Deck 5: Motor,Sensory,and Perceptual Development

Question 1

When looking at the heights and weights of preschool children,we know that

A) there are ethnic differences.
B) there are no ethnic differences.
C) there are ethnic differences in average weight but not average height.
D) environmental factors are more important than genetic factors.

Answer 1

there are ethnic differences.

Question 2

Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as ________ is to ________.

A) jumping; running
B) running; jumping
C) hopping; writing
D) writing; hopping

Answer 2

hopping; writing

Question 3

Three-year-olds scribble all over the page,but 4-year-olds can make more precise drawings that adults can understand.This is because 4-year-olds have more highly developed

A) artistic ability.
B) fine motor skills.
C) gross motor skills.
D) sense of what others appreciate.

Answer 3

fine motor skills.

Question 4

What have been found to be the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide?

A) nutrition and exercise
B) ethnic origin and social class
C) prenatal care and emotional difficulties
D) ethnic origin and nutrition

Question 5

Hallie is very active.She loves to tumble and show off.She is not afraid of doing what her parents consider to be hair-raising stunts.She also loves to run and believes she is faster than her parents.This type of activity level and confidence is MOST characteristic of the

A) 2-year-old.
B) 3-year-old.
C) 4-year-old.
D) 5-year-old.

Question 6

Myelination occurs in the brain when

A) children develop more nerve cells.
B) nerve cells grow more nerve endings.
C) nerve cells become insulated with a layer of fat.
D) nerve cells become connected to each other in a more complicated network.

Question 7

Reggio Emilia is a city in northern Italy; it gives its name to a philosophy and approach to a(n)

A) method of providing health care to children of poor families.
B) early childhood education program design.
C) program for training teachers of young children.
D) parenting education method.

Question 8

Between ages 3 and 6 years,which part of the brain grows the fastest?

A) the temporal lobe
B) the parietal lobe
C) the frontal lobe
D) the occipital lobe

Question 9

What is the BEST explanation for handedness?

A) nutrition
B) positive reinforcement and punishment
C) modeling
D) genetics

Question 10

Her pediatrician has just told Karly that her 4-year-old son,Manuel,has gained 6 pounds in the last year.Karly should

A) be alarmed,because this is too much weight gain.
B) be alarmed,because this is too little weight gain.
C) be alarmed,because this is normal weight gain only for females.
D) understand that this is normal.

Question 11

Sanjay and Ryan are 4-year-old friends.When they are together,they often wrestle,run,race,push,and shove each other.Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents,we know that this activity will

A) help the boys develop gross motor skills.
B) stop when their brains become better myelinated.
C) be temporary,because it is not normal for children this age.
D) help the boys develop the fine motor skills they will need in kindergarten.

Question 12

Myelination in the brain serves to

A) nourish the nerve cells so that they function more efficiently.
B) increase the number of cells connected in a given neural network.
C) help nerve cells communicate with a larger number of other cells.
D) increase the speed of information traveling through the nerve cells.

Question 13

Which child will find the task of arranging objects in a precise pattern on a table most challenging?

A) a 3-year-old
B) a 4-year-old
C) a 5-year-old
D) a 6-year-old

Question 14

During early childhood,on average,girls are ________ than boys.

A) much larger
B) much smaller
C) slightly larger
D) slightly smaller

Question 15

All of the following children are likely to be shorter than their peers,EXCEPT:

A) firstborn children.
B) lower-socioeconomic children..
C) later-born children.
D) children who live in rural settings.

Question 16

Myelination is important in development because

A) most of the growth of the brain is a result of myelination.
B) new nerve cells cannot form until the older ones are myelinated.
C) the pituitary does not function until the brain is almost completely myelinated.
D) children cannot perform certain functions if the area of the brain controlling those functions is not myelinated.

Question 17

The prefrontal cortex is involved in tasks of

A) spatial abilities.
B) motor coordination.
C) maintaining attention to tasks.
D) verbal skills.

