Deck 10: Emotional Development

Question 1

Jason was confused about whether to propose marriage to his girlfriend.After considerable internal debate,he decided to propose.After he proposed and she accepted,he felt great and knew he had done the right thing.As the wedding date approached,however,he was overcome with doubt.He considered calling off the wedding but did not.Today he is very happily married and is glad that he stayed with his decision.Jason's experience is an example of:

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) the MAMA cycle of identity development.
D) the values-conflict tension in identity development.

Answer 1

the MAMA cycle of identity development.

Question 2

Destine has a close friend who is gay.Destine understands her friend very well and empathizes with her experience.Destine is showing a good sense of:

A) identity.
B) individuality.
C) connectedness.
D) identity assimilation.

Answer 2

connectedness.

Question 3

Unlike with Erik Erikson's traditional view of identity formation,contemporary theorists believe that identity is formed by:

A) a gradual process of discovery and development that continues through adulthood.
B) the time an adolescent reaches the age of 18 or is graduated from high school.
C) the resolution of a series of crises that emerge during adolescent development.
D) development that takes place in a series of discontinuous stages throughout life.

Answer 3

a gradual process of discovery and development that continues through adulthood.

Question 4

Harrison has thought for a long time about his future plans.He considered going to a technical college,but he also considered the value of getting a liberal arts degree from a 4-year college.The decision caused Harrison a lot of anxiety.Finally,he decided to attend the technical college.He is still wondering if his choice was the correct one.According to James Marcia,Harrison is now in a state of:

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 5

According to James Marcia,the term _______ refers to the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do.

A) moratorium
B) commitment
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Question 6

Researchers believe that many adolescents who develop positive identities:

A) never enter into an identity crisis.
B) follow the MAMA cycle of identity.
C) reach identity foreclosure by age 16.
D) reach identity achievement by age 16.

Question 7

Mutuality and permeability are two dimensions of:

A) foreclosure.
B) achievement.
C) individuality.
D) connectedness.

Question 8

According to the contemporary view of identity development,your sense of identity is determined:

A) through attachment during infancy.
B) by your choice of family lifestyle.
C) by resolving the identity crisis during adolescence.
D) during infancy,childhood,adolescence,adulthood,and old age.

Question 9

Identity _______ is James Marcia's term for the status of adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis,and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined.

A) confusion
B) stagnation
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 10

Steve and Jen believe that they should make certain that their adolescent knows the right choices to make,and they use harsh punishment when their directives are not followed.This pattern is likely to promote _______ in their adolescent.

A) identity diffusion
B) identity foreclosure
C) identity moratorium
D) identity achievement

Question 11

Martha's daughter has come to her for advice about what to do with her future.Her mother explains that any decisions made now are not permanent and that her daughter will continue to reevaluate her decisions for the rest of her life.Her daughter is relieved to hear that she does not need to decide "everything" now,but she is not comfortable knowing that these important decisions will continue to come up in the future.Martha is trying to help her daughter understand that true identity development:

A) requires exploring one's individuality.
B) may not be stable after teen resolution.
C) requires foreclosure in early adulthood.
D) never really happens because we are never sure who we are.

Question 12

An adolescent who is experimenting with different vocational possibilities is experiencing what psychologist James Marcia calls:

A) crisis.
B) commitment.
C) foreclosure.
D) moratorium.

Question 13

According to Erik Erikson,the adolescent identity crisis is:

A) a natural and healthy part of development.
B) an abnormal and unhealthy state that occurs when development goes awry.
C) a simple problem to resolve for well-adjusted adolescents.
D) something that develops when parents put too much pressure on adolescents to grow up.

Question 14

Researchers believe that the most important changes in identity happen during young adulthood rather than during adolescence because:

A) adolescents have not achieved the mental development required to achieve an identity.
B) college juniors and seniors are more likely to have completed identity achievement than younger people.
C) sexual orientation is not fully established until the late adolescent or early adult years.
D) identity development appears to follow the MAMA cycle.

