Deck 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is:

A)very low.
B)moderate.
C)high.
D)very high.

Answer 1

moderate.

Question 2

Gisela's parents routinely give her praise for everything she does,even if it is not very good.As a result,Gisela tends to avoid attempting tasks that are:

A)easy.
B)boring.
C)challenging.
D)artistic.

Answer 2

challenging.

Question 3

Children have the highest self-esteem when:

A)they are competent in all tasks that are given to them.
B)they perform competently in domains that are important to them.
C)they are extrinsically rewarded by role models.
D)they are encouraged to avoid problems they face rather than cope with them.

Answer 3

they perform competently in domains that are important to them.

Question 4

During the elementary years,a child's self-understanding includes increasing reference to all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Psychological characteristics
B)Social comparison
C)Social aspects
D)Physical characteristics

Question 5

A recent study found that 6- to 9-year-olds were ____ skeptical of others' distorted claims than were younger children.

A)more
B)less
C)equally
D)similarly

Question 6

Consistently praising children for mediocre or even poor performance can lead to:

A)an inflated self-esteem.
B)low self-esteem.
C)a real self-image.
D)lower peer status.

Question 7

Harish thinks that he is good at mathematics.This is a reflection of Harish's:

A)self-concept.
B)self-control.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-esteem.

Question 8

_____ is the belief that "I can"; helplessness is the belief that "I cannot."

A)Self-esteem
B)Self-awareness
C)Self-concept
D)Self-efficacy

Question 9

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called:

A)self-concept.
B)self-confidence.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-esteem.

Question 10

_____ is at work in perspective taking.

A)Transitivity
B)Gender typing
C)Executive functioning
D)Seriation

Question 11

Children with high self-esteem typically:

A)become bullies as they grow up.
B)are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.
C)tend to be insecurely attached to their parents.
D)have greater initiative,which produces uniquely positive outcomes.

Question 12

Mary thinks that she is a good person.This observation reflects Mary's:

A)self-control.
B)self-concept.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-esteem.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about perspective taking is FALSE?

A)In middle and late childhood,children show a decrease in perspective taking.
B)In middle and late childhood,children show an increase in perspective taking.
C)Perspective taking has been linked to both prosocial and antisocial behaviors.
D)Children exhibit cognitive inhibition when engaging in perspective taking.

Question 14

_____ is also called self-worth or self-image.

A)Self-control
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-efficacy
D)Self-concept

Question 15

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance.What could be a possible consequence of this?

A)They tend to undervalue the rewards that aggression can bring.
B)The increased self-esteem produces better school performance.
C)They are increasingly prone to develop antisocial actions.
D)They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of low self-esteem?

A)Obesity
B)Depression
C)Delinquency
D)Self-Efficacy

Question 17

_____ refers to global evaluations of the self.

A)Self-control
B)Self-concept
C)Self-esteem
D)Self-awareness

Question 18

When Robert says,"I have brown eyes and black hair," it reflects Robert's:

A)self-control.
B)self-concept.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-esteem.

Question 19

In terms of self-understanding,children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to:

A)compare themselves with others.
B)refrain from social comparison.
C)use physical characteristics to describe themselves.
D)use outer states to describe themselves.

Question 20

Which of the following terms refers to self-evaluations in the different domains of an individual's life?

A)Self-concept
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-awareness
D)Self-control

Question 21

Darren is a 12-year-old active boy.Sometimes when his friend Simon cheats on the game,he tends to get irritated.However,Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why it is bad practice to cheat.Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

A)Low self-esteem
B)Self-regulation
C)High self-esteem
D)Self-efficacy

Question 22

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development,during which of the following stages do people pursue their own interests but also let others do the same?

A)Social contract or utility and individual rights
B)Individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)Punishment and obedience orientation
D)Social systems morality

Question 23

The term _____ expresses a dominant theme of middle and late childhood: Children become interested in how things are made and how they work.

A)stagnation
B)industry
C)transitivity
D)identity diffusion

Question 24

Keith is trying to help his son,Judd,deal with the devastating floods that left 40,000 people in the Midwest homeless.Judd's mother and two sisters were among those who lost their homes and all of their belongings in this natural disaster.One strategy Keith should NOT implement is to:

A)allow his son to tell and retell the details of the event.
B)encourage his son to talk about his nightmares.
C)allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy.
D)reassure his son that this type of tragedy is rare,and that he is safe.

Question 25

Julio,12,cannot get his science project to work.In fact,it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly.According to Erik Erikson,Julio is at risk for developing a sense of:

A)stagnation.
B)inferiority.
C)shame and doubt.
D)identity diffusion.

Question 26

Pham,a fifth grader,just gave a report in front of the class.After his report some of the students made fun of him.Although Pham was angry and upset,he did not react to his classmates.Pham is exhibiting:

A)cognitive growth.
B)physical growth.
C)emotional growth.
D)biological growth.

Question 27

According to Kohlberg,which of the following is the first stage of moral development?

A)Social contract or utility and individual rights
B)Mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
C)Punishment and obedience orientation
D)Social systems morality

Question 28

A student who says,"I can't do this work," is exhibiting:

A)high self-efficacy.
B)low self-efficacy.
C)high moral development.
D)low moral development.

