Deck 4: Physical Development and Health

Question 1

Petria is trying to help her young infant regulate his emotions.She can best do this by

A) modeling appropriate emotional regulation.
B) ignoring inappropriate emotional outbursts.
C) punishing inappropriate emotional responses.
D) providing a nurturing environment.

Answer 1

providing a nurturing environment.

Question 2

Fernando is a young child who has just recently begun to smile whenever he hears his mother's voice.Approximately how old is Fernando?

A) 2 to 3 months
B) 4 to 5 months
C) 6 to 7 months
D) 8 to 9 months

Answer 2

4 to 5 months

Question 3

Babies have three types of cries.Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) the anger cry
B) the hunger cry
C) the pain cry
D) the basic cry

Answer 3

the hunger cry

Question 4

A child is most likely to use social referencing in _______ situations.

A) familiar
B) complex
C) frightening
D) ambiguous

Question 5

Which of the following occurs FIRST in development?

A) trust smiling
B) social smiling
C) reflexive smiling
D) attachment smiling

Question 6

Javier and his father are at the circus.A clown jumps in front of them,and Javier looks at his father to see if he is afraid or laughing.Javier is using

A) social referencing.
B) emotional regulation.
C) social reassurance.
D) modeling.

Question 7

Caregivers' attempts to help infants soothe their emotions influence

A) children's ability to use their caregivers as a social reference later in life.
B) neurobiological regulation of emotions.
C) facial displays of basic emotions.
D) the timing of the appearance of self-conscience emotions.

Question 8

Which type of smiling occurs as a response to an external stimulus?

A) social smiling
B) reflexive smiling
C) both reflexive and social smiling
D) neither reflexive nor social smiling

Question 9

An infant's ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity of his or her emotions is called

A) emotional evocation.
B) emotional suppression.
C) emotional regulation.
D) emotional consideration.

Question 10

A smile that does NOT occur in response to external stimuli is called a(n)

A) reflexive smile.
B) social smile.
C) protective smile.
D) attentive smile.

Question 11

Stranger anxiety is negatively correlated with

A) proximity to mother.
B) emotional maturity.
C) temperament.
D) age of the stranger.

Question 12

At what age do children show first fear when a new person enters their environment?

A) at birth
B) by 3 months of age
C) by 6 months of age
D) by 9 months of age

Question 13

Infants' ability to regulate their emotions is positively correlated with

A) their age.
B) their mothers' distress.
C) their mothers' intensity of emotion.
D) their temperament.

Question 14

At what age does separation protest peak?

A) 6 months
B) 9 months
C) 12 months
D) 15 months

Question 15

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles.Researchers call this type of smiling

A) trust smiling.
B) social smiling.
C) reflexive smiling.
D) attachment smiling.

Question 16

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly.His cry starts with a piercing shrill sound.Then there is a long period during which Trey holds his breath (turning red),and then the next crying sound comes out.This type of cry indicates that Trey is

A) in pain.
B) very tired.
C) very angry.
D) very hungry.

Question 17

If an infant is raised in a neglectful environment and is not comforted or soothed during distress,the infant will MOST likely be delayed in

A) the development of emotions.
B) the expression of emotions.
C) the regulation of emotions.
D) expressing positive but not negative emotions.

Question 18

Evidence that supports the idea that emotions have a strong biological foundation include all of the following,EXCEPT

A) facial expressions of basic emotions are the same across cultures.
B) certain regions of the brain that develop early in life (such as the brain stem and the hippocampus)are involved in the emotional expression of distress,excitement,and rage.
C) men and women share the same basic emotions.
D) babies who are blind smile and frown the same way that babies with normal vision do.

Question 19

Children can begin to regulate their emotions

A) by age 3.
B) by age 2.
C) by age 1.
D) shortly after birth.

Question 20

What function do emotional expressions,such as crying and smiling,serve in the relationship between a parent and a young infant?

