Deck 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her,especially to his/her well-being,are known as:

A)temperament.
B)emotions.
C)personality traits.
D)feeling states.

Answer 1

emotions.

Question 2

Which of the following is an emotional expression that infants display when interacting with parents?

A)Crying
B)Pouting
C)Growling
D)Sneering

Answer 2

Crying

Question 3

Most of the _____ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

A)unconscious
B)primary
C)negative
D)self-conscious

Answer 3

self-conscious

Question 4

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

A)Other-conscious
B)Innate
C)Regulated
D)Synchronous

Question 5

Makiko feels ashamed when her friend comes over for a play-date and teases her about wearing night-time diapers.This is an example of _____ emotions.

A)primary
B)other worldly
C)other-conscious
D)conscious

Question 6

Especially in infancy,emotions play important roles in:

A)independence.
B)reciprocal socialization.
C)sensation.
D)behavioral organization.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE?

A)Emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.
B)Social relationships provide the setting for the development of a rich variety of emotions.
C)Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional.
D)Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences.

Question 8

Which of the following is an "other-conscious" emotion?

A)Interest
B)Pride
C)Disgust
D)Fear

Question 9

_____ is an emotion that occurs for the first time in infants at some point in the second half of the first year or during the second year of life.

A)Joy
B)Anger
C)Fear
D)Pride

Question 10

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development,such as Jerome Kagan,on the infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt,pride,despair,shame,empathy,and jealousy in the first year?

A)The structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year.
B)Infants characterized by negative affectivity are more prone to experience such emotions in the first year.
C)The excitability of the amygdala plays an important role in the development of such emotions.
D)Cultural differences in temperament prevent Asian infants from experiencing such emotions in the first year.

Question 11

Emotions are influenced by both _____ foundations and by a person's experiences.

A)biological
B)cognitive
C)physical
D)desires

Question 12

Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

A)Cognition
B)Communication
C)Sensation
D)Suckling

Question 13

When infants become stressed,they show better biological recovery from the stressors when their caregivers

A)ignore the infant's responses.
B)give the infants something sweet to eat.
C)engage in sensitive caregiving with them.
D)increase the number of stressors in the environment.

Question 14

A recent study examined the synchronous relationship between maternal responses and infants.Mothers who received a negative evaluation and displayed negative emotions had infants who:

A)smiled more and had a decreased heart rate.
B)displayed similar negative emotions as evidenced by increases in heart rate.
C)were more likely to giggle when reunited with the mother.
D)were likely to seek out an alternate caregiver when reunited with the mother.

Question 15

Which of the following emotions is expressed by infants in the first six months of life?

A)Shame
B)Embarrassment
C)Jealousy
D)Fear

Question 16

Experts on infant socioemotional development,such as Jerome Kagan,conclude that _____ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.

A)lack of innate emotions in the infant brain
B)the structural immaturity of the infant brain
C)incomplete myelination in the first two months
D)lack of reciprocity of emotional expressions

Question 17

When toddlers hear their parents quarreling,they

A)often increase their level of play.
B)often react with distress.
C)are oblivious to what their parents are doing.
D)smile more than usual.

Question 18

The interactions between parents and infants are described as _____ when all is going well.

A)unidirectional
B)reciprocal
C)asynchronous
D)unregulated

Question 19

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping,it often looks like she is smiling.This is an example of a _____ smile.

A)private
B)reflexive
C)natural
D)social

Question 20

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true?

A)They are emotions that are present in humans and other animals.
B)These emotions appear in the first six months of the infant's development.
C)They include emotions like surprise,interest,joy,anger,sadness,fear,and disgust.
D)They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.

Question 21

The development of _____ helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately,as when they encounter a stranger.

A)infinite generativity
B)deferred imitation
C)social referencing
D)reciprocal socialization

Question 22

According to many developmental psychologists,soothing a crying infant should:

A)dissuade the infant from engaging in reciprocal socialization.
B)cause the infant to become insecurely attached to the caregiver.
C)help the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver.
D)encourage the infant to engage in scaffolding.

Question 23

In the second year of life,infants tend to "check" with their mother before they act; they look at her to see if she is happy,angry,or fearful.This is an example of:

A)infinite generativity.
B)social referencing.
C)deferred imitation.
D)reciprocal socialization.

Question 24

A study of four different cultures found,similarly,that separation protest peaked at about

A)2 to 3 years of age.
B)4 to 6 months.
C)13 to 15 months.
D)5 to 6 years of age.

Question 25

Babies have three types of cries.Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A)The anger cry
B)The hunger cry
C)The pain cry
D)The basic cry

Question 26

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles.Researchers call this type of smiling:

A)trust smiling.
B)social smiling.
C)reflexive smiling.
D)attachment smiling.

Question 27

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly.It is a sudden long,initial loud cry followed by breath holding.This type of cry indicates that Trey is:

A)experiencing pain.
B)experiencing embarrassment.
C)very angry.
D)very hungry.

