Deck 4: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Identify the true statement about controlled processes.

A)They require less conscious effort than automatic processes.
B)They include concentrating on a specific aspect of experience while also paying attention to others.
C)They are faster than automatic processes and are less likely to involve the prefrontal cortex.
D)They involve individuals actively focusing their efforts toward a goal.

Answer 1

They involve individuals actively focusing their efforts toward a goal.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true of daydreaming?

A)Daydreaming lies between the subconscious awareness state and the altered state of consciousness.
B)Daydreaming occurs when the individual is doing something that requires full attention.
C)Daydreaming most often occurs in the form of mind wandering.
D)Daydreaming makes the mind completely idle and inactive.

Answer 2

Daydreaming most often occurs in the form of mind wandering.

Question 3

_____ is a state of being conscious of what is going on, whereas _____ is a physiological state of being engaged with the environment.

A)Arousal/awareness
B)Awareness/arousal
C)Arousal/alertness
D)Alertness/arousal

Answer 3

Awareness/arousal

Question 4

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities are called

A)controlled processes.
B)automatic processes.
C)subconscious processes.
D)executive processes.

Question 5

Which of the following components are essential to the definition of consciousness?

A)awareness and responsiveness
B)awareness and arousal
C)tolerance and arousal
D)alertness and tolerance

Question 6

Altered states of consciousness can be produced by

A)fatigue.
B)daydreaming.
C)sleeping.
D)dreaming.

Question 7

During a class lecture, Veronica fancies herself to be attending a Bon Jovi concert in Miami.She is most likely

A)in an altered state of consciousness.
B)exhibiting controlled processing.
C)daydreaming.
D)lacking awareness.

Question 8

William James described the mind as

A)a stream of consciousness that consists of a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings.
B)a logical information-processing system with memory buffer, short-term and long-term storage, and a complex mechanism for directing attention.
C)an unconscious drive that satisfies primal biological urges.
D)a stable, slow, and predictable set of sensations.

Question 9

Awareness and arousal are associated with different parts of the brain.Awareness involves the _____, whereas arousal is determined by the _____.

A)amygdala/hippocampus
B)hippocampus/corpus callosum
C)corpus callosum/hippocampus
D)prefrontal cortex/reticular activating system

Question 10

Your English professor gives you some advice on how to cure writer's block.She tells you to sit at your computer for 15 minutes and write whatever comes into your head.You don't censor yourself or worry about spelling or grammar.Instead you merely translate your thoughts into words.This technique will allow your _____ to flow.

A)river of dreams
B)circadian rhythm
C)stream of consciousness D .level of awareness

Question 11

The ability to type a text message on a cell phone without even looking at the keypad is an example of

A)complete lack of awareness.
B)executive function.
C)automatic processing.
D)an altered state of consciousness.

Question 12

Frank buys a new smartphone and tries exploring the phone's features as soon as he reaches home.While doing so, he fails to hear the doorbell, which has been ringing for five minutes.This illustrates the concept of

A)controlled processes.
B)automatic processes.
C)altered states of consciousness.
D)subconscious awareness.

Question 13

Developmental psychologists have used a procedure called the false belief task to examine children's

A)theory of activation-synthesis.
B)theory of mechanism.
C)theory of relativity.
D)theory of mind.

Question 14

Daydreaming would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness?

A)higher-level consciousness
B)lower-level consciousness
C)subconscious awareness
D)no awareness

Question 15

Identify the true statement about automatic processes.

A)They require the highest amount of attention than any other type of processes.
B)They need more conscious effort than controlled processes.
C)They interfere with other ongoing activities.
D)They are considered to be conscious behaviors.

Question 16

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting the highest level of conscious awareness?

A)Maria, who is working out an algebra problem on a piece of paper
B)Keiko, who is daydreaming about her upcoming vacation this weekend
C)Jackson, who is hypnotized in his therapist's office
D)Benjamin, who is asleep

Question 17

Controlled processes

A)do not require selective attention.
B)occur during REM sleep.
C)are the lowest or least alert state of human consciousness.
D)are slower than automatic processes.

Question 18

Drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation typically produce

A)automatic processing.
B)sleep apneA.
C)a state called hypnagogic reverie.
D)altered states of consciousness.

Question 19

_____ refers to individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences.

A)Theory of activation-synthesis
B)Theory of mechanism
C)Theory of awareness
D)Theory of mind

Question 20

Automatic processes

A)require lower levels of attention than controlled processes.
B)need more conscious effort than controlled processes.
C)interfere with other ongoing activities.
D)are unconscious behaviors.