A) a replacement for attachment
B) regulation of survival instincts
C) an early form of communication
D) the reduction of negative affectivity and increase of positive affectivity in the infant

Question 21

A goodness of fit occurs when a child's temperament matches

A) environmental demands.
B) the parent's temperament.
C) the parent's attachment style.
D) reciprocal interactions.

Question 22

The idea that children have different temperaments should lead parents to realize that

A) self-fulfilling prophecies are not a concern in child-rearing.
B) there is little they can do to influence their children's personalities.
C) there is no single best way to raise all children.
D) conflict with their children is inevitable and normal at some point in their lives.

Question 23

"Easy," "difficult," and "slow to warm up" are different types of:

A) trust.
B) emotion.
C) attachment.
D) temperament.

Question 24

Little Katie runs up to her mother and says,"Me scared." Katie is at least

A) 1 year old.
B) 18 months old.
C) 2 years old.
D) 3 years old.

Question 25

When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class,he was quite upset.He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children.What type of temperament does Josh have?

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) easy
C) difficult
D) inflexible

Question 26

What is the main problem with labeling children as difficult?

A) It is inaccurate,because all children from time to time can be difficult.
B) It can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) No child is truly difficult; some parents simply have unreasonably high expectations.
D) It does not take into consideration the environment in which children are being raised.

Question 27

Elias puts his infant daughter in her crib for a nap,and a few minutes later she begins to cry.According to John Watson,one of the founders of behaviorism,Elias should

A) ignore her so that her crying will not be reinforced.
B) go immediately to his daughter to soothe her crying.
C) wait 2 minutes,then go to his daughter to soothe her crying.
D) go immediately to his daughter if it is a pain or basic cry,but not if it is an anger cry.

Question 28

Kyoko and Jason are going to have a child.Statistically speaking,their child will most likely have a(n)_______ temperament.

A) easy
B) difficult
C) extroverted
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 29

With regard to the physiological basis of temperament,Jerome Kagan argues that children inherit a physiology that predisposes them to develop a particular type of temperament.He also believes that

A) the environment does not play a role in shaping temperament.
B) through experience children learn to modify their temperament.
C) temperament does not take its final shape until the child has interacted with caregivers.
D) previous theories are incorrect.

Question 30

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment.However,her mother is overly controlling and rigid.Developmental psychologists would say that a discussion of this discrepancy concerns

A) goodness of fit.
B) nonreciprocal interactions.
C) social dysfunction.
D) insecure attachment.

Question 31

Miranda developed a basic sense of mistrust during infancy.Her parents bickered a lot and separated,and Miranda was often lost in the shuffle.According to Erik Erikson,Miranda

A) will not trust her parents but will trust most other people.
B) will maintain a basic sense of mistrust for the rest of her life.
C) will likely develop a sense of trust with her mother but not with her father.
D) may learn to trust other important people later in her life,but they will need to demonstrate their trustworthiness.

Question 32

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be MOST likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant?

A) Do not soothe the baby,because he or she will be spoiled.
B) Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
C) Arrange the environment to meet all the baby's needs,so that he or she does not need to cry.
D) Soothe the baby about every other time,so that he or she does not become dependent on external comforters.

Question 33

In the United States,parents tend to prefer children with a(n)__________ temperament,whereas in China,a(n)_________ temperament is more highly valued.

A) active; inhibited
B) inhibited; active
C) inner-focused; outward-focused
D) outward-focused; inner-focused

Question 34

According to Jerome Kagan (2002,2003),temperament can be classified by focusing on:

A) Differences between children who are considered easy and those considered more difficult.
B) Differences between children who are usually cheerful and those who cry a lot of the time.
C) Differences between children who are shy and timid and those who are sociable and bold.
D) Differences between children who are high on effortful control and those who are low on it.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about temperament is true?

A) Temperament is fixed and unchangeable.
B) Temperament is fluid and changes throughout childhood and adulthood.
C) Temperament is a biological-based but evolving aspect of behavior.
D) Temperament tends to be unchangeable during infancy and childhood,but it is more fluid in adulthood when individuals are allowed to choose their own environments.