Question 28

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves:

A)fear of heights.
B)separation protest.
C)stranger anxiety.
D)ostracism fear.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding separation protests?

A)The percentage of infants who engaged in separation protest varied across cultures.
B)Infants reached a peak of protest at about the same age across cultures.
C)It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.
D)It peaks at about 15 months among U.S.infants.

Question 30

Quimby,age 15 months,looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home.Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice.Quimby is engaging in:

A)social checking.
B)social scoping.
C)social referencing.
D)social validation.

Question 31

Higher maternal effortful control and positive emotionality was linked to:

A)an increase in the fear response of infants.
B)an increase in reflexive smiling.
C)an increase in crying.
D)an increase in social smiling and laughter.

Question 32

Which of the following is TRUE of social smiling?

A)It does not occur in response to external stimuli.
B)It appears during the first month after birth.
C)It usually appears during sleep.
D)The external stimulus is typically a face,in the case of young infants.

Question 33

According to developmental psychologists,the best time to soothe an infant is:

A)right after they have become mildly distressed.
B)right after they have become severely distressed.
C)right before the infant gets into an intense,agitated state.
D)the next day,because the infant is likely to be calm by then.

Question 34

In which of the following situations will 9-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety?

A)When she meets an unsmiling stranger at her home
B)When she meets another 9-month-old baby at her home
C)When she meets a passive stranger in an unfamiliar place
D)When she meets an aggressive stranger in an unfamiliar place

Question 35

When an infant puts her thumb in her mouth to help soothe herself,the infant is exhibiting:

A)the ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reactions.
B)the ability to increase distress reactions from her parents.
C)the lack of emotional inhibition.
D)the early signs of an intellectual disability.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?

A)It is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world.
B)The first cry verifies that the baby's lungs have filled with air.
C)It provides information about the health of the newborn's central nervous system.
D)Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry.

Question 37

Infants show _____ when they are in familiar settings.

A)more stranger anxiety
B)no separation protest
C)less stranger anxiety
D)more separation protest

Question 38

Nakita is 6 months old,and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her.She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions,_____.

A)fear
B)embarrassment
C)jealousy
D)pride

Question 39

Separation protest is characterized by:

A)rejoicing when the caregiver returns.
B)crying when the caregiver shouts.
C)crying when the caregiver leaves.
D)indifference to the whereabouts of the caregiver.

Question 40

What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?

A)Social referencing
B)Deferred imitation
C)Infinite generativity
D)Reciprocal socialization

Question 41

Mary Rothbart and John Bates stress that _____ is an important dimension of temperament in infants,because it shows the ability (or the lack of it)to keep their arousal from getting too intense and have strategies for soothing themselves.

A)introversion
B)effortful control
C)emotionality
D)extraversion

Question 42

Betty and Allen's child,Cara,is usually in a pleasant mood.She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes.According to Chess and Thomas,Cara would be classified as a(n):

A)passive child.
B)easy child.
C)slow-to-warm-up child.
D)inhibited child.

Question 43

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas,a(n)_____ child is generally in a positive mood,quickly establishes regular routines in infancy,and adapts easily to new experiences.

A)slow-to-warm-up
B)easy
C)difficult
D)inflexible

Question 44

_____ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

A)Social referencing
B)Secure attachment
C)Goodness of fit
D)Reciprocal socialization

Question 45

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on:

A)inhibition to the unfamiliar.
B)positive or negative mood state.
C)effortful control.
D)(hyper)activity level.

Question 46

Infants of extraverted mothers showed ______ levels of effortful control than infants of mothers who were stressed.

A)lower
B)higher
C)no
D)equal

Question 47

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas,a(n)_____ child has a low activity level,is somewhat negative,and displays a low intensity of mood.

A)slow-to-warm-up
B)easy
C)difficult
D)flexible

Question 48

Sakura isn't a particularly active child,and he tends to be wary of new situations and people.Although he doesn't cry,he dislikes dealing with novel situations.According to Thomas and Chess,he would be classified as a(n):

A)easy child.
B)difficult child.
C)slow-to-warm-up child.
D)slow child.

Question 49

In their longitudinal investigation,Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy.

A)25
B)30
C)40
D)55

Question 50

According to a recent study,maternal _____ statements but not maternal warm statements increased shy toddlers' social play with peers.

A)encouraging
B)benevolent
C)friendly
D)demonstrative

Question 51

_____ involves individual differences in behavioral styles,emotions,and characteristic ways of responding.

A)Attachment
B)Temperament
C)Perception
D)Social referencing

Question 52

Infant Angela is frustrated.Her ability to wait longer to express her anger and possibly engage in a self-regulatory strategy like distraction will depend on:

A)her effortful control.
B)her biological make-up.
C)the peers she chooses.
D)her intelligence level.

Question 53

"Easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are three basic types of _____ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.

A)trust
B)emotion
C)attachment
D)temperament

Question 54

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas,a(n)_____ child reacts negatively and cries frequently,engages in irregular daily routines,and is slow to accept change.