Question 18

Brendan is 3 years old.His parents are concerned because he is always running and jumping on things.He cannot seem to sit still.Even when watching his favorite movie on TV,he still fidgets,bounces,and wiggles around.It is especially frustrating when Brendan will not sit still through dinner.Given what we know about child development,we would advise Brendan's parents to

A) have Brendan tested for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B) start Brendan on a behavior modification program to substitute productive behaviors for the running and jumping.
C) provide structured,cognitively challenging activities for Brendan to build his attention span.
D) be patient and recognize that Brendan is developing as a normal 3-year-old.

Question 19

By the end of early childhood,boys have ________,whereas girls have ________.

A) more muscle; more fat
B) more fat; more muscle
C) more strength; more endurance
D) a larger weight gain; a larger height gain

Question 20

Jungle gyms,slides,and climbing equipment should be available to help young children develop

A) handedness.
B) fine motor skills.
C) gross motor skills.
D) attention and concentration skills.

Question 21

An overwhelming worldwide health concern in the last decade has been death as a result of

A) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
B) malnourishment.
C) rubella.
D) malaria.

Question 22

Howie and his little sister,Stephie,are each given one large cookie.The mother breaks Stephie's cookie into four pieces to help her eat it more easily.Howie immediately begins to cry and says that it isn't fair for Stephie to get so many cookies when he only has one.Howie is showing a lack of

A) centration.
B) conservation.
C) intuitive thought.
D) symbolic function.

Question 23

The belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects or situations in spite of superficial changes is called

A) appropriation.
B) initiation.
C) affiliation.
D) conservation.

Question 24

Why do left-handers excel at architectural abilities?

A) They have superior spatial abilities.
B) They have superior drawing skills.
C) They work well with abstract ideas.
D) They are attentive to small details.

Question 25

Lavonda is running her own family child care service,and she is concerned that several of the children seem to be overweight.What would be the BEST approach for Lavonda to use in helping the children with their weight?

A) Help the children begin and stay on diets that cut their calorie intake.
B) Help the children learn the fun and value of physical activity and avoid using food as a reward or comforter.
C) Eliminate snacks and teach the children to eat all of their regular meals,so that they will not want junk food later.
D) Offer well-balanced meals,and then use only fun snack foods and desserts as a reward when the children are behaving.

Question 26

"My computer doesn't like me-it keeps eating my pictures," says Sarah.This is an example of

A) animism.
B) centration.
C) operations.
D) egocentrism.

Question 27

Intuitive thought is to _______ as symbolic function is to _______.

A) creativity; reason
B) egocentrism; centration
C) reasoning; creativity
D) reasoning; mental representation

Question 28

Being overweight is negatively correlated with

A) intelligence.
B) self-esteem.
C) verbal skills.
D) peer relationships.

Question 29

Jean Piaget claimed that children between the ages of 2 and 7 years are in a stage called preoperational thought,so named because he believed that

A) children at this age do not yet use mental operations in their thought.
B) children's ability to think with concepts is not yet operational at this age.
C) children's ability to use symbols in thinking is not yet operational at this age.
D) children at this age do not yet understand the basic concept of object permanence.

Question 30

The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is

A) heart disease.
B) malnutrition.
C) accident.
D) poison.

Question 31

A young child might be heard saying,"That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down." The child's belief that the tree is capable of action is referred to as

A) egocentrism.
B) conservation.
C) animism.
D) kineticism.

Question 32

The stage of preoperational thought lasts from age ________ years until age ________ years.

A) 1; 3
B) 2; 7
C) 4; 9
D) 5; 12

Question 33

A brain difference between left-handers and right-handers is that

A) left-handers have less myelination of their nerve cells.
B) right-handers have slower prefrontal lobe development.
C) left-handers have more diversity in speech processing.
D) left-handers have a greater ability to imagine spatial layouts.

Question 34

The drawings that 3-year-old Sally creates tend to be rather inventive and include scribbled designs that represent people,houses,cars,dogs,and so on.Which Piagetian stage/substage of cognitive development is Sally in?

A) symbolic function substage
B) intuitive thought substage
C) operational stage
D) sensorimotor stage

Question 35

Animism and egocentrism represent limitations in the preoperational child's thinking in that they indicate an inability to

A) think symbolically.
B) center attention on one characteristic.
C) distinguish among different perspectives.
D) reflect on the rationale underlying thought.

