Deck 6: Cognitive Developmental Approaches

Question 1

Blanche is 4 years old.What would Blanche MOST likely say if you asked her to describe who she is?

A) "I am quiet,nice,and friendly."
B) "I have brown hair,and I have a bicycle."
C) "I like preschool,especially reading,and I am good in art."
D) "I am the daughter of Sam and Renee and the sister of William."

Answer 1

"I have brown hair,and I have a bicycle."

Question 2

According to Erik Erikson,the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) intimacy versus isolation.

Answer 2

initiative versus guilt.

Question 3

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad,Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy.Selena is exhibiting

A) guilt.
B) empathy.
C) heteronomous morality.
D) lack of perspective taking.

Answer 3

empathy.

Question 4

Jerome and Hani got up early on Saturday morning and decided to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother.While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet,they accidentally bumped,and broke,one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls.Jerome KNEW that he is going to get into "big trouble"; and,he thought that he SHOULD get into big trouble.Hani told him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident.In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

A) Jerome-autonomous morality; Hani-heteronomous morality
B) Jerome-heteronomous morality; Hani-autonomous morality
C) Jerome-universal law morality; Hani-context-specific morality
D) Jerome-context-specific morality; Hani-universal law morality

Question 5

Five-year old Joe is crying because his favorite aunt is moving away.His parents are in the kitchen arguing about how to respond to the situation.Joe's father wants to tell him "big boys don't cry." Joe's mother wants to tell him "it is okay to cry when you feel sad." According to research,which response will be most helpful for Joe?

A) Joe's father's response
B) Joe's father's response,but only because Joe is a boy.For girls,Joe's mother's response would be more helpful
C) Joe's mother's response
D) Joe's mother's response,but only because Joe is around preschool age.For older children,Joe's father's response would be more helpful

Question 6

Shame,embarrassment,and guilt are examples of

A) basic emotions.
B) self-conscious emotions.
C) primary negative emotions.
D) secondary negative emotions.

Question 7

Which statement below summarizes Erik Erikson's view of how guilt,initiative,and conscience operate during the early childhood period?

A) Children's consciences make them feel guilty about some of the initiatives that they take.
B) Children feel guilty if they do nothing,so their consciences tell them to take the initiative.
C) Children's consciences tell them they are guilty,so they take initiative to prove they are not.
D) Children's consciences are not mature enough to distinguish between guilt and initiative.

Question 8

Self-conscious emotions do not appear until the second year of life because

A) children do not identify with their same sex parent until that time.
B) children have not developed a sense of self-awareness until then.
C) children do not have the cognitive structures to retain the knowledge of both actions and consequences until that time.
D) children's ids continue to dominate their self-structures until that time.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a marked change in emotional development during early childhood?

A) Children can talk about their emotions more freely.
B) Children can reflect up on their emotions.
C) Children can deceive others with their emotions.
D) Children can understand the causes of emotions.

Question 10

A parent who denies,ignores,or tries to change the negative emotions of their children would be called an:

A) emotion-dismissing parent.
B) emotion-criticizing parent.
C) emotion-coaching parent.
D) emotion-ignoring parent.

Question 11

In order for children to take effective moral action,they need to be able to __________ and __________.

A) learn how to identify emotional states in others; anticipate what will improve others' emotional states.
B) learn to regulate their own emotional states; teach other children to regulate their emotional states.
C) overcome their innate desire to hurt others; learn to do things for the good of the group.
D) deny their natural selfish tendencies; be concerned with the well-being of other people.

Question 12

According to Erik Erikson,what is the "great governor" of initiative?

A) conscience
B) independence
C) fear
D) obedience

Question 13

The development of thoughts,feelings,and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people is called

A) moral development.
B) superego development.
C) integrity development.
D) democratic development.

Question 14

Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game,yelling,"You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) peer-negotiated morality
D) immanent justice morality

Question 15

Which of the following emotions are NOT in the same "category" as the other three?

A) embarrassment
B) shame
C) guilt
D) fear

Question 16

In general terms,the preschool child's understanding of self is

A) concrete.
B) abstract.
C) symbolic.
D) transitory.

Question 17

Jean Piaget was primarily interested in

A) moral reasoning of children.
B) moral behavior of children.
C) how parents teach moral standards to children.
D) the biological basis of moral integrity.

