Deck 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

Question 1

Which of the following is a sign of aging for the average adult in middle adulthood?

A)Increase in height
B)Decrease in weight
C)Brittle fingernails
D)Loss of memory

Answer 1

Brittle fingernails

Question 2

A recent study linked "sarcopenic obesity" with:

A)hypertension.
B)lung disease.
C)cancer.
D)osteoporosis.

Answer 2

hypertension.

Question 3

Questions such as,"To which age group do you belong?" and "How old do you feel?" reflect the concept of:

A)mental age.
B)age identity.
C)chronological age.
D)age stereotype.

Answer 3

age identity.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about late midlife is FALSE?

A)People in late midlife are either preparing for retirement or actually retiring.
B)People in late midlife are more likely to experience the death of a parent than people in early midlife.
C)People in late midlife are less likely to experience their last child leaving home than people in early midlife.
D)People in late midlife are more likely to experience becoming a grandparent than those in early midlife.

Question 5

What is the consistent finding regarding age identity of 60- to 75-year-olds?

A)Half of them viewed themselves as being older than their chronological age.
B)Almost all of them felt that they were younger than their chronological age.
C)More than half of them considered that their mental age was higher than their chronological age.
D)Half of them viewed themselves as being middle-aged.

Question 6

In terms of visible signs of aging,sagging facial skin and wrinkles were linked to:

A)smoking.
B)alcohol.
C)exercise.
D)nutrition.

Question 7

One study found that _____ of the individuals 65 to 69 years of age considered themselves middle-aged.

A)almost all
B)almost half
C)one-third
D)one-fourth

Question 8

Which of the following BEST explains why middle adulthood comes later and lasts longer now than in the early 1900s?

A)People today have fewer children than people in the early 1900s.
B)People today have a higher income than people in the early 1900s.
C)People today have less anxiety in their lives than people in the early 1900s.
D)People today have healthier lifestyles than people in the early 1900s.

Question 9

What was the average life expectancy in 1900?

A)37 years
B)42 years
C)47 years
D)52 years

Question 10

In Patricia Cohen's analysis,which of the following has fueled the emergence of thinking about middle age?

A)More people entering adolescence earlier than in the past
B)Increased pressure to remain in the workforce and delay retirement
C)Advances in health and more people living to older ages
D)The decrease of life expectancy

Question 11

Which of the following is a consistent finding regarding age identity?

A)As adults become older their age identity is younger than their chronological age.
B)Most adults feel that their age identity is five years more than their chronological age.
C)The age identity of adults is directly proportional to their chronological age.
D)Most adults feel that their age identity is much older than their chronological age.

Question 12

Which of the following is the reason for the decrease in height with the advancement in age?

A)Brittleness of bones of the limbs
B)Increase in weight
C)A stooping posture
D)Bone loss in the vertebrae

Question 13

The average adult in middle adulthood _____ height and _____ weight.

A)loses; loses
B)loses; gains
C)gains; gains
D)gains; loses

Question 14

Compared to middle age,which of the following BEST describes late middle age for many?

A)Health problems start to decline.
B)Losses may begin to outnumber gains.
C)Life changes decrease: the path is relatively fixed.
D)Losses and gains even out.

Question 15

From a recent U.S.survey,approximately what percentage of adults 40 to 59 years of age were obese?

A)15 percent
B)40 percent
C)65 percent
D)90 percent

Question 16

_____ is the developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age.

A)Late adulthood
B)Middle adulthood
C)Early adulthood
D)Emerging adulthood

Question 17

Today the average life expectancy in the United States is:

A)72 years.
B)74 years.
C)78 years.
D)80 years.

Question 18

According to a recent British survey,people over 50 believe middle age begins at age

A)35.
B)43.
C)53.
D)65.

Question 19

Many experts on middle adulthood describe the age period of 55 to 65 as:

A)late adulthood.
B)early midlife.
C)late midlife.
D)early adulthood.

Question 20

What percentage of the U.S.population is older than 65 years?

