Deck 2: Biological Beginnings

Question 1

During the process of _____,the cell's nucleus-including the chromosomes-duplicates itself and the cell divides,resulting in the formation of two cells.

A)meiosis
B)osmosis
C)fertilization
D)mitosis

Answer 1

mitosis

Question 2

According to the concept of natural selection,the best-adapted individuals:

A)are more likely to survive and leave the most offspring.
B)are more likely to succumb to the depletion of environmental resources in an area.
C)are less likely to reproduce than their less well-adapted peers.
D)are not present in most cultures.

Answer 2

are more likely to survive and leave the most offspring.

Question 3

During _____,a cell of the testes in men or ovaries in women duplicates its chromosomes and then divides twice,thus forming four cells,each of which has only half the genetic material of the parent cell.

A)meiosis
B)mitosis
C)osmosis
D)fertilization

Answer 3

meiosis

Question 4

_____,the units of hereditary information,are short segments of DNA.They direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.

A)Genes
B)Chromosomes
C)RNA
D)Ribosomes

Question 5

_____ selection is the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted to their environment are the ones that are most likely to survive and reproduce.

A)Natural
B)Environmental
C)Random
D)Necessary

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the activity of genes is TRUE?

A)Genes are not collaborative.
B)A single gene codes for a single,specific protein.
C)Genetic expression is unaffected by environmental factors.
D)Events inside of the cell can excite or inhibit genetic expression.

Question 7

The food-scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods-a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful.This illustrates how:

A)socialization influences the development of behavior and cognitive skills in human beings.
B)evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society.
C)organisms pass on characteristics they had acquired during their lifetime to their offspring.
D)the benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age.

Question 8

According to evolutionary developmental psychologists,many evolved psychological mechanisms are _____.That is,the mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's makeup.

A)domain-specific
B)maladjusted
C)non-operational
D)general purpose devices

Question 9

The genome-wide association method is used to:

A)identify genetic variations linked to a particular disease.
B)uncover the role of the environment in our decision-making processes.
C)identify individuals who have cancer.
D)improve exercise and nutrition for pregnant women.

Question 10

In human beings,by the end of meiosis,each egg or sperm has _____ chromosomes.

A)46 paired
B)23 unpaired
C)23 paired
D)46 unpaired

Question 11

The nucleus of each human cell contains _____,which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

A)mitochondria
B)ribosomes
C)chromosomes
D)mesosomes

Question 12

A cell which contains 12 pairs of chromosomes divides by mitosis to form two new cells.How many pairs of chromosomes does each new cell contain?

A)12
B)23
C)6
D)48

Question 13

According to recent studies,the number of protein-producing genes is predicted to be:

A)greater than 100,000.
B)greater than 200,000.
C)less than 5,000.
D)less than 20,000.

Question 14

According to evolutionary psychology,the observed advantage in spatial skills for men over women might be the result of:

A)better education available to males.
B)the need to track and slay one's food to survive.
C)males' tendency to play video games.
D)males gathering seeds to plant for food.

Question 15

_____ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

A)Fertilization
B)Osmosis
C)Meiosis
D)Mitosis

Question 16

_____ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes.

A)Genes
B)Proteins
C)Ribosomes
D)DNA

Question 17

_____ psychology emphasizes the importance of adaptation,reproduction,and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.

A)Psychoanalytic
B)Cognitive
C)Evolutionary
D)Humanistic

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE of mitosis in humans?

A)Mitosis is the cellular reproduction that occurs in the sperm and egg cells.
B)Mitosis results in the formation of four new cells.
C)Mitosis results in the formation of new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes.
D)Mitosis results in the formation of three new cells.

Question 19

New studies using the genome-wide association method have focused on all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Obesity
B)Cardiovascular disease
C)Alzheimer disease
D)Creativity

Question 20

During fertilization,an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a:

A)blastocyst.
B)fetus.
C)gamete.
D)zygote.

Question 21

Jason was born with _____.The doctor tells his parents that this genetic disorder occurred because he has an extra copy of chromosome 21.

A)Fragile X syndrome
B)Klinefelter disease
C)Down syndrome
D)Tay-Sachs disease

Question 22

In some cases,one gene of a pair always exerts its effects,overriding the potential influence of the other gene.This is the _____ principle.