Question 18

Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an "emotion-coaching" parent.It is likely that she would also be described as all of the following,EXCEPT

A) a "nurturing" parent.
B) a "rejecting" parent.
C) a "scaffolding" parent.
D) a "praising" parent.

Question 19

When Travis decided he wanted to catch a bird with a butterfly net,his parents encouraged him to test out his idea.Because his parents supported his plan,he will probably grow up with

A) autonomy.
B) initiative.
C) industry.
D) trust.

Question 20

Jennie is in third grade and is tempted to cheat on a test but chooses not to because she knows that it would be wrong.According to the psychoanalytic theory of moral development,what is responsible for keeping Jennie from doing wrong?

A) guilt from her superego
B) empathy for other people
C) reprimands from caregivers
D) rewards from caregivers

Question 21

Jean Piaget's approach to studying morality focuses on __________,whereas the behavioral approach focuses on __________.

A) moral reasoning; moral behavior
B) correct moral behavior,moral transgressions
C) influences of environment; influences of heredity
D) nurture; nature

Question 22

The __________ theory of gender holds that gender development is governed by a child's attraction to his or her opposite-sex parent.

A) psychoanalytic
B) social cognitive
C) biological drive
D) cognitive developmental

Question 23

According to Jean Piaget,parent-child relations are LESS likely to foster moral development than peer relations because

A) parents are inconsistent in delivering the consequences for broken rules.
B) peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.
C) parents are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.
D) peers settle disagreements by instituting clear and immediate social sanctions.

Question 24

The social role theory of gender differences suggests that

A) gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men in most societies.
B) the mother and father role are social constructions that emerged from our evolutionary past.
C) different social roles for men and women in most societies are chosen,not determined.
D) nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels we call "gender."

Question 25

Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children.Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles?

A) Moral behavior is always influenced by the situation.
B) Self-control is evidenced by the child's ability to delay gratification.
C) Punishment will always increase modeling of moral behavior.
D) Cognitive factors are important in the development of self-control.

Question 26

Research studies conducted in 2005 and in 2006 both suggest that

A) in every culture,men have a higher status and more power than women do.
B) in most cultures,men have a higher status and more power than women do.
C) in most cultures,men have a higher status and more power than women do; however,poli in the United States and Canada,political changes have evened out this difference.
D) in primitive cultures,women had a higher status and more power than men; but men gained higher status and more power as industrialism replaced agriculture.

Question 27

The primary social theories of gender include all of the following,EXCEPT

A) evolutionary psychology view.
B) social role theory.
C) psychoanalytic theory.
D) social cognitive theory.

Question 28

Social influences on gender roles appear to operate mainly through

A) cognitive processes stimulated by other people.
B) learning processes in the company of other people.
C) biological processes stimulated by social interactions.
D) a complex interaction of biological processes.

Question 29

Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of

A) mixed ages.
B) the same sex.
C) boys and girls.
D) children with their own level of social competence.

Question 30

At what age do children show a preference to spend time with a same-sex playmate?

A) around 3 years old
B) around 6 years old
C) around 8 years old
D) around 10 years old

Question 31

A cognitive structure that consists of a network of associations that guides and organizes an individual's perception is called a

A) format.
B) schema.
C) subset.
D) system.

Question 32

According to Maccoby (1998,2002),gender is important in

A) the composition of children's groups.
B) the size of children's groups.
C) the interaction within children's groups.
D) all of these.

Question 33

Same-sex boy peer groups are characterized by all of the following,EXCEPT

A) cooperative play.
B) competitive play.
C) risk taking.
D) larger groups.

Question 34

Research on peer pressure to conform to traditional gender roles suggests that

A) there is greater pressure for boys.
B) there is greater pressure for girls.
C) pressure to conform is equal for both boys and girls.
D) neither boys nor girls are pressured by their peers to conform.

Question 35

Young children tend to believe that when a rule is broken,punishment will follow inevitably.This is referred to as belief in

A) imminent justice.
B) moral justice.
C) concrete justice.
D) authoritative justice.

Question 36

The psychoanalytic theory of gender states that children should identify with the gender identity of the same sex parent at about age

A) 1.
B) 3.
C) 5.
D) 7.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true concerning parenting practices and gender development?

A) Fathers are more consistently given responsibility for the nurturance and physical care of their children.
B) Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in playful interactions with their children.
C) Mothers are more likely than fathers to treat their sons and daughters differently.
D) Fathers are more involved in socializing their sons than their daughters.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT TRUE?