Question 15

Maria,at age 16,sometimes has mixed-up feelings.Sometimes she gets angry with her parents because they will not let her stay out late and date whom she pleases,but at other times she is angry because they do not seem to nurture her the way they do her younger brother and sisters.Maria is experiencing what Erik Erikson called:

A) identity withdrawal.
B) recognition confusion.
C) psychological diffusion.
D) psychosocial moratorium.

Question 16

D'Shawn and Mia believe that,to help reduce conflict at home,they should not interfere with their adolescent's choices.This pattern is likely to provide _______ in their adolescent.

A) identity diffusion
B) identity foreclosure
C) identity moratorium
D) identity achievement

Question 17

Self-assertion and separateness are two dimensions of:

A) foreclosure.
B) achievement.
C) individuality.
D) connectedness.

Question 18

According to Erik Erikson,adolescents who become withdrawn and isolated from their peers and family are suffering from:

A) recognition confusion.
B) identity confusion.
C) recognition moratorium.
D) identity moratorium.

Question 19

Cooper and Grotevant (1989)believe that proper identity development occurs when parents encourage _______ in adolescents.

A) individuality
B) connectedness
C) both individuality and connectedness
D) neither individuality nor connectedness

Question 20

Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in the state college near their hometown.Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself,and he will probably do what they advise.According to the psychologist James Marcia,accepting his parents' advice will put Ramon into:

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 21

Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because adolescents:

A) want autonomy,whereas parents want control.
B) want control,whereas parents want autonomy.
C) and parents have different value systems that are in conflict.
D) want help from parents,but parents want adolescents to work things out themselves.

Question 22

Which of the following statements does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?

A) Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.
B) Parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C) As adolescents mature,they detach from their parents.
D) As adolescents mature,they move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

Question 23

Carlos feels sad and disappointed that he was jilted by his girlfriend.Who is he likely to turn to for reassurance?

A) his mother
B) his best friend
C) an older sibling
D) his father

Question 24

Which of the following would likely be said by a parent who is enabling adolescent identity development?

A) "I will not allow you to make such a huge mistake.You will not be allowed to do such a thing while you are living with me!"
B) "You have to learn to think through problems on your own.I can't make your decisions for you,so let me know what you've decided."
C) "I really don't feel that I should have to be involved here.You handle this decision on your own."
D) "I know that you feel you don't have any other options,but I disagree with what you are considering.I'd like for us to discuss this in more detail."

Question 25

Harry Stack Sullivan believes most adolescent friendships are built on a need for:

A) respect.
B) compatibility.
C) intimacy.
D) similarity.

Question 26

Which of the following is an appropriate response for a parent who is in conflict with his or her child?

A) realizing that adolescence lasts a long time and being patient with the child
B) demanding complete compliance from the child to prevent a domino effect from developing
C) relaxing demands on the child to a minimum to stop the conflict
D) seeking outside help from a professional

Question 27

The identity of first-generation immigrants is secure and usually stable.Any feelings of being American that they develop are usually based on:

A) learning English.
B) developing social networks beyond their group of friends.
C) becoming culturally competent.
D) all of these.

Question 28

Research shows that the adolescents who deal best with separation from parents are the ones who have ________ attachment to their parents.

A) slight
B) carefree
C) secure
D) insecure

Question 29

An "American" identity may be more secure for second-generation immigrants than for their parents because:

A) their parents gave up their ethnic identity.
B) citizenship is granted at birth.
C) they usually speak English.
D) they disassociate themselves from their ethnic background.

Question 30

Which of the following would wise parents do as their adolescent children push for control?

A) Let their children control areas of their lives that they understand.
B) Monitor but not interfere in their children's lives.
C) Let children have primary control over important decisions in their lives.
D) There is no rule for this situation; each family must decide what is best for them.

