowledge of what to expect and how to behave at a birthday is called a(n)

A)script.
B)implicit memory.
C)discovered memory.
D)working memory.

Question 71

You go to a hypnotist to help you quit smoking.The hypnotist asks you to remember and describe things that you did differently before you started smoking.Which memory system will you use most to comply with this request?

A)your procedural memory system
B)your permastore memory system
C)your episodic memory system
D)your nondeclarative memory system

Question 72

The connectionist view of memory

A)suggests that memories are large knowledge structures.
B)advocates that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.
C)proposes that memories are organized sets of neurons that are routinely activated together.
D)states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 73

Although you had never been to the Fancy Foods Restaurant in your town, you weren't at all surprised when the hostess seated you, handed you the menu, and informed you that your server would soon be there to take your order.Shortly after, a man in a tuxedo came to your table.You knew exactly what was going to happen because you

A)are a certified psychic.
B)have a script for what happens in a restaurant.
C)have been to similar Fancy Foods Restaurants in other towns.
D)have a friend who works there.

Question 74

Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains

A)how people can remember material for several months.
B)how memory functions at the neuron level.
C)how cannibalized worms can pass on skills they had learned to the cannibals.
D)why students should study exam material over a period of days instead of hours.

Question 75

_____ is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.

A)Priming
B)Procedural memory
C)Classical conditioning
D)Skill memory

Question 76

Best friends Kate and Diana are at the park, watching their children play together.Kate reminds Diana about the time that they had a big fight on the same playground as children and didn't talk to each other for almost a week.In the context of long-term memory, Kate's recollection of this event best exemplifies the use of her _____ memory.

A)implicit
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)procedural

Question 77

Which of the following is true of implicit memory?

A)Implicit memory is related to non-consciously remembering skills and sensory perceptions.
B)Implicit memory has two subsystems: episodic memory and semantic memory.
C)Implicit memory is also known as declarative memory.
D)Implicit memory is a person's knowledge about the world.

Question 78

Jillian was in a car accident and sustained a serious head trauma.Since the surgery, she has forgotten her name, career, and other vital information about herself.Yet, she is still able to talk, know what words mean, and have general knowledge about the world, such as what day it is or who currently is the president of the U.S.This behavior suggests that Jillian's _____ is impaired, but her _____ is still functioning.

A)episodic memory/semantic memory
B)semantic memory/episodic memory
C)sensory memory/long-term memory
D)declarative memory/nondeclarative memory

Question 79

In the context of how memory is organized, which of the following is true of schemas?

A)Schemas from prior encounters with the environment have no influence on the way individuals handle information.
B)Schemas support the reconstruction process, helping individuals fill in gaps between their fragmented memories.
C)According to the schema theory, memories cannot be viewed as large knowledge structures.
D)According to the schema theory, memories are organized sets of neurons that are routinely activated together.

Question 80

Jacob asks his little brother Boris to play a game of chess with him.As Boris has never played chess before, Jacob explains the rules of the game to him.What type of long-term memory has primarily helped Jacob to recount his knowledge of chess to Boris?

A)semantic memory
B)flashbulb memory
C)episodic memory
D)sensory memory