Question 21

Jet lag may be best explained by the

A)elevation of serotonin in the prefrontal cortex.
B)dramatic changes in environmental stimuli.
C)dietary changes.
D)effect of time shifts on the circadian rhythm.

Question 22

Your friend Helen just started working the night shift at the post office.This change in her work hours

A)will result in decreasing levels of cortisol in the body.
B)might lead to an increased probability of daydreaming.
C)may cause Helen to be at increased risk for heart disease.
D)will result in longer hours of sleep.

Question 23

When you go to check on your sleeping child, you observe that his eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids.It is likely that he is

A)in the lowest level of sleep.
B)dreaming.
C)in a hypnagogic state.
D)experiencing night terrors.

Question 24

The biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep is called

A)circadian rhythm.
B)myoclonic event.
C)non-REM sequence.
D)dormant rhythm.

Question 25

_____ is characterized by myoclonic jerks and theta waves, whereas _____ are characterized by delta waves.

A)Stage 5 sleep/ stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
B)Stage 5 sleep/stage 1 and stage 2 sleep
C)Stage 1 sleep/stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
D)Stage 3 sleep/stage 1 and stage 2 sleep

Question 26

Insomnia is a disorder involving

A)the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep.
B)sudden uncontrollable seizures.
C)periodic attacks of uncontrollable sleepiness.
D)difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early.

Question 27

REM sleep is initiated by a rise in _____, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive.

A)serotonin
B)norepinephrine
C)acetylcholine
D)cortisol

Question 28

Betty has dissociative identity disorder.Dr.Harper hypnotizes her to interact with the other personalities that she exhibits as a result of her condition.Betty is most likely

A)exhibiting increased level of consciousness.
B)demonstrating automatic processing.
C)in an altered state of consciousness.
D)representing higher executive function.

Question 29

Which of the following is true of a night's sleep?

A)Individuals normally spend about 20 percent of sleep in light sleep.
B)REM sleep decreases as the night progresses.
C)Deep sleep is much greater in the first half than in the second half of a night's sleep.
D)Most REM sleep takes place during stage 1 of a night's sleep

Question 30

Sleep spindles are defining characteristic of _____ sleep.

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4

Question 31

Losing one's sense of self-consciousness and hallucinating specifically during the use of drugs exemplifies

A)daydreaming.
B)automatic processes.
C)altered states of consciousness.
D)subconscious awareness.

Question 32

It is the end of the month and Cindy has several bills yet to pay, but she does not have much money left.She spends most of the day thinking how she is going to make the payments.Later, while watching TV, she finds a solution to her problem.Cindy is demonstrating

A)metacognition.
B)meditation.
C)hypnosis.
D)incubation.

Question 33

Sleeping would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness?

A)higher-level consciousness
B)lower-level consciousness
C)subconscious awareness
D)no awareness

Question 34

Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for an exam is likely to

A)increase memory performance.
B)decrease memory performance.
C)improve test scores.
D)increase long-term memory.

Question 35

Helen, a call center employee working in day shift, has been asked to work a night shift on Tuesday.During her night shift, Hannah falls asleep at her desk around midnight.Which of the following can best explain her behavior?

A)Her biological clock has become desynchronized.
B)She is experiencing an altered state of consciousness.
C)She is demonstrating incubation.
D)Her metacognition level has significantly increased.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep?

A)REM sleep is an active stage of sleep during which dreaming does not occur.
B)The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming.
C)REM sleep is characterized by a lack of rapid eye movement.
D)The EEG pattern for REM sleep shows slow waves similar to those of stage 3 sleep.

Question 37

Compared with to dreams that occur during the REM stage, those that occur during the non-REM stage are

A)more emotional.
B)more visual.
C)less vivid.
D)longer.

Question 38

The _____ is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark.

A)cerebellum
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus
C)prefrontal cortex
D)corpus callosum

Question 39

Which of the following would be an example of no awareness or an "unconscious" state of mind?

A)Daydreaming about your upcoming vacation
B)Sleeping
C)Mapping out the location of your vacation destination
D)Being anesthetized

Question 40

While attending a lecture, Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake.She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals.Lea is in

A)stage 1 sleep.
B)stage 2 sleep.
C)stage 3 sleep.
D)stage 4 sleep.