Question 36

Although Bethanne is only 2 years old,she already has symptoms of asthma.Her parents should

A) quit smoking.
B) increase her vitamin C intake.
C) reduce her exposure to lead-based paint.
D) make sure she is properly immunized.

Question 37

If a mother wants to reduce the risk that her child will develop asthma,pneumonia,or bronchitis,she should

A) eat nutritiously while pregnant.
B) stop smoking.
C) be younger than 35 years when she becomes pregnant.
D) feed them a low-fat diet.

Question 38

According to the textbook,many deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by

A) reducing poverty and improving nutrition,sanitation,education,and health services.
B) providing immunizations for every common infectious disease.
C) wider distribution of antidiarrheal medicines and oral rehydration kits.
D) taking every child's BMR into account when providing proper levels of nutrition.

Question 39

Five-year-old Marta draws a picture with pretty lavender,purple,and blue colors intermixed with green,yellow,and brown."It's a boat on the ocean at sunset,with whales jumping all around it!" she explains to her teacher.Marta is showing clear evidence of

A) animism.
B) conservation.
C) intuitive thought.
D) symbolic function.

Question 40

In talking with Grandma on the phone,little Marcelo suddenly exclaims,"Oh,look at that pretty red bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird,Marcelo says,"Out there,out there! Right there,Grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and hangs up.This is an example of

A) animism.
B) egocentrism.
C) intuitive thought.
D) symbolic function.

Question 41

Centration inhibits the ability to categorize items because it prevents one from

A) focusing only on one feature.
B) considering combinations of features.
C) taking a perspective that is different from one's own.
D) distinguishing between animate and inanimate objects.

Question 42

In general,conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement

A) are irrelevant for the total amount.
B) significantly affect the total amount.
C) determine the total amount needed for a given task.
D) must be considered before the total amount can be determined.

Question 43

According to Lev Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD),learning is

A) achieved by discovering which answers will lead to rewards.
B) achieved by assimilating new understandings to accommodate the demands of the world.
C) affected by how the environment and genetically programmed learning ability interact during a critical period.
D) a social activity between a less knowledgeable child,and another adult or child who is more knowledgeable.

Question 44

As children move through the zone of proximal development (ZPD),they

A) give the responsibility of the task they are learning to the adult who is helping them.
B) take the responsibility of the task they are learning from the adult who is helping them.
C) share the responsibility of the task they are learning equally with the adult who is helping them.
D) at first accept the responsibility of the task they are learning but then reluctantly reject it.

Question 45

A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD)if

A) the toddler has mastered all the skills necessary.
B) parents or teachers do not interfere.
C) the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.
D) the toddler needs little or no help from a parent or teacher.

Question 46

Researchers believe that after the age of 6 or 7 years,children become more reflective and less impulsive in their thinking,because they learn to pay less attention to what is _______ and more attention to what is _______.

A) relevant; salient
B) salient; relevant
C) dishabituated; habituated
D) habituated; dishabituated

Question 47

Latoya talks to herself frequently,especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem.Lev Vygotsky would say that Latoya is

A) engaging in egocentric and immature thinking.
B) using private speech to organize and regulate her thinking.
C) functioning at the upper limit of her zone of proximal development (ZPD).
D) using the institutional level of thinking to learn about her cultural conventions.

Question 48

Which of the following BEST describes the relation between centration and conservation?

A) Conservation requires centration.
B) Centration is caused by a lack of conservation.
C) Lack of conservation is reflected in centration.
D) Conservation is independent of centration.

Question 49

Lev Vygotsky DIFFERS from Jean Piaget in how he stresses the relative importance of _______ for cognitive development.

A) biology
B) language
C) other people
D) the environment

Question 50

Children cannot conserve because they cannot yet

A) center.
B) reverse.
C) think abstractly.
D) classify.

Question 51

In explaining the ability to conserve,Rochel Gelman focuses on _______,whereas Jean Piaget focused on _______.