A)2 percent
B)12 percent
C)22 percent
D)23 percent

Question 21

Which of the following statements about cardiovascular disease is TRUE?

A)When HDL is high and LDL is low,the risk of cardiovascular disease is lessened.
B)When HDL is high and LDL is low,the risk of cardiovascular disease is increased.
C)When HDL is low and LDL is high,the risk of cardiovascular disease is lessened.
D)When both HDL and LDL are low,the risk of cardiovascular disease is lessened.

Question 22

Sleep deprivation in middle-age has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Improved cognitive functioning
B)Increased risk of stroke
C)Less effective immune system functioning
D)Problems with long-term memory consolidation

Question 23

The term _____ is given to age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.

A)sarcoma
B)osteopenia
C)osteoporosis
D)sarcopenia

Question 24

Cholesterol can be lowered in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A)Regular exercise
B)Changes in diet to include foods low in saturated fat
C)Changes in diet to include foods that are low in cholesterol
D)Liposuction

Question 25

During middle age,the ability to hear _____ sounds declines first.

A)low-pitched
B)high-volume
C)high-pitched
D)high-amplitude

Question 26

Which of the following is MOST typical of the vision-related issues faced by middle-aged persons?

A)Difficulty viewing moving objects
B)Difficulty viewing objects in the background
C)Difficulty viewing close objects
D)Difficulty viewing complicated patterns

Question 27

LDL is often referred to as _____ cholesterol.

A)"simple"
B)"good"
C)"bad"
D)"white"

Question 28

Which of the following statements about the changes in bone mass and density is TRUE?

A)The loss of bone is faster for men than it is for women.
B)By the end of early adulthood,bones break more easily and heal more slowly.
C)Peak functioning of the body's joints occurs in the sixties.
D)Women lose bone mass twice as fast as men do.

Question 29

A man in his mid-forties is MOST likely to notice:

A)increased strength in his upper arms.
B)sensitivity to high-pitched sounds.
C)joint stiffness.
D)decreased bladder control.

Question 30

Age-related loss of muscle strength is especially marked in:

A)the upper arms.
B)the back and legs.
C)the jaw and face.
D)the chest and abdomen.

Question 31

Exercise in middle-age was linked to a reduction in the occurrence of lung cancer by approximately:

A)25 percent.
B)45 percent.
C)68 percent.
D)93 percent.

Question 32

Which of the following statements about bone density is TRUE?

A)Maximum bone density occurs in late adolescence.
B)Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late thirties.
C)Peak functioning of the body's joints occurs in the fifties.
D)The rate of bone density loss begins fast and then decelerates.

Question 33

Sensitivity to _____ sounds usually declines first among _____.

A)high-pitched; women
B)high-pitched; men
C)low-pitched; women
D)low-pitched; men

Question 34

Cholesterol comes in two forms: _____ and HDL.

A)LDL
B)BDL
C)GAL
D)QUL

Question 35

On average,body fat accounts for about _____ of body weight in middle age.

A)5 percent
B)10 percent
C)20 percent
D)15 percent

Question 36

HDL is often referred to as _____ cholesterol.

A)"good"
B)"simple"
C)"bad"
D)"compound"

Question 37

Which of the following have NOT been identified as ways to reduce levels of bad cholesterol in middle-aged Americans?

A)Exercise
B)Cholesterol-lowering drugs
C)Diets high in protein
D)Weight control

Question 38

Accommodation of the eye experiences its sharpest decline between:

A)20 to 29 years of age.
B)60 to 79 years of age.
C)40 and 59 years of age.
D)30 to 35 years of age.

Question 39

The ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina is referred to as _____ of the eye.

A)muscle integrity
B)focal power
C)visual acuity
D)accommodation

Question 40

Which of the following statements about bone and joint functioning is TRUE?

A)Peak functioning of the body's joints usually occurs in the thirties.
B)By the end of midlife,bones break more easily and heal more slowly.
C)Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late twenties.
D)The rate of bone density loss decelerates in the fifties.