Question 41

Grandpa is napping in his recliner, snoring loudly, when suddenly he stops snoring.You look to see if he woke up, but he is still asleep and appears to not be breathing.For a moment you wonder if he's dead, but suddenly he snorts and resumes snoring.Grandpa is displaying signs of

A)insomnia.
B)somnambulism.
C)narcolepsy.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 42

Lily has been battling insomnia for a very long time.She recently began taking medication to help her sleep.After several weeks of taking the drug, she noticed that she no longer fits into most of her clothes.She realizes that she has put on ten pounds.Which of the following medications is she most likely taking?

A)Valium
B)Tylenol
C)Ambien
D)Prosom

Question 43

Nolan and his wife were standing in the middle of the kitchen discussing vacation plans when he suddenly crashed to the floor in a deep REM sleep.Nolan may suffer from

A)sleep apnea.
B)insomnia.
C)narcolepsy.
D)night terrors.

Question 44

Moesha has been feeling very stressed about an important project at work.She has difficulty falling asleep and awakens frequently during the night.Moesha is most likely suffering from

A)somnambulism.
B)somniloquy.
C)narcolepsy.
D)insomnia.

Question 45

Identify the true statement about sleepwalking.

A)It occurs usually due to the use of sleeping pills.
B)It involves a sudden, overpowering urge to sleep.
C)It is more likely to occur when individuals are sleep deprived.
D)It is a symptom of sleep apnea.

Question 46

Kevin suffers from _____.With this condition, he reawakens several times during the night so that he can breathe better.

A)somnambulism
B)narcolepsy
C)night terrors
D)sleep apnea

Question 47

Night terrors differ from nightmares in that night terrors

A)are less common than nightmares.
B)are frightening dreams that awaken a dreamer.
C)are absent during slow-wave sleep.
D)occur during the REM sleep.

Question 48

Gary turned to his wife when he woke up and said, "You won't believe what I dreamed.I was being chased by men in suits; they were riding horses.They had long narrow briefcases, and they were trying to run me down!" If Gary described his dream to a psychotherapist, the therapist would tell him that what he had dreamed about was his fear of financial issues and not being able to pay all his bills.Which element in this scenario represents the latent content of the dream?

A)the briefcases the men were carrying
B)gary's concern over monthly bills
C)the horses
D)the therapist's plan to help Gary

Question 49

_____ is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Narcolepsy
C)Night terrors
D)Sleep deprivation syndrome

Question 50

Mr.Owens always sleeps restlessly, snoring and gasping during the night.It is most likely that Mr.Owens suffers from

A)sleep apnea.
B)narcolepsy.
C)night terror.
D)insomnia.

Question 51

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while asleep?

A)narcolepsy
B)sleep apnea
C)night terror
D)insomnia

Question 52

Falling asleep all of a sudden while talking to a friend is most likely an example of

A)somniloquy.
B)narcolepsy.
C)insomnia.
D)somnambulism.

Question 53

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder in which individuals

A)fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of daily activities.
B)have difficulty falling asleep at the hour at which they would like.
C)wake up earlier than desired, sometimes several times a night.
D)stop breathing while they are sleeping.

Question 54

Night terrors typically occur

A)among older adults.
B)during non-REM sleep.
C)following sleep apnea.
D)within three hours of falling asleep.

Question 55

Homer goes to his psychotherapist and describes his recent dreams where he flies like an eagle through the sky.His therapist listens and then offers the interpretation that this dream signifies Homer's unconscious desires to be free of his
Family obligations.Homer's therapist is displaying an interest in

A)the manifest content of Homer's dream.
B)the latent content of Homer's dream.
C)Homer's neurological dream activity.
D)Homer's conscious thoughts and desires.

Question 56

_____ are frightening dreams that awaken a dreamer from REM sleep._____ involve sudden arousal from sleep and an intense physiological fear reaction (e.g., screaming, heavy breathing, and perspiration).

A)Nightmares/Night terrors
B)Night terrors/ Somnambulisms
C)Somnambulisms/Nightmares
D)Somnambulisms/Night terrors

Question 57

According to Sigmund Freud, dreams symbolize

A)our conscious thoughts and feelings.
B)unconscious wishes and hidden desires.
C)random neurological activity.
D)our biological urges and needs.

Question 58

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by

A)sleepwalking and sleep talking.
B)an anxious, panicky feeling.
C)sudden, uncontrollable urge to fall asleep.
D)excessively long sleep periods.

Question 59

Jerry is in the process of getting a divorce and is having trouble at his job.Previously he had not had any sleep disorders but is bothered by one now.Lately he has experienced serious difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep.Which disorder has Jerry most likely developed?