A) attention; centration
B) centration; attention
C) intuitive thought; symbolic thought
D) symbolic thought; intuitive thought

Question 52

For Jean Piaget,failing a conservation task indicates that the child is

A) engaging in logical thinking.
B) unable to think symbolically.
C) evidencing centration.
D) considering combinations of features in thinking.

Question 53

A police officer visits Laura's and Brett's class to discuss safety rules.To attract the children's attention,the officer brings colorful balloons and lots of jars of bubbles for the children to blow.Later,Laura tells her parents all about the balloons and bubbles but cannot remember any of the safety rules the officer presented.Laura obviously paid more attention to what was

A) salient.
B) relevant.
C) habituated.
D) dishabituated.

Question 54

When adults are working with young children,they often provide a lot of hints,assistance,instruction,and other support to help the children succeed.As the children demonstrate they can do more for themselves,the adults begin to withdraw these supports.This shows the adults' involvement in the children's

A) zone of proximal development (ZPD).
B) ability to use operations in their thinking.
C) level of intuitive reasoning.
D) level of attentional functioning and memory capacity.

Question 55

Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's educational applications?

A) IQ should be assessed to test a child's learning.
B) Skilled teachers should be sought to help a child learn.
C) The child's use of private speech should not be encouraged.
D) Practical teaching should begin toward the upper limit of the zone of proximal development (ZPD).

Question 56

Lev Vygotsky believed that children who frequently use private speech are

A) more socially competent.
B) no different than children who do not.
C) less socially competent.
D) precocious in their cognitive development.

Question 57

When teachers adjust their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student,it is called

A) modeling.
B) assimilating.
C) scaffolding.
D) zone of proximal development (ZPD).

Question 58

Which scenario BEST represents Lev Vygotsky's view of mental and behavioral development?

A) A teacher assigns challenging tasks that students then try to complete on their own.
B) An instructor helps students do laboratory work,showing them how to do things the students cannot yet do.
C) A teacher waits patiently for students to come up with good answers and then reinforces them with praise and affection.
D) An instructor systematically tests students to find out which mental abilities they do have and which they do not have.

Question 59

Brendan is just learning to walk.He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support,but he can walk out into the middle of the room only if one of his parents holds his hands.Which of the following represents the LOWER LIMIT of Brendan's zone of proximal development (ZPD)for walking?

A) Brendan learning to run after he has mastered walking
B) Brendan going back to crawling when he becomes frustrated by trying to walk
C) Brendan walking alone by holding on to a piece of furniture with one hand
D) Brendan learning to walk by having his parents follow along behind to support him when he loses his balance

Question 60

Which of the following describes what Lev Vygotsky believed about the development of thought and language?

A) Thought and language are merged early in development and later separate.
B) Thought depends on language,so they are merged throughout all of development.
C) Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.
D) Thought and language are two separate functions that remain independent throughout development.

Question 61

In general,critics of contemporary kindergartens believe that many kindergartens place

A) too much emphasis on achievement.
B) too much emphasis on nurturing children.
C) too little emphasis on the mastery of basic skills.
D) too much emphasis on children's social development.

Question 62

Developmentally appropriate practices will _______,whereas developmentally inappropriate practices will _______.

A) enforce rules; enhance self-control
B) enhance self-control; enforce self-control
C) discourage activity; encourage activity
D) require compliance; require self-monitoring

Question 63

Pointing to a tree,young Ramal says,"Bird flied away." Ramal's interesting but inaccurate use of the "-ed" word ending shows that he is trying to learn ________ rules of language.

A) syntactical
B) semantic
C) pragmatic
D) morphological

Question 64

Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to be

A) child-centered.
B) success-oriented.
C) academic-centered.
D) achievement-oriented.

Question 65

The kindergarten director says,"We believe that there is a specific set of skills children need to do well in first grade,and we make sure the children learn those skills in our kindergarten.We spend as little time as possible on social and physical things and concentrate on teaching them the facts.If children aren't keeping up,we provide them with extra opportunities to practice until they learn the material." This kindergarten program is

A) child-centered.
B) not child-centered.
C) developmentally appropriate.
D) developmentally comprehensive.

