Deck 10: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Richard considers himself to be gay.This orientation is part of Richard's _____ identity.

A)relationship
B)intellectual
C)sexual
D)ethnic

Answer 1

sexual

Question 2

Harold supports the Republican Party.This is a part of his _____ identity.

A)religious
B)cultural
C)political
D)vocational

Answer 2

political

Question 3

According to Erik Erikson,which of the following developmental stages is experienced by an individual during adolescence?

A)Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)Intimacy versus isolation
C)Initiative versus guilt
D)Identity versus identity confusion

Answer 3

Identity versus identity confusion

Question 4

According to James Marcia,what determines an individual's identity status?

A)The choices and alternatives they have access to
B)Their socioeconomic and academic profile
C)The existence or extent of their crisis or commitment
D)The existence or extent of parental and social support

Question 5

Whether a person is single,married,or divorced is part of his or her _____ identity.

A)cultural
B)physical
C)relationship
D)intellectual

Question 6

Holly is a quiet and introverted person.She feels stressed whenever she has to interact with a lot of people.Which of the following BEST describes this aspect of Holly's identity?

A)Interests
B)Personality
C)Physical identity
D)Relationship identity

Question 7

Eriksonian researcher James Marcia reasons that Erikson's theory of identity development contains _____ of identity,or ways of resolving the identity crisis.

A)five stages
B)four statuses
C)five statuses
D)six stages

Question 8

Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?

A)Identity versus identity confusion
B)Autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)Initiative versus guilt
D)Intimacy versus isolation

Question 9

An individual's body image encompasses his/her:

A)sexual identity
B)personality
C)relationship identity
D)physical identity

Question 10

Lee thinks that he is overweight.This characterizes his _____ identity.

A)cultural
B)physical
C)relationship
D)intellectual

Question 11

According to Erik Erikson,during the _____ stage,adolescents are faced with deciding who they are,what they are all about,and where they are going in life.

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)identity versus identity confusion
C)initiative versus guilt
D)intimacy versus isolation

Question 12

Which of the following statements about identity development is TRUE?

A)Synthesizing the identity components is a single,neat process in normal individuals.
B)Decisions about identity may take time,but once they are made,they are set for life.
C)Identity development occurs in a single,one-step process.
D)Identity encompasses an individual's personality characteristics.

Question 13

What is Erikson's term that describes a period in which society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities?

A)Sociological amnesty
B)Societal moratorium
C)Psychosocial moratorium
D)Behavioral reprieve

Question 14

_____ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives.

A)Commitment
B)Calling
C)Conscientiousness
D)Crisis

Question 15

Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls:

A)identity diffusion.
B)unresolved identity.
C)identity confusion.
D)identity moratorium.

Question 16

Identity development:

A)is a single,neat process.
B)gets done in bits and pieces.
C)happens cataclysmically.
D)involves making decisions once and for all.

Question 17

Which of the following is the term that most researchers use to describe crisis?

A)Foreclosure
B)Exploration
C)Moratorium
D)Commitment

Question 18

Which of the following is the term Erik Erikson uses to describe the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy?

A)Psychosocial moratorium
B)Sociological amnesty
C)Societal moratorium
D)Behavioral reprieve

Question 19

_____ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity.

A)Commitment
B)Collaboration
C)Calling
D)Conscientiousness

Question 20

Layla loves music and plays the violin whenever she has the time.Which of the following parts of her identity does this describe?

A)Sexual identity
B)Physical identity
C)Personality
D)Interests

Question 21

Identity _____ is James Marcia's term for the status of adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis,and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined.

A)confusion
B)stagnation
C)diffusion
D)moratorium

Question 22

Which of the following is the identity status where a crisis is absent but a commitment is present?

A)Identity achievement
B)Identity foreclosure
C)Identity moratorium
D)Identity diffusion

Question 23

A recent meta-analysis of 124 studies by Jane Kroger and her colleagues revealed that during adolescence and emerging adulthood,identity _____ status rose steadily to age 19 and then declined.