Question 36

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on

A) inhibition to the unfamiliar.
B) positive or negative mood state.
C) effortful control.
D) (hyper)activity level.

Question 37

Children with low activity levels and somewhat negative attitudes are classified as

A) easy children.
B) difficult children.
C) slow-to-warm-up children.
D) slow children.

Question 38

According to Mary Rothbart (2004),unlike early theoretical models of temperament,the more recent emphasis is on

A) infants' ability to control their arousal.
B) the influence of positive and negative emotions.
C) activity levels.
D) regular/irregular routines.

Question 39

Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction.These researchers are studying the concept of

A) trust.
B) attachment.
C) temperament.
D) sense of self.

Question 40

Mary Rothbart and John Bates (2006)believe that which of these is an important dimension of infant temperament?

A) activity level
B) self-regulation
C) being slow to warm up
D) behavioral inhibition

Question 41

Marcos is 16 and eager to graduate from high school and go on to college.He has a clear sense of what he wants for a career and has well-defined values.Which of the following BEST accounts for Marcos' sense of identity?

A) He developed autonomy during childhood.
B) He has a close attachment with his parents.
C) He has an easy temperament.
D) He developed trust as an infant.

Question 42

During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,what is MOST likely to occur?

A) An infant will show signs of attachment toward the caregiver and anxiety toward strangers.
B) An infant will begin to attach to one person and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.
C) An infant is securely attached to the mother but is still trying to form an attachment with the father.
D) An infant instinctively and indiscriminately directs attachment to familiar and unfamiliar people.

Question 43

Nine-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Tyler will MOST likely

A) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B) touch the spot on the mirror,because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C) touch the spot on the mirror,because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D) crawl away from the mirror,because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

Question 44

According to John Bowlby,at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 24 months
D) 36 months

Question 45

In the Strange Situation,Jermaine used his mother as "secure base" as he actively explored the playroom.Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as

A) securely attached.
B) trusting attached.
C) agape-love attached.
D) solidly attached.

Question 46

Attachment theorists would AGREE on which of the following?

A) A critical period for attachment in humans exists during the first 2 months of life.
B) Secure attachment to a single primary caregiver is essential for healthy social development.
C) A child's temperament is more important than secure attachment for healthy social development.
D) Sensitive responsiveness on the part of caregivers will help infants develop secure attachments.

Question 47

Some researchers challenge findings based on use of the Strange Situation because

A) the Strange Situation is a controlled,artificial situation.
B) there is too little control of contextual factors in the Strange Situation.
C) information from the Strange Situation is biased by observers' impressions.
D) the Strange Situation traumatizes children and is unethical.

Question 48

Attachment refers to

A) a close bond between an infant and a caregiver.
B) a close bond between an infant and a contact comfort object.
C) an infant's tendency to use the mother as a secure base for exploring the world.
D) a positive reaction to being held and played with by people other than the primary caregiver.

Question 49

Jerome Kagan's views on attachment stress

A) the child's temperament.
B) the quality of parenting.
C) security of attachment to a primary caregiver.
D) diversity of social contexts in which the child participates.

Question 50

The Harry Harlow (1958)study concluded that contact comfort is more important for attachment than feeding.What evidence was used to support this conclusion?

A) Baby monkeys cried when separated from their mothers and stopped crying when reunited with their mothers.
B) Baby monkeys spent more time with cloth surrogate mothers than with wire surrogate mothers.
C) Baby monkeys spent more time with wire surrogate mothers than with cloth surrogate mothers.
D) Baby monkeys spent more time with surrogate mothers that fed them regardless of whether the mothers were wire or cloth.

Question 51

In the Strange Situation,Latoya basically ignored her mother,was not upset when she left the room,and did not seek her out when she returned.Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as

A) securely attached.
B) insecure avoidant.
C) insecure resistant.
D) insecure antisocial.

Question 52

In the Strange Situation,Cameron did not explore the playroom,clung to his mother when she was in the room,and was very upset when she left the room.When she returned,he appeared to be ambivalent-both wanting to be comforted by his mother,but pushing her away when she attempted to do so.Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as

A) securely attached.
B) insecure avoidant.
C) insecure resistant.
D) insecure disorganized.