A)somniloquy
B)narcolepsy
C)insomnia
D)somnambulism

Question 60

Sleepwalking occurs during _____ of the sleep cycle.

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3 and stage 4
D)stage 5 and stage 6

Question 61

Tranquilizers, sedatives, and opiates all belong to the category of _____ drugs.

A)stimulant
B)depressant
C)hallucinogenic
D)inhalant

Question 62

Why do psychoactive drugs make people feel good?

A)They increase epinephrine in the brain's reward pathways.
B)They decrease epinephrine in the brain's reward pathways.
C)They increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways.
D)They decrease dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways.

Question 63

The brain's reward pathway is located in the

A)ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens.
B)hippocampus and hypothalamus.
C)occipital lobe and temporal lobe.
D)thalamus and limbic system.

Question 64

Blake smokes marijuana.When he first started using, he used to get high off one joint, but now he finds he needs to smoke more and more to get the same high.This is an example of

A)withdrawal.
B)tolerance.
C)dopamine dependence.
D)serotonin dependence.

Question 65

Drug addiction occurs when

A)an individual will lie about taking a drug.
B)a drug no longer causes a person to get high, but they take it again.
C)physical and/or psychological dependence develops.
D)a person experiences unpleasant physical symptoms when using a drug.

Question 66

College students who consume large amounts of alcohol on weekends are abusing which type(s) of drugs?

A)depressants
B)stimulants
C)hallucinogens
D)amphetamines

Question 67

A criticism of activation-synthesis theory is that

A)neural activity begins with the brain.
B)dreams are random.
C)life experiences stimulate and shape dreaming more than the theory acknowledges.
D)dreams are caused by neurotransmitter levels.

Question 68

What theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming involves information processing and memory?

A)Sigmund Freud's theory
B)William James's theory
C)cognitive theory of dreaming
D)activation-synthesis theory of dreaming

Question 69

What is the most widely used drug in the United States?

A)marijuana
B)heroin
C)caffeine
D)alcohol

Question 70

Your mother must always have an early morning cup of coffee.She usually has several more cups throughout the day.If she misses her daily doses of coffee, she gets a headache.The fact that your mother experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of

A)physical dependence.
B)psychological dependence.
C)a circadian rhythm anomaly.
D)a hypnogogic reverie.

Question 71

Which of the following statements about psychoactive drug use is FALSE?

A)Illicit drug use is a global problem.
B)The United States has the lowest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation.
C)Drug use among teens is associated with unplanned pregnancy, depression, and school-related difficulties.
D)There has been strong declines in adolescent use of LSD, Ecstasy, sedatives, and cigarettes.

Question 72

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect that a lower dose used to bring is called

A)dependence.
B)addiction.
C)tolerance.
D)psychoactivity.

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?

A)Alcohol is a type of hallucinogen.
B)Alcohol decreases the concentration of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is widely distributed in many brain areas.
C)Alcohol strongly affects women more than men because of the differences in body fat and stomach enzymes.
D)Alcohol is a powerful drug that acts on the body primarily as a stimulant and speeds up the brain's activities.

Question 74

Ian repeatedly uses heroin to reduce stress and enhance the feeling of well-being.Ian's behavior exemplifies

A)psychological dependence.
B)narcolepsy.
C)insomnia.
D)increased tolerance.

Question 75

Which of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in addiction?

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)melatonin
D)glutamate

Question 76

Tranquilizers and alcohol are

A)stimulants.
B)hallucinogens.
C)depressants.
D)amphetamines.

Question 77

Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity are called

A)inhalants.
B)stimulants.
C)hallucinogens.
D)depressants.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive theory of dreaming?

A)The theory rests on the idea that dreams are essentially conscious cognitive processing.
B)In cognitive theory, there is an essential search for the hidden, symbolic content of dreams.
C)Dreams are viewed as dramatizations of general life concerns that are similar to relaxed daydreams under the cognitive theory.
D)According to the theory, very unusual aspects of dreams-such as odd activities, strange images, and sudden scene shifts -cannot be understood.

Question 79

_____ drug dependence is the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued, whereas _____ drug dependence is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons.

A)Psychological/physical
B)Physical/psychological
C)Dissociated/neodissociated
D)Neodissociated/dissociated

Question 80

According to _____, dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower brain.

A)the activation-synthesis theory
B)Freud's psychoanalytic theory
C)the cognitive theory of dreaming
D)circadian theory