A)sex-linked genes
B)dominant-recessive genes
C)genetic imprinting
D)polygenic inheritance

Question 23

Which of the following is TRUE of Down syndrome?

A)It primarily occurs in African-American children.
B)It occurs when genetic imprinting goes awry.
C)Its symptoms include retardation of motor and mental abilities.
D)It is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome Y.

Question 24

_____ genes arethose that make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age.

A)Susceptibility
B)Longevity
C)Vulnerability
D)Mutated

Question 25

Carrie's parents both have brown hair.However,Carrie gets genes for blonde hair from both parents,and as a result she has blonde hair.This indicates that the gene for blonde hair is a:

A)recessive gene.
B)dominant gene.
C)susceptibility gene.
D)longevity gene.

Question 26

Which of the following women has the highest probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome?

A)Sarah,a 21-year-old Asian woman
B)Jane,a 41-year-old Euro-American woman
C)Ella,a 27-year-old African-American woman
D)Destiny,a 38-year-old African-American woman

Question 27

A mistake by the cellular machinery,or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation,may produce a _____,which is a permanently altered segment of DNA.

A)susceptibility gene
B)vulnerability gene
C)longevity gene
D)mutated gene

Question 28

Erin is 90 years old.She has relatively good health and is fully mobile.Most of Erin's blood relatives lived to a ripe,old age.Which of the following genes might be responsible for this?

A)Susceptibility genes
B)Longevity genes
C)Vulnerability genes
D)Mutated genes

Question 29

Mary's mother has blonde hair and her father has brown hair.Mary has a gene for brown hair and a gene for blonde hair.She has brown hair.This indicates that the gene for brown hair is a:

A)dominant gene.
B)recessive gene.
C)susceptible gene.
D)longevity gene.

Question 30

Marly describes her friend,Gina,as having blonde hair,green eyes,and fair skin with freckles.Marly has described Gina's:

A)genotype.
B)genetic imprint.
C)phenotype.
D)X-linked inheritance.

Question 31

According to your text,gene-gene interactions have been documented in all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Alcoholism
B)Asthma
C)Arthritis
D)Social referencing

Question 32

Clark's genotype contains a dominant gene for brown eye color and a recessive gene for blue eye color.According to the dominant-recessive gene principle,which of the following phenotypes is most likely to be observed in Clark?

A)Black eyes
B)Blue eyes
C)Grey eyes
D)Brown eyes

Question 33

A recessive gene exerts its influence only if:

A)both genes in a pair are recessive.
B)it is the stronger gene.
C)the environment is right.
D)the dominant gene is also present in the pair.

Question 34

When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome,the result is called:

A)X-linked inheritance.
B)Y-linked inheritance.
C)polygenic inheritance.
D)dominant inheritance.

Question 35

_____ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics.

A)RNA
B)DNA
C)Phenotype
D)Stereotype

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of chromosomal abnormality that occurs when whole chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis?

A)Down syndrome
B)Hemophilia
C)Huntington's disease
D)Sickle-cell anemia

Question 37

Who is MOST likely to develop an X-linked disease?

A)Males
B)Females
C)Both males and females
D)Neither males nor females

Question 38

Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after birth.Although genetically identical,they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics.For example,though both inherited a tendency to grow large,Anna was slim and athletic due to the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family.This variability can be explained by how:

A)each zygote is unique.
B)longevity genes can make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases.
C)for each genotype,a range of phenotypes can be expressed.
D)mutated genes can be a source of genetic variability.

Question 39

Ethel is 50 years old but appears much more aged in appearance.Most of Ethel's relatives don't live past the age of 60.Which of the following genes are responsible for the accelerated aging that is observed in Ethel and her family members?

A)Susceptibility genes
B)Longevity genes
C)Vulnerability genes
D)Mutated genes

Question 40

_____ genes are those that make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or acceleration of aging.

A)Susceptibility
B)Longevity
C)Vulnerability
D)Mutated

Question 41

Timothy is a quiet 6-year-old who is usually withdrawn in class.As a result,he does not receive much attention from his peers and mostly plays by himself.According to Sandra Scarr,this is an example of a(n):

A)passive genotype-environment correlation.
B)active (niche-picking)genotype-environment correlation.
C)gene x environment interaction.
D)evocative genotype-environment correlation.

