Deck 8: Intelligence

Question 1

Kelson is trying to help his son deal with the World Trade Center tragedy of September 11,2001.One strategy Kelson should NOT implement is to:

A) allow his son to tell and retell the details of the event.
B) encourage his son to talk about his disturbing feelings.
C) allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy.
D) reinforce to his son that this type of tragedy is rare,and that he is safe.

Answer 1

allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy.

Question 2

Children have the highest self-esteem when

A) they are emotionally supported for their efforts.
B) they perform competently on a task they value.
C) they are extrinsically rewarded by role models.
D) their peers acknowledge their achievements.

Answer 2

they perform competently on a task they value.

Question 3

All of the following are changes in emotional development during middle and late childhood,EXCEPT

A) improvement in the ability to suppress negative emotions.
B) the ability to understand the events leading to emotional reactions.
C) the use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings.
D) Improvement in the ability to interpret subtle social cues.

Answer 3

Improvement in the ability to interpret subtle social cues.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of improving a child's self-esteem through achievement?

A) finding out what is important to a child's self-concept
B) telling a child that she is liked and respected
C) straightforwardly teaching a child a new skill
D) letting a child cope with a problem without assistance

Question 5

Tadako's teachers have steadily been working on her self-esteem by frequently commenting on how nice it is to have Tadako as a member of their classes.Which strategy are these teachers using?

A) emotional support and social approval
B) promoting increased achievement
C) helping Tadako cope with a problem
D) implementing a peer support system

Question 6

Self-esteem is to _______ self-evaluation as self-concept is to _______ self-evaluation.

A) global; domain-specific
B) personal; academic
C) subjective; objective
D) interpersonal; intrapersonal

Question 7

In terms of self-understanding,children in late childhood are MORE likely than children in early childhood to

A) compare themselves with their peers.
B) compare themselves with role models.
C) use physical characteristics to describe themselves.
D) use outer states to describe themselves.

Question 8

Which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development often involves children adopting their parents' moral standards?

A) individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B) heteronomous morality
C) social systems morality
D) mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity

Question 9

Julio cannot get his science project to work.In fact,it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly.According to Erik Erikson,Julio is at risk for developing a sense of

A) stagnation.
B) inferiority.
C) shame and doubt.
D) identity diffusion.

Question 10

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development,appearing during middle and late childhood,is called

A) industry versus inferiority.
B) trust versus mistrust.
C) ego integrity versus ego despair.
D) ego autonomy versus ego independence.

Question 11

How would an 8-year-old child MOST likely describe himself or herself?

A) "I am 8,and I have a bicycle."
B) "I am 8,and I have red hair and brown eyes."
C) "I am nice,and I have a friend named Julie."
D) "I am taller than my brother,but shorter than my mother."

Question 12

Jaymon is a third-grader and has been asked by his teacher to describe himself.What is the MOST likely description Jaymon will give?

A) "I have a dog."
B) "I have blue eyes."
C) "I am friendly."
D) "I am strong."

Question 13

Which of the following terms refers to self-evaluations in the different domains of an individual's life?

A) self-concept
B) self-esteem
C) self-awareness
D) self-control

Question 14

Tiesha's behavior is controlled by external rewards and punishments reflecting which level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) preconventional reasoning
B) conventional reasoning
C) interconventional reasoning
D) postconventional reasoning

Question 15

Research reported in 2003 shows that individuals with high self-esteem

A) are more likely to be bullies.
B) can be prosocial or antisocial.
C) always want to help others.
D) have unpredictable behavior.

Question 16

During the elementary years,a child's self-understanding includes increasing reference to all of the following,EXCEPT

A) psychological characteristics.
B) social comparison.
C) social aspects.
D) physical characteristics.

Question 17

Older children are better at coping with stress than younger children for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A) they have better cognitive coping strategies.
B) they are better able to deny stressful events.
C) they are better at reframing stressful events.
D) they generate more alternatives for coping.

Question 18

Both Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg agree that

A) cognitive stages are the underpinnings of morality.
B) biological processes must mature for morality to develop.
C) children learn morality through consequences of behavior.
D) morality is a critical period that must be reached by childhood.

Question 19

Jermaine and Latoya want to help their daughter develop high self-esteem.What should they do?

A) Teach her to turn to adults for help when faced with a problem.
B) Teach her to ignore her problems and they will go away.
C) Teach her to face problems realistically and cope with them.
D) Teach her to give her problems to someone who is more advanced at problem solving.

Question 20

The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is

A) very low.
B) moderate.
C) high.
D) very high.

Question 21

More than 80% of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen television set is morally wrong.Yet 50% admitted they would buy a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught.These data indicate

A) preconventional moral reasoning.
B) that social prohibitions are more potent than moral ones.
C) that purchasing stolen property is an accepted social convention.
D) that for many people,moral belief does not predict moral behavior.