Question 31

Adolescents who have no close friendships tend to:

A) be more depressed than their peers.
B) develop healthier self-esteem than their peers.
C) engage in more delinquent behavior than their peers.
D) become more social as they grow older.

Question 32

One benefit of adolescent-parent conflict is that it:

A) teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect.
B) helps adolescents in developing greater autonomy.
C) convinces adolescents that their parents are wiser than they thought.
D) teaches adolescents how to be more effective in the way they argue.

Question 33

Regi gets into a lot of arguments with his parents.Research on parent-adolescent conflict suggests that the type of thing that Regi and his parents probably argue about the MOST is:

A) whether Regi uses drugs.
B) Regi's delinquent behavior.
C) Regi's friends.
D) whether Regi keeps his room clean.

Question 34

Conflict with parents most often escalates during:

A) early adolescence.
B) middle adolescence.
C) late adolescence.
D) the college years.

Question 35

A key way in which the old and new models of parent-adolescent relationships DIFFER is that the:

A) old model suggests that a close relationship exists between adolescents and their parents.
B) new model suggests that a close relationship exists between adolescents and their parents.
C) old model indicates that parent-child conflicts are greatest early in adolescence.
D) new model recommends that parents detach from their adolescent children.

Question 36

Montemayor (1982)estimated that approximately _______ of families experience an intense and unhealthy amount of parent-adolescent conflict.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 40%

Question 37

Elizabeth has very positive relationships with her peers.She identifies strongly with them,is well liked,and confides closely in her best friends.Research shows that adolescents like Elizabeth tend to have:

A) close and secure relationships with their parents as well.
B) closer relationships with their same-sex parent than with their opposite-sex parent.
C) insecure relationships with their parents,because they focus more on their friends.
D) insecure relationships with their parents,so they use their friends to compensate.

Question 38

According to research,adolescents who express disagreement with parents explore identity development _______ adolescents who do not express disagreement with their parents.

A) less actively than
B) equally as active as
C) more actively than
D) more erratically than

Question 39

Parents who are _______ active in their teen's life have _______ conflicts with them.

A) more; more
B) less; fewer
C) more; fewer
D) more; no

Question 40

Although the period of adolescence is no longer considered a time of ________,it does normally involve emotional highs and lows in most adolescents.

A) rebellion
B) storm and stress
C) rapid brain development
D) developmental disruption

Question 41

A new trend in dating among teens is:

A) dating in groups.
B) dating over the Internet.
C) dating multiple partners at once.
D) dating from different ethnic backgrounds.

Question 42

Which of the following best describes how childhood peer groups differ from adolescent peer groups?

A) Childhood peer groups are not as formalized as adolescent peer groups.
B) Childhood peer groups are more formalized than adolescent peer groups.
C) Childhood peer groups have more opposite-sex participation in groups than adolescent peer groups.
D) Childhood peer groups are more heterogeneous than adolescent peer groups.

Question 43

Which of the following is true when comparing childhood and adolescent groups?

A) Adolescent groups are more interest based.
B) Childhood groups are more ethnically diverse.
C) Childhood groups have a more rigid structure.
D) Adolescent groups are more neighborhood based.

Question 44

Ethnic families who have been fully assimilated into American culture tend to:

A) lose their traditional ethnic customs.
B) practice the ethnic traditions and customs of their ancestors.
C) see their traditional customs incorporated into the American culture.
D) accommodate their traditional customs to better fit with mainstream society.

Question 45

Cultures that have formalized rites of passage are expressing their belief that the transition from adolescence into adulthood is:

A) too easy.
B) traumatic.
C) a continuous developmental process.
D) a discontinuous developmental process.

Question 46

In most cultures,the rite of passage is designed to:

A) maintain a controlled and responsible level of birth rate.
B) test whether adolescents are ready for adult responsibilities.
C) test whether adolescents know enough about sexuality to begin selecting mates.
D) help adolescents separate from parents and make the transition to adult status.