A) Girls are more likely than boys to interact in larger groups.
B) Boys are more likely than girls to participate in organized group games.
C) Girls are more likely than boys to talk and act in "collaborative discourse."
D) Boys are more likely than girls to engage in activities to attain a group goal.

Question 39

Which of these is true of gender schema theory?

A) This theory identifies constants in the way children understand gender.
B) This theory focuses on imitation as a process of gender socialization.
C) This theory demonstrates how emotions contribute to gender identification.
D) This theory states how ideas of gender appropriateness are developed.

Question 40

Researchers refer to elementary school as "gender school" because

A) teachers treat boys and girls differently.
B) children reinforce and punish each other for gender behaviors.
C) parents expect schools to treat children in gender-stereotypical ways.
D) children's gender concepts do not begin to form until elementary school.

Question 41

Ursula just brought home her report card.She earned Cs and Ds in all of her classes.Ursula's mom's first response was "Oh,you must be very disappointed." Then,the two of them sat down and tried to determine why she was having difficulty and what they could do to help her get her grades up.They decided that Ursula would start seeing a tutor after school.Ursula's mom is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 42

Suzanne believes that helping children develop their creative abilities is the most important function of parenting.Suzanne is probably a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 43

Penelope has low self-esteem and is unhappy.She appears to be anxious around her peers and has few friends.Her teacher asks her why she sat by herself at lunch.Penelope stated that the other kids would not want her to join them,because she is ugly and dumb.It is most likely that she grew up in a home with parents who were

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) indulgent.
D) neglectful.

Question 44

Which parenting style leads to social incompetence in children?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 45

Four-year old Becky has just hit her sister again.What should Becky's mom do? Most developmental psychologists would suggest

A) give Becky a spanking; she is too young to understand reasoning.
B) explain to Becky that "hitting hurts"; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior.
C) give Becky a "time-out"; she is too young to understand reasoning.
D) give Becky a spanking; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior,and should be punished accordingly.

Question 46

Bernard just brought home his report card and placed it on the television set.Bernard told his dad that he was required to bring the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents.Bernard's dad told him to move out of the way because he could not see the TV set.The next morning,Bernard found his report card where he left it,unsigned.He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack.Bernard's dad is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 47

In which of the following countries are adults most likely to report that their parents used corporal punishment?

A) United States
B) Russia
C) Africa
D) Sweden

Question 48

Which of the following countries has the most favorable attitude toward corporal punishment?

A) Sweden
B) Spain
C) Germany
D) United States

Question 49

A parent who uses a restrictive,punitive style to control the behavior of his or her children is a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 50

Which of the following parenting styles has high demands and low responsiveness?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 51

Of the 906,000 children in the United States who were found to be victims of child abuse in 2002,__________ were abused by their parent(s).

A) 24%
B) 44%
C) 64%
D) 84%

Question 52

Research linking corporal punishment and child behavior has been associated with all of the following,EXCEPT

A) immediate compliance.
B) high levels of aggression.
C) high levels of moral internalization.
D) behavioral problems at school and with peers.

Question 53

A parent who is very uninvolved in a child's life,showing neither responsiveness nor control,is a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 54

Which of the following parenting styles has low demands and high responsiveness?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 55

Research conducted by Ruth Chao (2001,2005)suggests that

A) the high control of "authoritarian" Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control that is generally associated with the authoritarian style of parenting.
B) "authoritarian" parenting is "authoritarian" parenting,whether the parent is Asian American,African American,or European American.
C) contrary to stereotypes,Asian parents are indulgent and permissive.
D) consistent with stereotypes,Asian parents are domineering,controlling,and have rigid/unrealistic expectations for academic achievement in their children.

Question 56

A parent who spanks his/her children frequently is most likely to be a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 57

Suzie just brought home her report card.She earned Cs and Ds in all of her classes.When looking at the grades,her father stated,"You are an embarrassment to me! You better get those grades up,or else!" Suzie's Dad is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 58

In response to child misbehavior,most child psychologists recommend

A) reasoning with the child.
B) explaining the consequences of the child's actions for others.
C) removing the child from a setting that offers positive reinforcement.
D) all of these.

Question 59

In a recent national survey of U.S.parents with 3- to 4-year-old children,about __________ reported that they frequently yelled at their children.

A) 16%
B) 26%
C) 57%
D) 67%

Question 60

In a recent national survey of U.S.parents with 3- to 4-year-old children,about __________ reported that they frequently spanked their children.