Question 53

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth.It requires the infant to

A) crawl through a dark tunnel with his or her mother and a stranger waiting on the other side.
B) experience a series of introductions,separations,and reunions with the mother and a stranger.
C) experience loud noises in a room when placed in a room with only an adult stranger present.
D) choose between his or her mother and his or her father while experiencing a strange situation.

Question 54

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

A) overprotectiveness and criticism
B) neglectfulness and indifference
C) punitiveness and sarcasm
D) enmeshment and fear

Question 55

According to some research,what might be more important than attachment style in predicting later social functioning?

A) temperament
B) consistency in caregiving
C) level of autonomy
D) adaptability

Question 56

According to Erik Erikson,which of the following is true concerning children and autonomy?

A) Children who are exploring can never be given too much autonomy by their parents.
B) Children need to develop a sense of shame before they can understand autonomy.
C) Children develop autonomy first and learn to experience shame and doubt later in life.
D) Children feel excessive shame and doubt if consistently overprotected or criticized..

Question 57

When put on the floor to play,baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held.When her mother picks her up,though,Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away.Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is

A) securely attached.
B) insecure avoidant.
C) insecure resistant.
D) insecure organized.

Question 58

In a classic study of attachment by Harry Harlow,infant monkeys spent more time with the _______ monkey regardless of which monkey fed them.

A) wire
B) live
C) cloth
D) metal

Question 59

Janine impatiently grabs the door handle from her toddler daughter,quickly opens the door,and hurries the little girl through.Erik Erikson would say that Janine's daughter

A) has already developed a sense of shame and doubt due to her mother's behavior in this instance.
B) will develop a healthy sense of autonomy by resisting interactions like this.
C) will not develop shame and doubt if this type of interaction occurs consistently.
D) will develop a sense of shame and doubt if this type of interaction occurs consistently.

Question 60

Twenty-month-old Misha is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Misha will MOST likely

A) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B) touch the spot on the mirror,because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C) touch the spot on the mirror,because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D) crawl away from the mirror,because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

Question 61

Daniel and Guadalupe are angry with one another because of differences in their spending habits.Guadalupe snaps at their daughter and sends her to her room even though the little girl is not misbehaving.According to Jay Belsky's description of family interactions,this situation is an example of

A) a direct influence of the parent on the child.
B) a direct influence of the marital relationship on the child.
C) an indirect influence of the marital relationship on the child.
D) an indirect influence of child development on the marital relationship.

Question 62

How do child-care programs for children in low-income families compare with child care available to children in families of higher economic status?

A) Poor children in child-care programs enjoy better interactions with their teachers but encounter higher teacher-child ratios.
B) Higher-income children enjoy both better teacher-child ratios and better interactions with their teachers than do poor children in child-care programs.
C) A majority of child care in the first three years of life is of unacceptable low quality,but infants from low-income families have lower-quality child care than infants from higher-income families..
D) There is really no signifcant difference between the quality of child care for the poor and day care for those of higher income.

Question 63

Juanita notes that some days with her baby are harder than others."When I'm rested,he laughs and plays,and then I feel even better.But when I'm tired,it seems that he is crankier than ever,and then I get even crankier,and it just gets worse and worse!" These differences are the result of

A) attachment.
B) reciprocal socialization.
C) the infant socializing the parent.
D) the parent socializing the infant.

Question 64

Which of the following statements about reciprocal socialization is true?

A) Reciprocal socialization is unidirectional.
B) Children socialize parents just as parents socialize children.
C) Mutual eye contact plays only a minimal role in socialization.
D) Reciprocal behaviors of a mother and infant increase when they focus attention away from each other.

Question 65

A mother hands her baby a rattle,saying,"Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away,smiling and saying,"Thank you." She does this repeatedly,letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle.Eventually,the baby takes the rattle,holds it for a few seconds,and then holds it out to her mother and smiles.This is an example of

A) sociability.
B) scaffolding.
C) emotionality.
D) reciprocal socialization.