Question 22

Carol Gilligan has criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development because

A) it does not include a role for reasoning about relationships and concern for others.
B) it does not recognize higher-level moral reasoning in certain cultural groups.
C) Kohlberg underestimated the contribution of family relationships to moral development.
D) it places too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.

Question 23

To investigate the nature of moral thought,Lawrence Kohlberg presented children with a story in which a character named Heinz faces a moral dilemma: the only way to save his mother's life is to steal an experimental drug he cannot buy.When Ellie is read the story and asked whether Heinz should have stolen the drug,she states,"No,it is against the law to steal.The husband should find another way to get the drug." Ellie is in the _______ stage of moral development.

A) mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
B) individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C) social systems morality
D) universal ethical principles

Question 24

How is Lawrence Kohlberg's theory culturally biased?

A) Many people in non-Western cultures do not achieve the higher stages of moral development.
B) In some cultures,high levels of moral reasoning derive from different values than those that form the basis of Lawrence Kohlberg's claims.
C) Some cultures do not recognize the idea of morality but rather think in terms of the way things are versus the way things could be.Lawrence Kohlberg stresses "should be" instead.
D) Kohlberg's theory is not culturally biased.It captures the essence of moral thinking in all cultures.

Question 25

At which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development does a person understand that values and laws are relative,and that standards may vary from one person to another?

A) heteronomous morality
B) mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
C) social systems morality
D) social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 26

Your best friend sideswipes a car and drives away without reporting the accident.You do not report it either,even though you worry about the owner's loss,but over the next few days,you do talk to your friend about it.Your actions suggest that you are in which of Kohlberg's moral reasoning stages?

A) heteronomous morality
B) individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C) mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
D) social systems morality

Question 27

When compared with women,men have a larger section of the _______,which controls sexual behavior.

A) parietal lobe
B) corpus callosum
C) cerebrum
D) hypothalamus

Question 28

What best accounts for why women are generally healthier than men?

A) Women exercise more regularly.
B) Women are more likely to seek medical attention.
C) Estrogen strengthens the immune system.
D) Testosterone triggers cancer cell growth.

Question 29

What does the research indicate about heart disease?

A) Women are slightly more likely to develop heart disease.
B) Women are four times more likely to die of heart attacks.
C) Men are twice as likely to develop heart disease.
D) Men have more heart attacks than women but more frequently recover from them,whereas women are more likely to die of a heart attack.

Question 30

Carol Gilligan reports that males tend to use a(n)_______ perspective when making moral judgments,whereas females tend to use a(n)_______ perspective.

A) justice; care
B) care; justice
C) egocentric; nonegocentric
D) nonegocentric; egocentric

Question 31

Rates of death,physical ailments,and mental disorders are

A) higher for males than for females.
B) higher for females than for males.
C) about the same for males and females.
D) higher for females than males from birth to age 13,and the rates reverse after that.

Question 32

Females are often perceived as more emotional than males.This could be because females

A) have more metabolic activity in the brain regions involved in emotional experiences.
B) have a slightly smaller hippocampus,which regulates emotions.
C) have more cerebral cortex devoted to the parts of the brain that identify emotion.
D) are socialized to show their emotions more than males.

Question 33

Comparing the math abilities of males and females show that

A) most males outperform the majority of females.
B) most females outperform the majority of males.
C) there is no significant difference between the sexes.
D) the overlap between the sexes is more pronounced than the differences.

Question 34

In which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's scheme of moral development is a person most likely to imitate the moral standards of others?

A) individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B) mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
C) social systems morality
D) community rights versus individual rights

Question 35

A person is arrested for stealing company documents and says,"Yes,I did steal the documents,and I am willing to go to jail for it.These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical.I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using _______ morality.

A) conventional
B) unconventional
C) preconventional
D) postconventional

Question 36

Which of the following is the sort of evidence available to date that shows that Lawrence Kohlberg neglected family processes in moral development?

A) Research has shown that use of behavioral principles in child rearing promotes conventional morality.
B) Studies have found that moral children tend to have parents who used reasoning to discipline them.
C) Kohlberg did not recognize the importance of perspective taking to moral development.
D) Kohlberg overlooked the importance of the care perspective that families provide children.

Question 37

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against treatment of women on her campus,Kai says that all humans have the fundamental right to be treated fairly,and that she is morally against the continuing discrimination against women.What is Kai's likely moral level according to Lawrence Kohlberg?

A) postconventional
B) conventional
C) unconventional
D) preconventional

Question 38

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Morality does not grow from childhood.
B) Childhood does not grow from morality.
C) It is not what one thinks,but what one does that is most important for morality.
D) It is not what one does,but what one thinks that is most important for morality.