Question 41

In menopause,production of _____ by the ovaries declines dramatically.

A)testosterone
B)estrogen
C)adrenaline
D)insulin

Question 42

Nowadays,the main causes of death in middle adulthood in the United States are:

A)infectious diseases.
B)accidents.
C)chronic diseases.
D)homicide.

Question 43

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with menopause?

A)Nausea
B)Fatigue
C)Hot flashes
D)High blood sugar

Question 44

Which of the following is typical of the health condition during early and late middle-age?

A)Frequency of accidents increases
B)Susceptibility to colds and allergies decreases
C)Wakeful periods during sleep decreases
D)Incidence of chronic disorders decreases

Question 45

Individuals who had a high level of allostatic load (wearing down of the body's systems in response to high stress levels)exhibited difficulties in:

A)breathing.
B)episodic memory.
C)running.
D)consolidation of long-term memories.

Question 46

Sleep problems in middle-aged adults have been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Usage of prescription drugs
B)Obesity
C)Single parenting
D)Cardiovascular disease

Question 47

A recent study revealed a link between ______ and accelerated pancreatic cancer growth.

A)stress
B)language
C)relationships
D)sleep deprivation

Question 48

Stan,a middle-aged man,rarely gets more than five hours of sleep a night.Stan is at risk for:

A)a weakening of his immune system.
B)short-term memory consolidation problems.
C)obesity.
D)intellectual disability.

Question 49

A recent study revealed a link between ______ and self-care disabilities and mobility limitations.

A)stress
B)language
C)relationships
D)sleep deprivation

Question 50

_____ was the main cause of death in the United States until the middle of the twentieth century.

A)Infectious disease
B)Accident
C)Chronic disease
D)Homicide

Question 51

All of the following have been identified as sources of chronic stress EXCEPT:

A)Marital satisfaction
B)Living next to a damaged nuclear reactor
C)Failures in close relationships
D)Caregiving for a family member with a progressive illness

Question 52

Which of the following statements about lung capacity in middle-age is TRUE?

A)There is significant change in lung capacity through most of middle adulthood.
B)In late middle-age,the proteins in lung tissue become more elastic.
C)Stiffening of the chest wall decreases the lungs' capacity to shuttle oxygen.
D)The lung capacity of smokers increases drastically in middle age.

Question 53

What is the MOST common change in sleep patterns of adults during middle age?

A)Sleep-disordered breathing becomes less prevalent.
B)Wakeful periods become less frequent during the night.
C)The total number of hours slept dramatically increases.
D)There is a decrease in the deepest type of sleep.

Question 54

Harriet,a middle-aged woman,just started taking yoga classes.She is likely to see a decrease in her:

A)menopausal symptoms.
B)longevity.
C)lung capacity.
D)marital satisfaction.

Question 55

_____ is a term that is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

A)Puberty
B)Menarche
C)Spermarche
D)Climacteric

Question 56

The gradual decline in men's testosterone levels in middle age can reduce their:

A)lung capacity.
B)sexual drive.
C)infertility.
D)thyroid levels.

Question 57

_____ training for six months reduced menopausal symptoms in a group of sedentary women.

A)Aerobic
B)Psychological
C)Cultural
D)Cognitive

Question 58

A study of HRT's effects was halted as evidence emerged that participants who were receiving HRT faced an increased risk of:

A)lung disease.
B)cancer.
C)stroke.
D)arthritis.

Question 59

Lillian is 50 years old.Her doctor has noticed a sharp decrease in her estrogen levels,and Lillian is complaining about nausea and fatigue.According to the symptoms given in the text,what could be her initial diagnosis?

A)Her thyroid is malfunctioning.
B)She is going through menopause.
C)She may have a problem with her bone marrow.
D)She needs to control her diet and blood sugar levels.

Question 60

Which of the following types of hormones is MOST commonly administered during hormone replacement therapy?