Question 42

Angelique has a chromosomal disorder characterized by a missing X chromosome,making her XO instead of XX.Angelique's doctors have diagnosed her with:

A)Fragile X syndrome.
B)the XYY syndrome.
C)Klinefelter syndrome.
D)Turner syndrome.

Question 43

Mary and Jim are expecting a child,and prenatal diagnostic procedures have confirmed that the fetus has _____,a neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities.Their physician has explained that this gene-linked abnormality could be treated with corrective surgery at birth,orthopedic devices,and physical or medical therapy.

A)spina bifida
B)Tay-Sachs disease
C)PKU
D)Huntington's disease

Question 44

_____ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

A)Passive genotype-environment
B)Evocative genotype-environment
C)Influential genotype-environment
D)Active (niche-picking)genotype-environment

Question 45

Klinefelter syndrome affects:

A)only males.
B)only females.
C)both males and females equally.
D)more females than males.

Question 46

Rachel loves to read books and also encourages her daughter to read by regularly taking her to the local library and buying her lots of books.Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader.This reflects a(n)_____ correlation.

A)passive genotype-environment
B)evocative genotype-environment
C)influential genotype-environment
D)active (niche-picking)genotype-environment

Question 47

Tristan has a genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome,which becomes constricted and often breaks.His doctor told Tristan's mother that he has:

A)Fragile X syndrome.
B)XYY syndrome.
C)Turner syndrome.
D)Tay-Sachs disease.

Question 48

Brad is an athletic boy who is on every sports team in school.Stephen loves math and is part of his school's math club.These instances reflect _____ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating.

A)passive genotype-environment
B)evocative genotype-environment
C)active (niche-picking)genotype-environment
D)influential genotype-environment

Question 49

Which of the following is TRUE of phenylketonuria?

A)It results from a recessive gene.
B)It is a chromosomal disorder.
C)It results in death by 5 years of age.
D)It is caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system.

Question 50

Charlie is a cooperative,attentive child who is a favorite at home and school and receives positive,instructive responses from adults.This is indicative of a(n):

A)passive genotype-environment correlation.
B)evocative genotype-environment correlation.
C)influential genotype-environment correlation.
D)active (niche-picking)genotype-environment correlation.

Question 51

Benny has been diagnosed with a gene-linked abnormality characterized by deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system.He has been put on medication and a special diet,but his family has been told that he will probably not live beyond the age of 5.Benny is suffering from:

A)spina bifida.
B)Tay-Sachs disease.
C)phenylketonuria.
D)Huntington's disease.

Question 52

_____ is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.

A)Behavior influence
B)Behavior therapy
C)Behavior genetics
D)Behavior development

Question 53

Paul suffers from hemophilia.Suggest an appropriate treatment option for Paul's condition.

A)Insulin
B)Blood transfusions/injections
C)Physical therapy
D)Corrective surgery at birth

Question 54

Joshua,2,has been diagnosed with _____,a blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply and can cause joint swelling and heart and kidney failure.This genetic disorder can be treated through penicillin,pain medication,antibiotics,and blood transfusions,and his doctor has indicated that a study named Baby HUG may offer a better drug in the future.

A)spina bifida
B)Tay-Sachs disease
C)sickle-cell anemia
D)Huntington's disease

Question 55

Tamera has a genetic disorder where her red blood cells take on a hook shape instead of the normal disk shape.The doctors tell Tamera's parents that she has _____,and that this condition also provides her with a resistance to malaria.

A)Tay-Sachs disease
B)sickle-cell anemia
C)leukemia
D)Huntington's disease

Question 56

Lindsay's body does not produce enough insulin,causing an abnormal metabolism of sugar.She is receiving insulin treatment.Lindsay has:

A)spina bifida.
B)hemophilia.
C)PKU.
D)diabetes.

Question 57

Which of the following is a gene-linked abnormality?

A)Down syndrome
B)Phenylketonuria (PKU)
C)Turner syndrome
D)Klinefelter syndrome

Question 58

Samantha has been diagnosed with _____,which is a glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production.