A)achievement
B)foreclosure
C)diffusion
D)moratorium

Question 24

Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.

A)diffusion
B)foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 25

Which of the following is an identity status where crisis and commitment are both present?

A)Identity achievement
B)Identity foreclosure
C)Identity moratorium
D)Identity diffusion

Question 26

Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.

A)Identity crisis
B)Identity diffusion
C)Identity foreclosure
D)Identity achievement

Question 27

Most researchers believe that changes in identity are more likely to take place during:

A)late childhood.
B)adolescence.
C)emerging adulthood.
D)middle adulthood.

Question 28

Individuals whose identity status can be described as identity _____ are undecided about occupational and ideological choices,and they are also likely to show little interest in such matters.

A)moratorium
B)achievement
C)foreclosure
D)diffusion

Question 29

A consensus is developing that the key changes in identity are more likely to take place at:

A)18 to 25 years of age.
B)15 to 17 years of age.
C)12 to 15 years of age.
D)9 to 12 years of age.

Question 30

The status of identity ??_____ occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents,usually in an authoritarian way,before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches,ideologies,and vocations on their own.

A)achievement
B)moratorium
C)foreclosure
D)diffusion

Question 31

Which of the following is the identity status where crisis and commitment are both absent?

A)Identity diffusion
B)Identity foreclosure
C)Identity moratorium
D)Identity achievement

Question 32

A recent meta-analysis of 124 studies by Jane Kroger and her colleagues found that a large portion of individuals were _____ by the time they reached their twenties.

A)not identity diffused
B)not identity achieved
C)identity confused
D)identity achieved

Question 33

Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.

A)foreclosure
B)moratorium
C)achievement
D)diffusion

Question 34

Which of the following is the identity status where a crisis is present but commitment is absent?

A)Identity diffusion
B)Identity foreclosure
C)Identity moratorium
D)Identity achievement

Question 35

Viva was torn in her decision to major in music or take up an undergraduate program in engineering.She finally chose the latter,with a minor in music.Identify Viva's status of identity.

A)Identity diffusion
B)Identity foreclosure
C)Identity moratorium
D)Identity achievement

Question 36

Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown.Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself,and he will most likely do what they advise.James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as:

A)identity diffusion.
B)identity foreclosure.
C)identity moratorium.
D)identity achievement.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about the timing of identity development is TRUE?

A)In the last few years of college,the number of individuals categorized as identity diffused increases.
B)College upperclassmen are more likely to be identity achieved than college freshmen or high school students.
C)By the time adolescents reach college,they would have committed to their religious and political identities.
D)A higher percentage of high school students are identity achieved when compared to college upperclassmen.

Question 38

According to recent research,which identity status might prove more adaptive in East Asian cultures than in the United States?

A)Identity diffusion
B)Identity foreclosure
C)Identity moratorium
D)Identity achievement

Question 39

An enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group,along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership,is called ______ identity.

A)cultural
B)ethnic
C)gender
D)collective

Question 40

A recent meta-analysis of 124 studies by Jane Kroger and her colleagues revealed that identity _____ rose across late adolescence and emerging adulthood.

A)moratorium
B)foreclosure
C)achievement
D)diffusion

Question 41

According to the old model of parent-adolescent relationships:

A)parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
B)in most families parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
C)parents serve as important support systems while adolescents explore a wider,more complex social world.
D)the everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal.

Question 42

Reggie,16,gets into a lot of arguments with his parents.Going by what is generally observed about parent-adolescent conflict,it is likely that most of the arguments center around:

A)whether Reggie uses drugs.
B)Reggie's delinquent behavior.
C)Reggie's alcoholism.
D)everyday events of family life.

Question 43

Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a _____ identity.

A)bicultural
B)bilingual
C)mixed-cultural
D)monocultural

Question 44

Joseph Allen and his colleagues found that adolescents who were securely attached to their parents at 14 years of age were more likely at 21 years of age to report:

A)feeling uncomfortable in other intimate relationships.
B)continuing financial dependence on their parents.
C)relationship competence and fewer problematic behaviors.
D)a conflicted relationship with their parents.