A)slow-to-warm-up
B)easy
C)difficult
D)flexible

Question 55

When placed in his bed for the night,after a little crying and whimpering,a 20-month-old was overhead saying,"Go sleep,Alex.Okay." This is an example of:

A)infinite generativity.
B)reciprocal socialization.
C)deferred imitation.
D)emotional regulation.

Question 56

According to Jerome Kagan,temperament:

A)is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however,temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment.
B)is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment.
C)is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input.
D)results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles.

Question 57

In their longitudinal investigation,Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as difficult.

A)10
B)30
C)40
D)55

Question 58

An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Low thyroxine levels
B)Stable heart rate
C)High level of the hormone cortisol
D)High activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain

Question 59

When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class,he was quite upset.He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children.According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas,what type of temperament does Josh have?

A)Slow-to-warm-up
B)Easy
C)Difficult
D)Inflexible

Question 60

In North America,parents tend to prefer children with a(n)_____ temperament,whereas in China,a(n)_____ temperament is more highly valued.

A)active; inhibited
B)inhibited; active
C)inner focused; outward focused
D)outward focused; inner focused

Question 61

Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Tyler will MOST likely:

A)touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B)touch the spot on the mirror,because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C)touch the spot on the mirror,because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D)crawl away from the mirror,because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

Question 62

According to Freud,infants become attached to the person or object:

A)that is perceived as a non-stranger.
B)that provides physical comfort.
C)that provides oral satisfaction.
D)that provides a sense of trust.

Question 63

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment.However,her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from going to the backyard or garden in their house.Developmental psychologists would say that a discussion of this discrepancy concerns:

A)goodness of fit.
B)nonreciprocal interactions.
C)social dysfunction.
D)insecure attachment.

Question 64

What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?

A)Contact comfort is not the crucial element in the attachment process.
B)Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process.
C)Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.
D)Feeding and contact comfort are equally important in the attachment process.

Question 65

During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,what is MOST likely to occur?

A)An infant will show signs of attachment toward the caregiver and anxiety toward strangers.
B)An infant will begin to attach to one person and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.
C)An infant is securely attached to the mother but is still trying to form an attachment with the father.
D)An infant is likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to strangers,siblings,or parents.

Question 66

Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Michael will MOST likely:

A)touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B)touch the spot on the mirror,because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C)touch the spot on the mirror,because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D)crawl away from the mirror,because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror.

Question 67

According to John Bowlby,at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

A)Before 6 months
B)Between 12 to 18 months
C)Between 18 to 20 months
D)From 24 months on

Question 68

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

A)Overprotectiveness and criticism
B)Neglectfulness and indifference
C)Enmeshment and fear
D)Patience and tolerance

Question 69

Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction.These researchers are studying the concept of:

A)trust.
B)attachment.
C)temperament.
D)sense of self.

Question 70

Which of the following characterizes phase 1 of Bowlby's model of attachment?

A)Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
B)Children become aware of others' feelings,goals,and plans,and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
C)Attachment becomes focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver.
D)Infants start to lose attachment to their primary caregivers.

Question 71

Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions?

A)Habituation
B)Joint attention
C)Core knowledge approach
D)The A-not-B error

Question 72

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.

A)curiosity
B)dependence
C)autonomy
D)fear

Question 73

An infant's ability to crawl,walk,and eventually run is called:

A)locomotion.
B)social referencing.
C)scaffolding.
D)emotional regulation.

Question 74

According to Erikson,_____ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants.

A)physical comfort and sensitive care
B)feeding and physical comfort
C)contact comfort and feeding
D)oral satisfaction and physical comfort

Question 75

The fact that infants are captivated by the social world,are attuned to the sounds of human voices,and stare intently at the faces of their caregivers is reflective of their:

A)social orientation.
B)physical development.
C)need for autonomy.
D)desire for independence.

Question 76

In terms of infant social sophistication and insight,researchers have found that:

A)infants do not exhibit any of these characteristics.
B)infants exhibit these characteristics only in the presence of others.
C)infants exhibit these characteristics much later than originally believed.
D)infants exhibit these characteristics earlier than originally believed.

Question 77

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be MOST likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant?

A)Do not soothe the baby because he/she will become spoiled.
B)Pick up the baby and soothe him/her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
C)Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child.
D)Soothe the baby about every other time so that he/she does not become dependent on external comforters.

Question 78

Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play; he goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running.Juan is probably:

A)around 6 months old.
B)between 6 and 9 months old.
C)between 12 and 18 months old.
D)between 18 and 24 months old.

Question 79

Engaging in face-to-face play primarily promotes an infant's _____ development.

A)psychosocial
B)cognitive
C)physical
D)biological

Question 80

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned.In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

A)In infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed
B)In infants' awareness of the "self" as an independent entity
C)In infants' development of more finely refined sensory perceptions,such as vision and hearing
D)In infants' ability to manipulate objects in an effective manner