A)cystic fibrosis
B)Huntington's disease
C)PKU
D)Tay-Sachs disease

Question 59

Tracy's parents are avid sports fans.Since she was a child,they took her to numerous baseball and football games,and Tracy regularly watched the sports channel with her dad.When she was old enough,her parents made her join the little league team at her school and she performed well.This is an example of a(n):

A)evocative genotype-environment correlation.
B)active (niche-picking)genotype-environment correlation.
C)passive genotype-environment correlation.
D)gene-gene correlation.

Question 60

Turner syndrome occurs exclusively in:

A)females.
B)males.
C)people of Middle Eastern descent.
D)people of Jewish descent.

Question 61

The outermost layer of the embryo is called the:

A)mesoderm.
B)cytoderm.
C)endoderm.
D)ectoderm.

Question 62

The _____ is like a bag or an envelope and contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.

A)placenta
B)umbilical cord
C)amnion
D)cervix

Question 63

The _____ consists of three layers of cells: the endoderm,the mesoderm,and the ectoderm.

A)blastocyst
B)fetus
C)embryo
D)trophoblast

Question 64

The _____ view states that development is the result of an ongoing,bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

A)epigenetic
B)biosocial
C)sociogenetic
D)congenital

Question 65

The inner layer of cells of the embryo is referred to as the:

A)mesoderm.
B)epidermis.
C)endometrium.
D)endoderm.

Question 66

Which of the following is a feature of the embryonic period of prenatal development?

A)The creation of the fertilized egg
B)Formation of the blastocyst
C)The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
D)Formation of support systems for cells

Question 67

Prenatal development can be divided into three periods.Which of the following is in the correct order from conception to birth?

A)Fertile; embryonic; postterm
B)Preterm; germinal; postterm
C)Gestational; germinal; postnatal
D)Germinal; embryonic; fetal

Question 68

_____ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.

A)Heredity-environment correlation
B)Evocative genotype-environment correlation
C)Gene * environment (G * E)interaction
D)Passive genotype-environment interaction

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of a passive genotype-environment correlation?

A)Uncooperative,distractible children receive more unpleasant and disciplinary action from parents and teachers.
B)Outgoing children tend to seek out social contexts in which to interact with people.
C)Parents who have a genetic predisposition to be musically inclined encourage their children to learn how to play a musical instrument.
D)Infants who smile more receive more attention from individuals in their social environment.

Question 70

The structure that contains two arteries and one vein,and connects the developing embryo to the mother's body,is called the:

A)amnion.
B)placenta.
C)embryo.
D)umbilical cord.

Question 71

The _____ is a layer of the embryo,which will become the nervous system and brain,sensory receptors,and skin parts.

A)mesoderm
B)ectoderm
C)trophoblast
D)endoderm

Question 72

Wren is 4 weeks pregnant.Which of the following stages of prenatal development is Wren currently in?

A)Embryonic
B)Fetal
C)Placental
D)Germinal

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT considered an environmental influence when considering heredity-environmental interactions?

A)Intelligence
B)Culture
C)Parenting
D)Viruses

Question 74

The creation of the fertilized egg takes place in the _____ period of prenatal development.

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)implantation
D)germinal

Question 75

The middle layer of the embryo is called the:

A)mesoderm.
B)cytoderm.
C)endoderm.
D)ectoderm.

Question 76

The embryo's _____ develops into the digestive and respiratory systems.

A)ectoderm
B)endoderm
C)trophoblast
D)mesoderm

Question 77

The _____ is a layer of the embryo,which will become the circulatory system,bones,muscles,excretory system,and reproductive system.

A)endoderm
B)ectoderm
C)mesoderm
D)epidermis

Question 78

_____ refers to the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall.

A)Implantation
B)Conception
C)Fertilization
D)Involution

Question 79

A group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine but do not connect is the:

A)amnion.
B)placenta.
C)embryo.
D)umbilical cord.

Question 80

The _____ prevents large molecules like red blood cells and harmful substances,such as most bacteria and maternal wastes,from entering the fetus.

A)umbilical cord
B)placental wall
C)amniotic sheath
D)ectoderm