A) 16%
B) 26%
C) 57%
D) 67%

Question 61

The term "child maltreatment" includes all of the following possibilities EXCEPT

A) physical abuse.
B) tough love.
C) child neglect.
D) sexual abuse.

Question 62

Children who grew up in gay and lesbian families usually identify themselves as:

A) homosexual.
B) heterosexual.
C) bisexual.
D) asexual.

Question 63

How does maternal employment outside of the home affect children?

A) Children are not properly socialized for the adult roles they will occupy.
B) Children are not able to develop a secure attachment to their parents.
C) Children tend to perform poorly academically.
D) None of these

Question 64

Which idea about divorce is BEST supported by available evidence?

A) A divorce may improve children's lives under some circumstances.
B) Divorces inevitably impair children's ability to adapt to difficulties in their lives.
C) Competent children cannot be raised in single-parent families.
D) Divorce has only minor effects on children.

Question 65

What are the long-term effects of being maltreated as a child?

A) depression,anxiety,and substance abuse
B) personality disorders and physical health problems
C) a rigid and controlling personality
D) none of these

Question 66

In general in the United States,African American and Latino family orientations differ from white family orientations in that

A) the nuclear family plays a less prominent role in white families.
B) the extended family plays a greater role in African American and Latino families.
C) the emphasis in African American and Latino families is on individual self-reliance.
D) the emphasis in white families is on family attachment and unity.

Question 67

Approximately __________ of gay men are parents.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 68

Compared to working class parents,upper-middle-class parents are more likely to

A) spank their children.
B) criticize their children.
C) emphasize adherence to authority.
D) emphasize delaying gratification.

Question 69

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson considered play to be valuable because

A) it allows children to release tension.
B) it advances the child's cognitive development.
C) it helps children satisfy their need for mastery over their environment.
D) it allows children to interact with their peers.

Question 70

Why do more and more researchers think that birth-order influences on child development have been emphasized too strongly?

A) There are no clear patterns of birth-order influences on personality.
B) If we continue to study birth order influences,our findings will create self-fulfilling prophecies that will perpetuate birth-order differences.
C) The pattern of birth-order influences that scientists have found makes little sense and is not very useful.
D) Birth-order influences are not very large when compared with all other influences.

Question 71

What does a child get from peers that he or she typically cannot get from siblings?

A) a same-sex friend
B) a chance to share intimate feelings
C) an idea of how the child compares with other children the same age
D) a view of what the world looks like from another person's perspective

Question 72

In general,which of the following BEST describes birth-order effects?

A) Their existence is not confirmed by research.
B) They are most pronounced when there are three or more children in a family.
C) They are a result of birth order itself and not to differences in interpersonal interactions that result from having multiple children.
D) They are limited in predicting behavior considering the many other influencing factors.

Question 73

Approximately __________ of lesbians are parents.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 74

Dante is encouraged by his parents to control himself and delay gratification.His parents give him some say in the rules of the house and are more likely to talk to him when he makes a mistake than to use physical discipline.His parents are MOST likely

A) Latino.
B) authoritative.
C) divorced but co-parenting.
D) of a higher socioeconomic status.

Question 75

Why does China have lower rates of child abuse than the United States?

A) China does not have well-established child abuse reporting laws.
B) The Chinese have larger,more extended families.
C) The Chinese rarely use physical punishment for discipline.
D) China has much more severe punishment for child abusers.

Question 76

Tatia wants to know how good a tennis player she is.To determine this,she should play with

A) her same-aged best friend.
B) her older brother.
C) her tennis instructor.
D) the captain of the tennis team.

Question 77

__________ is almost always present when other forms of child maltreatment are identified.

A) Physical abuse
B) Child neglect
C) Sexual abuse
D) Emotional abuse

Question 78

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families?

A) Canada
B) Germany
C) United States
D) Sweden

Question 79

With regard to family processes,which of the following patterns has been borne out by research?

A) disequilibrium immediately after the divorce,then restabilization 2 years later
B) intense conflict immediately after the divorce and intense conflict 2 years later
C) mild disruption after the divorce,with increasing disruption 2 years later
D) mild disruption after the divorce,with mild conflict 2 years later

Question 80

Social class differences in parenting behaviors have been found in the United States and most Western cultures.Low-income and working-class parents are more likely to __________ than middle-class parents.

A) ask their children questions
B) use reasoning to accompany their discipline
C) use physical discipline
D) use verbal praise