Question 29

Albert Bandura states that _____ is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

A)self-efficacy
B)self-confidence
C)self-esteem
D)self-awareness

Question 30

Which of the following statements about self-regulation is FALSE?

A)It is linked to developmental advances in the brain's prefrontal cortex.
B)It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior.
C)It leads to increased social competence and achievement.
D)It is characterized by an eagerness to perform challenging tasks.

Question 31

Students with _____ for learning may avoid many learning tasks,especially those that are challenging.

A)high self-efficacy
B)high self-awareness
C)low self-efficacy
D)low self-awareness

Question 32

According to the Erik Erikson,parents who see their children's efforts at making things as "mischief" or "making a mess" will tend to foster a sense of _____ in their children.

A)seriation
B)stagnation
C)transitivity
D)inferiority

Question 33

Which of the following was NOT listed as an important change in the emotional development of school-age children?

A)Improved emotional understanding
B)Reacting impulsively
C)The use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings
D)A capacity for genuine empathy

Question 34

Recent studies found that _____ was a protective factor for children growing up in low-socioeconomic-status conditions.

A)self-regulation.
B)self-esteem.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-concept.

Question 35

The capacity to deliberately manage one's behavior,emotions,and thoughts is called:

A)self-regulation.
B)self-esteem.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-concept.

Question 36

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development,appearing during middle and late childhood,is called:

A)industry versus inferiority.
B)trust versus mistrust.
C)ego integrity versus ego despair.
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 37

Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment.According to Kohlberg,which level of moral development is Megan currently in?

A)Preconventional reasoning
B)Conventional reasoning
C)Interconventional reasoning
D)Postconventional reasoning

Question 38

Which of the following is TRUE of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy?

A)They are less likely than students with low self-efficacy to expend effort on learning tasks.
B)They have an "I cannot" attitude and frequently experience helplessness.
C)They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy.
D)They avoid learning tasks,especially those that are challenging.

Question 39

Students with _____ endorse such statements as "I know that I will be able to learn the material in this class" and "I expect to be able to do well at this activity."

A)high self-efficacy
B)high self-esteem
C)low self-efficacy
D)low self-esteem

Question 40

When children are encouraged in their efforts to make,build,and work-whether building a model airplane,constructing a tree house,fixing a bicycle,solving an addition problem,or cooking-their sense of _____ increases.

A)industry
B)stagnation
C)transitivity
D)generativity

Question 41

Fernando doesn't cut in line,raises his hand in class before talking,and stops his car at stop signs on the road.He focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.Which of the following best describes Fernando's reasoning?

A)Prosocial reasoning
B)Social order reasoning
C)Social consensus reasoning
D)Social conventional reasoning

Question 42

Nasrin believes that in regards to morality,the focus should be on abstract principals rather than relationships and others.Therefore,she has a(n)_____ orientation.

A)prosocial
B)care
C)justice
D)unconventional

Question 43

A person is arrested for stealing company documents and says,"Yes,I did steal the documents,and I am willing to go to jail for it.These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical.I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using _____ reasoning.

A)conventional
B)unconventional
C)preconventional
D)postconventional

Question 44

At which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development does a person understand that values,rights,and principles undergird or transcend the law?

A)Individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B)Mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
C)Social systems morality
D)Social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 45

At which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development do individuals value trust,caring,and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments?

A)Individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B)Punishment and obedience orientation
C)Mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
D)Social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 46

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience,a person who is at the _____ stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development will follow conscience,even though the decision might involve personal risk.

A)universal ethical principles
B)social systems morality
C)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
D)punishment and obedience orientation

Question 47

In contrast with Kohlberg's theory,Gilligan argues for a(n)_____ perspective,which is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication,relationships with others,and concern for others.

A)justice
B)care
C)nonegocentric
D)egocentric

Question 48

More than 80 percent of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen television set is morally wrong.Yet 50 percent admitted they would buy a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught.These data indicate:

A)preconventional moral reasoning.
B)that social prohibitions are more potent than moral ones.
C)that purchasing stolen property is an accepted social convention.
D)that for many people,moral belief does not predict moral behavior.

Question 49

According to Carol Gilligan,Kohlberg's theory puts _____ at the heart of morality.

A)egocentrism
B)care
C)benevolence
D)justice

Question 50

Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and _____ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning.

A)sibling interaction
B)peer interaction
C)parental influence
D)teacher influence

Question 51

According to Lawrence Kohlberg,the highest stage of moral development is called:

A)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity.
B)social systems morality.
C)social contract or utility and individual rights.
D)universal ethical principles.

Question 52

Clarissa thinks that people should be nice to others so that others are nice to them.According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development,which stage is Clarissa currently in?

A)Individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B)Social contract or utility and individual rights
C)Punishment and obedience orientation
D)Social systems morality

Question 53

Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected.She believes that the current law in her country that prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed.According to Kohlberg,which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning?