Question 47

The difference between a clique and a crowd is:

A) the amount of time spent together.
B) the interests shared.
C) the size of the group.
D) the amount of proximity.

Question 48

Where are rites ofpassage most numerous?

A) Africa
B) South America
C) Australia
D) Asia

Question 49

What distinguishes the locations where rites of passage are prevalent?

A) strong distinctions between age groups
B) resistance to Western culture
C) rigid social structure
D) low access to formal education

Question 50

Investigators have found that conformity to peer standards peaks around which grade level?

A) sixth to seventh grade
B) eighth to ninth grade
C) 10th to 11th grade
D) 12th grade

Question 51

When adolescents are required to undergo some type of initiation or hazing before they can join a gang or clique,this is comparable to a:

A) rite of passage.
B) gang moratorium.
C) test of identity.
D) diffusion of acceptance.

Question 52

Given what we know about the influence of peers on adolescents,an adolescent's desire to spend a great deal of time with a clique is probably:

A) positive,because cliques have good effects on self-esteem.
B) negative,because cliques tend to exaggerate individuals' bad characteristics.
C) neither positive nor negative,because the key influence is other aspects of an adolescent's life before he or she joins a clique.
D) either positive or negative,depending on what behavior the clique promotes.

Question 53

Aaron is a junior in high school.Some of Aaron's close friends have recently started engaging in vandalism and writing graffiti.What is Aaron likely to do?

A) He is likely to stop spending time with these friends and join a more positive group.
B) He is less likely to join in these behaviors than when he was 2 years younger.
C) He is more likely to join in these behaviors than when he was 2 years younger.
D) He is likely to engage in even more extreme forms of these behaviors to prove his group membership.

Question 54

The process by which minority groups are absorbed into the dominant society is called:

A) assimilation.
B) transmigration.
C) acculturation.
D) reciprocation.

Question 55

Some parents are strongly opposed to bilingual education in their schools.They argue that immigrant children should learn to speak English,so they can function better in our society.Parents who hold this view are showing their preference that ethnic minorities be:

A) isolated within our society.
B) assimilated into our society.
C) part of our pluralistic society.
D) accommodated by the educational system.

Question 56

_______ refers to the coexistence of distinct ethnic and cultural groups in the same society.

A) Dualism
B) Pluralism
C) Bilateralism
D) Continuism

Question 57

The relationship between self-esteem and crowd membership is:

A) unidirectional
B) bidirectional
C) causative
D) nonexistent

Question 58

Manfred is worried about his 16-year-old son hanging around much older people in the neighborhood.Research suggests that Manfred:

A) should not be concerned,since adolescents frequently have much older friends.
B) should not try to stop his son from hanging out with these friends,since it increases the chance that his son will rebel.
C) has reason to worry,since his son is more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors.
D) should not worry,because his son will soon tire of his older friends and turn to friends his own age.

Question 59

The transition from adolescence to adulthood for cultures that have rites of passage is less _______ than for cultures that do not.

A) discontinuous
B) stressful
C) continuous
D) dramatic

Question 60

In view of what you have learned about adolescent social development,which of the following is a likely reason for the commonness of cliques during adolescence?

A) Cliques provide a place for adolescents to learn antisocial behaviors.
B) Cliques provide a transition between close dependence on family and adult independence.
C) Cliques provide an opportunity for social interaction among those who have few close friends.
D) Cliques encourage adolescents to become more aware of their own personal values and opinions.

Question 61

This theorist suggested that one's main task in establishing an identity is to balance the need for individuality and the need for connectedness.

Question 62

Why do females have higher rates of depression than do males?

A) Females have more negative self-images than do males.
B) Society encourages sadness in females but anger in males.
C) Females have lower amounts of serotonin in their brains than males.
D) They do not; they just seek help more frequently than do males.