Question 39

According to Lawrence Kohlberg,the greatest degree of internalization of moral standards is to be found in a stage of moral development called

A) mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity.
B) social systems morality.
C) social contract or utility and individual rights.
D) universal ethical principles.

Question 40

Which of the following is the clearest type of evidence favoring Lawrence Kohlberg's claims about the sequence of moral development?

A) The use of all of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning increases with age.
B) During adolescence,moral reasoning tends to become more focused on self-interest and rewards than on the expectations of others.
C) Children sometimes skip a stage,but they do not skip a moral level.
D) Stage 4 reasoning does not appear in children but occurs in a majority of adults.

Question 41

Androgynous individuals are often thought to be more mentally healthy than nonandrogynous people.This statement is true in

A) all contexts.
B) contexts that value androgyny.
C) contexts that value femininity.
D) contexts that value masculinity.

Question 42

Two decades ago,the common conception was that people should

A) be androgynous.
B) not be androgynous.
C) be androgynous if they are male,but not if they are female.
D) not be androgynous if they stay home,but should be if they work.

Question 43

The main difference between a unilateral and a coregulated approach to control is the

A) degree to which control is shared between parents and a child.
B) speed with which control is transferred from the parents to a child.
C) degree of negative affect that is involved during the control process.
D) amount of external control imposed on both parents and children by society.

Question 44

Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child.This process involves

A) deregulation.
B) socioregulation.
C) coregulation.
D) bioregulation.

Question 45

Which children will have the most difficult time with remarriage?

A) adolescents
B) males
C) females
D) only children

Question 46

Across childhood and adolescence,research suggests that

A) girls engage in more prosocial behavior.
B) boys engage in more prosocial behavior.
C) girls are more likely to be kind and considerate,whereas boys are more likely to share.
D) boys are more likely to be kind and considerate,whereas girls are more likely to share.

Question 47

Why are there more elementary and secondary school children living in stepfamilies than there are infants and preschool children?

A) People tend not to have more children when they remarry.
B) A major cause of divorce is problems older children cause families.
C) Remarriages consolidate children into blended families.
D) It takes time to marry,have children,divorce,and remarry.

Question 48

In general,the "average male" outperforms the "average female" on all of the following tasks,EXCEPT

A) spatial.
B) verbal.
C) scientific.
D) mathematical.

Question 49

Which of the following would probably be the MOST developmentally appropriate type of discipline tactic for an 11-year-old?

A) spanking
B) scolding
C) time-out
D) discussion

Question 50

_______ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems.

A) Fifty
B) Forty
C) Twenty-five
D) Twenty

Question 51

Why are there different patterns of gender-related attitudes and behavior in different ethnic groups?

A) The status of females in relation to males is different in different ethnic groups.
B) There are few similarities in gender roles across different ethnic groups.
C) Nonwhite ethnic groups tend to discriminate between men and women less than White ethnic groups.
D) The question is misleading; actually,there are few important differences in gender-related attitudes and behavior in different ethnic groups.

Question 52

Boys are much more likely than girls to be behaviorally disruptive in the classroom.This is because

A) teachers single our boys for punishment.
B) boys are more likely to be verbally abusive.
C) boys show less self-regulation.
D) boys are more punitive to classmates.

Question 53

Cassandra is assertive and nurturant.She could be described as

A) feminine.
B) masculine.
C) aggressive.
D) androgynous.

Question 54

As children grow older,parents tend to spend

A) less time with them especially in less-educated families.
B) more time with them especially in helping with homework.
C) about the same amount of time with them,though the nature of the interactions changes significantly.
D) about the same amount of time with them,and the nature of the interactions is similar to those of early childhood.

Question 55

Boys are more _______ aggressive,whereas girls are more _______ aggressive.

A) outwardly; inwardly
B) physically; passive
C) violently; verbally
D) physically; verbally

Question 56

As Trey grows from early to middle childhood,the issues that he and his parents discuss and disagree about will begin to include

A) manners.
B) control of temper.
C) household chores.
D) attention seeking.

Question 57

Jeff is independent,flexible,cheerful,friendly,assertive,tactful,comfortable with making decisions,sensitive to the feelings of others,and sympathetic.Jeff can best be described as

A) masculine.
B) feminine.
C) androgynous.
D) transcendent.

Question 58

Angie's mother allows her to schedule her own study and relaxation times,with the expectation that Angie must continue doing well in school and must discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time.Her mother checks on Angie's school progress frequently and talks with Angie about her social life and problems.This approach is called

A) coregulation.
B) latchkey control.
C) unilateral control.
D) boundary ambiguity.

Question 59

Approximately ________ of stepfamily couples stay remarried.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) three-fourths

Question 60

Traditional masculine and feminine gender roles are _______,whereas androgyny is _______.