Question 45

Stella has involved,responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her,like keeping up her grades and coming home in time for dinner with her family on weeknights.Thus,Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust,acceptance,and quality.Research indicates that Stella would:

A)voluntarily disclose less about her activities to her parents.
B)be concerned about parental disapproval and thus more likely to lie to her parents.
C)be likely to share information about her whereabouts,friends,and activities.
D)be likely to experience problems in adolescent adjustment.

Question 46

The old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that:

A)the everyday negotiations and minor disputes can serve the positive developmental function of helping the adolescent make the transition from childhood dependency to adult independence.
B)in most families parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
C)parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider,more complex social world.
D)as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

Question 47

Conflict with parents often escalates during:

A)early adolescence.
B)middle adolescence.
C)late adolescence.
D)the college years.

Question 48

Tea,a Latina female,retains many of her family's customs and attitudes,but also has embraced many of the attitudes expressed by her non-Latino white peers.Tea has developed a:

A)bicultural identity.
B)gender identity.
C)societal identity.
D)mixed identity.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT associated with low levels of parental monitoring?

A)Substance use and abuse
B)Depression
C)Juvenile delinquency
D)Higher academic achievement

Question 50

Parental monitoring includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Monitoring choice of social settings
B)Monitoring choice of activities
C)Monitoring choice of friends
D)Monitoring choice of siblings

Question 51

Which of the following has been found to be associated with prolonged,intense parent-adolescent conflict?

A)Movement out of the home
B)High level of academic excellence
C)High intelligence quotient
D)Regular attendance of religious services

Question 52

Ethnic _____ is the enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group,along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

A)gloss
B)awareness
C)identity
D)pride

Question 53

Mexican-origin adolescent girls living in the United States expected autonomy:

A)at an earlier age than their mothers preferred.
B)at a later age than their mothers preferred.
C)later than their non-Latino peers preferred.
D)at about the same time their mothers preferred.

Question 54

The new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasizes that:

A)parents should take an authoritarian approach to controlling the lives of adolescents.
B)parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C)in most families parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
D)even minor parent-adolescent conflicts are not normal and should be avoided as far as possible.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about autonomy-granting in adolescence is TRUE?

A)Boys are given more independence than girls.
B)Girls and boys are given equal autonomy during adolescence.
C)Girls are given more independence than boys.
D)Girls and boys are hardly given any autonomy during adolescence.

Question 56

Which of the following is a benefit of everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships?

A)It teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect.
B)It helps adolescents become more autonomous.
C)It helps adolescents accept parental control over their lives.
D)It teaches parents how to exert more control over the lives of adolescents.

Question 57

Who appears to benefit the MOST from high levels of parental monitoring?

A)Adolescent boys
B)Adolescent girls
C)Males in middle adulthood
D)Females in late adulthood

Question 58

Which of the following statements does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?

A)Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.
B)Parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C)The everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships have a detrimental effect on adolescent development.
D)As adolescents mature,they move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

Question 59

Irena,age 16,is a first-generation immigrant whose parents came to the United States from Ukraine when she was just a baby.Irena enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do,but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language.Irena seems to have formed a _____ identity.

A)bilingual
B)bicultural
C)mixed-cultural
D)culturally confused

Question 60

Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because:

A)few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility.
B)while parents want autonomy,adolescents want a connection.
C)parents want their adolescents to push the boundaries,while adolescents want to maintain the status quo.
D)parents want to relinquish all of their control over their adolescent.

Question 61

Priscilla is in the 8th grade.Her group of friends has recently started shoplifting at department stores.According to research into peer relations,what is Priscilla most likely to do in this scenario?

A)Priscilla will use her moral reasoning to determine if the behavior should be copied or not.
B)Priscilla will reject the behavior of her peers.
C)Priscilla will join her friends in the antisocial behavior.
D)Priscilla will report the behavior to her friends' parents.