Question 63

The high school in Johnson Station holds an ethnic festival each year where traditional folk songs and dances are performed,traditional foods are sold,and arts and crafts are displayed from various ethnic groups.Recognizing diversity between ethnic groups is all part of Johnson Station's celebrating that we live in:

A) a pluralistic society.
B) a value-laden society.
C) an assimilated society.
D) an ethnic-transitional society.

Question 64

If a community wants to develop programs to help at-risk youths,an important component to include in the program would be:

A) intensive individual attention.
B) strong academic support.
C) community role models.
D) tactics to "scare teens straight."

Question 65

Assimilation is to _______,as pluralism is to _______.

A) absorption; coexistence.
B) coexistence; absorption.
C) cognitive dimension; social dimension.
D) social dimension; cognitive dimension.

Question 66

How early should intervention occur to prevent juvenile delinquency?

A) preschool
B) elementary school
C) junior high school
D) high school

Question 67

"Viva diversity!" versus "America the melting pot" shows the two sides of:

A) ethnic identity status.
B) value conflicts about ethnicity.
C) the pluralism-diversity conflict.
D) the assimilation-accommodation argument about ethnicity.

Question 68

The one commonality of successful programs developed to help at-risk youths is that they:

A) provide consistent consequences for behavior.
B) provide community involvement.
C) use a collaborative approach.
D) use peer interactions to facilitate learning and growth.

Question 69

Erik Erikson views juvenile delinquency as an attempt to:

A) avoid forming an identity.
B) rebel against an identity.
C) form a negative identity.
D) have society impose an identity.

Question 70

Which group of U.S.adolescents has the lowest rate of juvenile criminal offenses?

A) females
B) African Americans
C) the poor
D) Latinos

Question 71

This theorist proposed a theoretical extension to Erik Erikson's "identity" construct.He formulated a classification of identity statuses,where each of four identity status was the result of the existence or absence of "crisis" and "commitment".

Question 72

Because of his Asian background,everyone expects Wen-Yen to excel in school.This type of stereotype exists because Wen-Yen is a member of:

A) a pluralistic society.
B) a higher social class.
C) a "model minority" group.
D) an assimilated minority group.

Question 73

The double disadvantage suffered by ethnic minority adolescents consists of:

A) the lack of clear rites of passage and identity confusion.
B) diversity and difference.
C) prejudice and poverty.
D) bias and assimilation.

Question 74

Ms.Borthwick-Duffy is teaching parents about the risk factors for depression in teens.She should discuss all of the following,EXCEPT:

A) marital strife between parents.
B) economic strife in the family.
C) having a late onset of puberty.
D) the emotionally unavailable parent.

Question 75

This person is considered to be the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships.He argued that friends help adolescents meet basic social needs such as the need for social acceptance and intimacy.

Question 76

Deanna,a depressed adolescent,is considering suicide.She is:

A) most likely to use a gun as a method of attempting suicide.
B) likely to have a history of difficult relations with her family.
C) more likely to succeed in her attempt than is an adolescent boy.
D) an exception,in that few adolescents consider such a drastic action.

Question 77

Although Kesha lives in an affluent suburb with parents who are white-collar professionals,she still feels the stress of being an ethnic minority in America.This is because:

A) ethnic groups have been assimilated in the American experience.
B) the rites of passage differ among different ethnic groups in America.
C) race and genes determine many universals of adolescent development.
D) discrimination and bias pervade the United States across economic levels.

Question 78

In the study of adolescent development,many differences that are found between ethnic groups (African-Americans,whites,Latinos,etc.)are really results of:

A) race.
B) genetics.
C) cultural mores.
D) socioeconomic levels.

Question 79

Juvenile delinquency is negatively correlated with:

A) income.
B) number of children in the house.
C) age of the mother.
D) age of the offender.

Question 80

Why do males have higher rates of suicide than females?

A) They are more depressed than females.
B) They attempt suicide more frequently than do females.
C) They use more lethal means than do females.
D) They give no warning signs before they kill themselves.