A)Estrogen
B)Testosterone
C)Follicle stimulating hormone
D)Luteinizing hormone

Question 61

According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study,which of the following abilities showed signs of early decline?

A)Spatial orientation
B)Perceptual speed
C)Inductive reasoning
D)Verbal memory

Question 62

Which of the following is TRUE about the Seattle Longitudinal Study?

A)It involves extensive evaluation of sexual abilities during adulthood.
B)It was initiated by John Horn.
C)Participants have been assessed in two-year intervals since 1985.
D)New waves of participants are added periodically.

Question 63

Which of the following is at fault in many erectile problems in middle-aged men?

A)Diabetes
B)Low blood pressure
C)Low level of NK cells
D)Too much physical activity

Question 64

According to studies,which of the following is one of the most common sexual problems of older women?

A)Lack of foreplay
B)Lack of sexual interest
C)Partner non-cooperation
D)Reduced muscular movements

Question 65

____ refers to ability to understand ideas expressed in words.

A)Verbal comprehension
B)Verbal memory
C)Implicit memory
D)Spatial orientation

Question 66

According to studies,which of the following is one of the most common sexual problems of older men?

A)Early ejaculation
B)Partner non-cooperation
C)Lack of foreplay
D)Lubrication difficulties

Question 67

In a study of adults 55 years and older,sexual activity was linked to:

A)increases in sexually transmitted infections.
B)improvements in physical and mental health.
C)decreases in cardiovascular functioning.
D)decreases in executive functioning.

Question 68

Fluid intelligence is the ability to:

A)reason abstractly.
B)recall information.
C)accumulate information.
D)accumulate verbal skills.

Question 69

A participant in a study was asked to memorize a list of words and then try to recall as many as possible.This exercise was designed to test her:

A)muscle memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)verbal memory.
D)verbal comprehension.

Question 70

Toby has the ability to visualize three-dimensional objects and rotate them.Toby's ability is known as:

A)spatial orientation.
B)inductive reasoning.
C)verbal ability.
D)perceptual speed.

Question 71

According to John Horn,_____ steadily declines from middle adulthood onward.

A)fluid intelligence
B)crystallized intelligence
C)verbal memory
D)kinesthetic intelligence

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that could be related to erectile problems in middle-aged men?

A)Smoking
B)Diabetes
C)Excessive sexual activity
D)Elevated cholesterol levels

Question 73

_____ refers to the ability to recognize and understand patterns and relationships in a problem and use this understanding to solve other instances of the problem.

A)Spatial orientation
B)Inductive reasoning
C)Verbal comprehension
D)Perceptual speed

Question 74

Treatment for men with erectile dysfunction has focused on Viagra and similar drugs,such as:

A)Rogaine and Prozac.
B)Levitra and Cialis.
C)Oxycodone and Prozac.
D)Naproxen and OxyContin.

Question 75

Identify a possible reason for the changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence of different age groups in John Horn's cross-sectional study.

A)Secular trends
B)Cohort effects
C)Declining IQ with age
D)Biases in IQ testing

Question 76

John Horn maintains that in middle adulthood,_____ intelligence continues to increase.

A)fluid
B)semantic
C)crystallized
D)multiple

Question 77

The Seattle Longitudinal Study concluded that middle age is a time of:

A)peak performance for verbal ability.
B)great decline for inductive reasoning.
C)moderate decline for spatial abilities.
D)increased mathematical abilities.

Question 78

_____ refers to the ability to encode and recall meaningful language units,such as a list of words.

A)Spatial orientation
B)Inductive reasoning
C)Implicit memory
D)Verbal memory

Question 79

_____ refers to the ability to quickly and accurately make simple discriminations in visual stimuli.

A)Spatial orientation
B)Inductive reasoning
C)Perceptual speed
D)Verbal comprehension

Question 80

Crystallized intelligence is:

A)an individual's ability to reason abstractly.
B)an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills.
C)an individual's ability to think hypothetically.
D)an individual's ability to use deductive reasoning.