Question 62

Early bloomers include:

A)15 to 20 percent of 14- to 16-year-olds who say that they currently are in a romantic relationship.
B)10 percent of 17- to 19-year-olds who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships.
C)15 to 20 percent of 11- to 13-year-olds who say that they currently are in a romantic relationship.
D)15 percent of 17- to 19-year-olds who report that they have not engaged in any romantic relationships that lasted more than four months.

Question 63

"Jocks," who are good at sports,or "druggies," who take drugs,are examples of:

A)cliques.
B)teams.
C)crowds.
D)squads.

Question 64

Several adolescents may form a _____ because they have spent time with each other,share mutual interests,and enjoy each other's company.

A)band
B)clique
C)crowd
D)squad

Question 65

At _____ years of age,romantic relations are characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships.

A)12 to 15
B)11 to 13
C)14 to 16
D)17 to 19

Question 66

_____ are small groups that range from two to about twelve individuals and average about five or six individuals.

A)Cliques
B)Crowds
C)Teams
D)Squads

Question 67

_____ are larger than cliques and less personal.

A)Bands
B)Crowds
C)Teams
D)Squads

Question 68

At approximately the age of _____ years,two types of romantic involvement occur: casual dating and dating in groups.

A)8 to 9
B)11 to 13
C)14 to 16
D)17 to 19

Question 69

Manfred is worried about his 16-year-old son hanging around much older people in the neighborhood.Research suggests that Manfred:

A)should not be concerned,since having older friends has been linked to positive school achievement.
B)should encourage the behavior since his older friends will help him make a successful transition to adulthood.
C)has reason to worry,since his son is more likely to engage in deviant behaviors.
D)should not worry,because his son will soon tire of his older friends and turn to friends his own age.

Question 70

Lana has five close friends.They study,shop,and go to parties together.Lana's group can be described as a:

A)team.
B)crowd.
C)clique.
D)squad.

Question 71

_____,the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships,proposed that friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs in adolescence.

A)Erik Erikson
B)Harry Stack Sullivan
C)Jean Piaget
D)James Marcia

Question 72

In which of the following age groups is dating in groups a common occurrence,reflecting the importance of peers in their lives?

A)12 to 15
B)11 to 13
C)14 to 16
D)17 to 19

Question 73

As opposed to the trend in young children,teenagers typically prefer to have:

A)a large group of friends,some of whom are especially intimate.
B)several friends,but only one "best" friend.
C)friends that are all of the same sex.
D)a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about the characteristics of a clique is FALSE?

A)They can form because adolescents engage in similar activities.
B)The average number of people in a clique is eight to ten.
C)Clique members are usually of the same sex.
D)Clique members are usually about the same age.

Question 75

Sullivan argued that the need for _____ intensifies during early adolescence,motivating teenagers to seek out close friends.

A)respect
B)compatibility
C)intimacy
D)similarity

Question 76

Which of the following is the last stage of development of romantic relationships in adolescence?

A)Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
B)Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations
C)Dating in groups,reflecting embeddedness in the peer context
D)Exploring romantic relationships

Question 77

The initial stage of development of romantic relationships in adolescence is characterized by entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about _____ years of age.

A)8 to 9
B)11 to 13
C)14 to 16
D)17 to 19

Question 78

What is the difference between cliques and crowds?

A)Cliques are more personal than crowds.
B)Cliques contain more members than crowds.
C)The formation of crowds is based on friendship,while cliques are based on reputation.
D)The members of crowds spend a lot of time together,while the members of cliques do not.

Question 79

At which grade level does conformity to peers peak?

A)Sixth and seventh grades
B)Eighth and ninth grades
C)Tenth and eleventh grades
D)Twelfth grade

Question 80

If adolescents fail to develop close friendships,they:

A)experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.
B)develop healthier self-esteem as adults than their peers.
C)engage in less delinquent behavior.
D)become more social as they grow older.