A) bidimensional; unidimensional
B) unidimensional; bidimensional
C) multidimensional; unidimensional
D) polydimensional; transcendensional

Question 61

All of the following are effective ways to improve relationships among ethnically diverse students,EXCEPT

A) reducing bias.
B) being a competent cultural mentor.
C) segregating the classroom into groups.
D) placing students in cooperative group projects.

Question 62

_______ children often have more psychosocial difficulties later in life than _______ children.

A) Popular; controversial
B) Controversial; neglected
C) Rejected; neglected
D) Neglected; controversial

Question 63

Blanca is a "bully," and no one likes to play with her.Blanca's sociometric status is PROBABLY

A) average.
B) neglected.
C) rejected.
D) controversial.

Question 64

Rodney is "shy".Rodney's sociometric status is PROBABLY

A) average or neglected.
B) neglected or rejected.
C) average or controversial.
D) rejected or controversial.

Question 65

Which of the following does NOT help explain why children from Asian cultures show superiority in mathematical abilities when compared with American children?

A) Asian parents punish their children more severely for poor math grades.
B) Asian teachers spend more time teaching math skills than U.S.teachers.
C) Asian parents see math achievement as due to effort rather than ability.
D) Asian students are in school many more days than American students.

Question 66

This psychosocial theorist suggested that the primary "task" of childhood was mastery (industry)in various endeavors.

Question 67

Lily must work to support her family.Her elementary-school-age children are alone at home after school until Lily gets home at 6 p.m.Lily can expect that

A) her children will suffer negative emotional consequences as a result of being left alone after school.
B) her children will experience positive increases in self-monitoring and self-control as a result of being left alone after school.
C) she can minimize negative consequences if she can find effective ways to monitor her children when they are left alone.
D) she can enhance positive consequences if she does not impose strict monitoring systems for her children when they are left alone.

Question 68

Intervention programs for neglected children include all of the following,EXCEPT

A) teaching nonaggressive responses to neutral situations.
B) teaching children how to enter groups more effectively.
C) teaching children how to attract attention from their peers in positive ways.
D) teaching children how to maintain interactions with their peers.

Question 69

Elena has been rejected by most of her peers,whereas Diana is neglected by them.Which of the following would be expected about these two children?

A) Elena will probably be shyer than Diana.
B) Diana will probably be more aggressive than Elena.
C) Both Diana and Elena will probably engage in delinquent behaviors.
D) Elena will probably be more disruptive in school and at home than Diana.

Question 70

Bellah sits in the back of the room,and very few of the children in class even know his name.Bellah's sociometric status is PROBABLY

A) average.
B) neglected.
C) rejected.
D) controversial.

Question 71

A child's social cognitive skills will affect that child's social interactions,because a child whose social cognitive knowledge is better developed will

A) respond more quickly to social situations.
B) avoid proposing too many solutions for social problems.
C) avoid having to reflect on the causes for social situations.
D) interpret ambiguous social situations more effectively.

Question 72

Caitlin's father is concerned that Caitlin is too aggressive in her interactions with other children.She often fights,and she has fewer friends than she used to have.Which of the following strategies might be MOST helpful to Caitlin's father in addressing this problem?

A) Help Caitlin learn to respond more rapidly in social situations.
B) Help Caitlin learn to interpret ambiguous social situations in nonaggressive ways.
C) Help Caitlin learn to avoid social situations in which she may develop feelings of anger.
D) Help Caitlin learn to disclose her true feelings to peers,even if these feelings reflect negative aspects of the peers' behavior.

Question 73

This theorist criticizes Kohlberg's theory of moral development and argues that it reflects a gender bias.This theorist proposed an alternate perspective that emphasizes connectedness with others.

Question 74

Training programs for children rejected by their peers focus on

A) improving the children's attention-seeking and communication skills.
B) improving the children's skills for interacting with the adults in their lives.
C) teaching the children strategies for changing the social settings in which they participate.
D) developing the children's self-preservation skills,so that they will not be so hurt by rejection and neglect.

Question 75

In several studies,a positive correlation was found between boys who were both rejected by their peers and aggressive in elementary school and _______ when they were adolescents and young adults.

A) increased sensitivity
B) increased delinquency
C) increased suicide rate
D) all of these

Question 76

This theorist developed an information processing theory of social cognition.His work has been used to provide interventions for children who are aggressive.

Question 77

Children who are bullied have increased feelings of

A) loneliness.
B) difficulty making friends.
C) depression.
D) all of these

Question 78

All of the following are peer statuses,EXCEPT

A) rejected.
B) neglected.
C) controversial.
D) conforming.

Question 79

This social cognitive theorist was the first to use the term "self-efficacy" and theorize about its importance in understanding child (and adult)effort and mastery of new situations.

Question 80

This theorist formulated a well-known theory of moral development based on the work of Jean Piaget.