Question 66

Blanca rarely holds her baby Joey and tends to respond to his needs in an angry,irritable fashion.It is most likely that Joey will develop a _________ with his mother.

A) secure attachment
B) insecure avoidant attachment
C) insecure resistant infant attachment
D) disorganized resistant infant attachment

Question 67

Research on infant behavior in stressful situations with a stranger present indicates that infants

A) do not require comforting from either parent.
B) turn more to their mothers for comfort.
C) turn to both mothers and fathers equally.
D) turn more to their fathers for comfort if the stranger is an adult.

Question 68

Which of the following is generally true about child-care settings across the United States,according to your text?

A) They are generally good in quality.
B) They vary widely in quality.
C) The vast majority are small,unlicensed in-home programs.
D) The vast majority are large,licensed centers with large numbers of children.

Question 69

Reciprocal socialization is _______,whereas scaffolding is _______.

A) dyadic; polyadic
B) polyadic; dyadic
C) unidirectional; bidirectional
D) bidirectional; unidirectional

Question 70

In spite of modern criticism of the first theories of attachment and its significance in healthy development,

A) there is no evidence to support the criticism.
B) there is ample evidence that security of attachment is important to development.
C) there is more evidence to support those first theories than the newer ones.
D) people cling to the original theories to explain dysfunctional families.

Question 71

What is the MAIN difference between most child-care policies available in the United States and in Sweden?

A) level of inclusion of the father
B) provision of low-cost child care
C) level of inclusion of the extended family
D) provision of developmentally appropriate child care

Question 72

Which of the following pairs is correct?

A) insecure resistant infant and abusive parenting
B) insecure avoidant infant and rejecting parenting
C) insecure avoidant infant and disorganized parenting
D) disorganized infant and inconsistent parenting

Question 73

A criticism of attachment theory is that

A) other factors may be more important to an infant's adaptations to life.
B) there are different types of attachment,not just one type.
C) the theory does not explain how attachment relates to other aspects of development such as social development.
D) the theory indicates that children can become attached to parents who are insensitive or abusive.

Question 74

Mary often plays the game peek-a-boo with her baby.Initially,Mary covers her baby and then removes the cover,registering "surprise" at the baby's reappearance.After a time,her baby does the covering and uncovering.This is an example of

A) object permanence.
B) scaffolding.
C) attachment.
D) sociability.

Question 75

The research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers

A) are less able to be nurturing caregivers than mothers.
B) are biologically more suited for a nurturing caregiver role than are mothers.
C) interact with their babies in different ways depending on whether they are the primary caregiver.
D) interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do,regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver.

Question 76

Marcus and Debra used to go out quite often.Since their baby's birth,they have preferred spending time at home playing with the baby or going to places where they can stroll with the baby leisurely and window-shop.This change in Marcus and Debra's behavior is an example of

A) attachment.
B) scaffolding.
C) the infant socializing the parents.
D) the parents socializing the infant.

Question 77

When parents select and attend to certain behaviors,initially demonstrating them for their child,then gradually turning over more of the responsibility for the behavior to the child,the parents are engaging in

A) attachment.
B) scaffolding.
C) indirect interactions.
D) reciprocal socialization.

Question 78

Which of the following BEST exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?

A) Mothers smile more at their children.
B) Fathers are more physical with their children.
C) Mothers express more emotions with their children.
D) Fathers are less affectionate with their children.

Question 79

The longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development concluded that

A) income alone predicts whether children will become securely attached.
B) a child in child care,regardless of the quality,will be more socially incompetent.
C) the home environment is twice as important a predictor of whether children will become attached to their caregivers.
D) high-quality child care increases cognitive ability.

Question 80

Beth,who is 6 months old,has a 17-year-old mother who is not sure about how to interact with her.Beth's mother is inconsistent,sometimes responding to Beth's needs and sometimes not responding to her needs.Beth most likely will be a(n)_______ infant.

A) secure
B) insecure avoidant
C) insecure resistant
D) insecure organized