Question 66

The memories of young children

A) are developmentally programmed.
B) cannot be influenced by other people.
C) can be compromised by suggestions.
D) are correctly described by all of these.

Question 67

What is morphology?

A) the meaningfulness of words
B) the meaningfulness of phrases
C) the understanding of two-word utterances
D) the rules of conversation

Question 68

Which of the following would we expect a 3-year-old to understand about another person's perception?

A) Hiding an object conceals it from another person.
B) A person will look for a hidden object where he or she thinks it is,not where it really is.
C) A child who has been scared by a dog once is likely to be scared by seeing another dog later.
D) A person looking at a three-dimensional model of a mountain will see a different view of the model than the 3-year-old will see.

Question 69

In short-term memory,individuals retain information for

A) 15 to 30 seconds.
B) 1 to 2 minutes.
C) 2 to 3 weeks.
D) 1 to 2 months.

Question 70

Lonnie is in a preschool that is academically focused.The children are all required to do several paper-and-pencil activities each day and are formally tested every Friday on their knowledge of simple math facts,letter recognition,and simple reading skills.According to the research on developmentally appropriate and inappropriate practices,which of the following is likely to be true?

A) Lonnie will be more creative than a child who attends a less academically oriented preschool.
B) Lonnie will be less positive toward school than a child who attends a less academically oriented preschool.
C) Lonnie will show better mastery of basic skills than a child who attends a less academically oriented preschool.
D) Lonnie will show greater confidence when taking tests than a child who attends a less academically oriented preschool.

Question 71

Six-year-old Tracy was a witness to a robbery and has been asked to testify at trial.The defense will argue that her testimony is invalid because

A) at her age,she has inaccurate long-term memories.
B) her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion.
C) she is more likely to embellish her memories.
D) she will not be able to recall details of an event that happened so long ago.

Question 72

If you were to advise parents about the preschool program they should select for their children,which of the following would be the BEST advice to give them?

A) Choose a program that allows children plenty of opportunities for play.
B) Choose a preschool program which is tightly structured in its activities.
C) Choose a program wherein the teachers punish unacceptable behavior.
D) Choose a program that does not involve too much gross motor exercise.

Question 73

Alicia is enrolled in a kindergarten where she spends much of her time in unstructured activity.She plays with different toys she chooses,and her teacher facilitates rather than teaches.What approach is Alicia's kindergarten using?

A) child-centered
B) Rogerian
C) Montessori
D) success-oriented

Question 74

Early preschool intervention programs for disadvantaged children are positively associated with

A) crime rates.
B) pregnancy rates.
C) high school dropout rates.
D) graduation rates.

Question 75

All of the following have been found to be advantages for the participants of the Perry Preschool program,EXCEPT

A) higher high school graduation rates.
B) higher college graduation rates.
C) lower pregnancy rates.
D) lower unemployment rates.

Question 76

Which statement BEST summarizes the findings about early education programs for children?

A) Early education programs of quality benefit children academically.
B) Early education helps middle-income but not low-income children.
C) Early education harms children and makes them less successful.
D) Early education has no real measurable influences upon children.

Question 77

The most frequent criticism of early childhood intervention programs is that

A) they force children to grow up too quickly.
B) they are geared only toward low-income children.
C) they do not all meet quality standards.
D) they are entirely too focused on development application practices.

Question 78

At what age do children have a solid understanding of false beliefs?

A) 1-2 years
B) 2-3 years
C) 3-4 years
D) 4-5 years

Question 79

Shantal is taking a test where she hears a random list of numbers such as "7...4 ...9 ...3." When the list is finished,Shantal is asked to repeat the whole list back in the right order.Shantal is having her ________ tested.

A) attention span
B) habituation span
C) long-term memory span
D) short-term memory span

Question 80

Which of the following statements can BEST summarize the effects of early childhood education?

A) Early childhood education is good for children.
B) Early childhood education has a minimal effect on children's cognitive and social development.
C) Early childhood education has positive effects if it is developmentally appropriate and balances foci on cognitive and socioemotional development.
D) Early childhood education has positive effects if it emphasizes mastery of basic academic material and does not emphasize social development.