A)Postconventional
B)Conventional
C)Preconventional
D)Universal

Question 54

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)Kohlberg's theory is based on the prevention of suffering of others.
B)Compassion is given too much importance in Kohlberg's theory.
C)There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.
D)There is no emphasis on the need for justice in matters of morality.

Question 55

Carol Gilligan has criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development because:

A)it is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships.
B)it does not recognize higher-level moral reasoning in certain cultural groups.
C)Kohlberg underestimated the contribution of family relationships to moral development.
D)it places too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.

Question 56

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against treatment of women on her campus,Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights.According to Kai,the university has rules that treat women unfairly and she is morally against such discriminatory practices.What is Kai's likely moral level according to Lawrence Kohlberg?

A)Postconventional reasoning
B)Conventional reasoning
C)Unconventional reasoning
D)Preconventional reasoning

Question 57

Which of the following stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characterized by moral judgments based on understanding the social order,law,justice,and duty?

A)Individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B)Social systems morality
C)Universal ethical principles
D)Social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 58

Moral rules are widely accepted,somewhat impersonal,and:

A)arbitrary.
B)obligatory.
C)only applicable to certain individuals.
D)subject to change by social consensus.

Question 59

Which theorist proposed a six-stage theory of moral development?

A)Kohlberg
B)Freud
C)Skinner
D)Rogers

Question 60

Which of the following would NOT be considered an arbitrary rule?

A)Eating soup with a spoon
B)Raising your hand in class to ask a question
C)Shutting off your cell phone ringer while in church
D)Stealing money from a person

Question 61

Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child.This process is gradual and produces:

A)deregulation.
B)socioregulation.
C)coregulation.
D)bioregulation.

Question 62

Which of the following is FALSE regarding developmental changes in parent-child relationships?

A)Elementary school children tend to receive more physical discipline than they did as preschoolers.
B)During middle and late childhood,parental control changes to coregulation along with the child.
C)Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in a managerial role in parenting.
D)During middle and late childhood,children are allowed to engage in moment-to-moment self-regulation.

Question 63

Recent research on single-sex or same-sex education revealed:

A)significant improvement in academic achievement for boys and girls.
B)no significant improvement for low-income students of color.
C)significant improvement for girls,but not for boys.
D)decreases in the academic performance of both sexes.

Question 64

Angie's mother allows her to schedule her own study and relaxation times,with the expectation that Angie must continue doing well in school and must discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time.Angie's mother checks on Angie's school progress frequently and also talks to her about her social life and problems.This approach is called:

A)boundary ambiguity.
B)latchkey control.
C)unilateral control.
D)coregulation.

Question 65

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the differences in helping behavior of males versus females?

A)Females are helpful irrespective of the situation.
B)Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature.
C)Males are more likely to engage in caregiving behavior.
D)Females are more likely to help when the other person involved is a female.

Question 66

Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?

A)Regulating to have complete control over their own lives
B)Learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis
C)Learning to live with deprivation of privileges
D)Exercising supervision and control of younger siblings

Question 67

Children's sharing comes to reflect a more complex sense of what is just and right during:

A)middle and late infancy.
B)late infancy.
C)middle and late childhood.
D)early adolescence.

Question 68

In terms of gender differences,the advantage in reading for girls over boys has been found

A)only in several states.
B)only in the United States.
C)specifically in China.
D)in every country.

Question 69

The major shift to autonomy does not occur until about age _____ or later.

A)9
B)16
C)12
D)5

Question 70

Researchers have found that family management practices are positively related to:

A)students' grades and self-responsibility.
B)emotional and behavioral problems.
C)lack of autonomy.
D)school-related problems.

Question 71

Males report experiencing and expressing more _____ than do females.

A)joy
B)fear
C)anger
D)shame

Question 72

Across childhood and adolescence,research suggests that:

A)females engage in more prosocial behavior.
B)males engage in more prosocial behavior.
C)girls are likely to be more aggressive than boys.
D)boys are better at reading and writing than girls.

Question 73

Although the differences might be small,boys seem to have an advantage over girls in the area of:

A)reading.
B)writing.
C)visuospatial skills.
D)communication.

Question 74

At what age do children begin to express objective ideas about fairness?

A)At around 4 years
B)At around 6 years
C)At around 8 years
D)At around 10 years

Question 75

Which of the following techniques will parents tend NOT to use to discipline elementary school children?

A)Coercive holding
B)Deprivation of privileges
C)Appeals to the child's self-esteem
D)Comments designed to increase the child's sense of guilt

Question 76

Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females,such as "boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls," are known as gender:

A)identities.
B)constancies.
C)stereotypes.
D)roles.

Question 77

In which of the following areas has it been found that girls exhibit better skills than boys?

A)Visuospatial skills
B)Verbal skills
C)Physical skills
D)Mathematical skills

Question 78

Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is FALSE?

A)Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes.
B)Until about 7 to 8 years of age,gender stereotyping is extensive.
C)Gender stereotypes still exist for both children and adults.
D)Across the elementary school years,children become more flexible in their gender attitudes.

Question 79

Kathryn Kerns and her colleagues have found that during the middle and late childhood years,_____ is associated with a lower level of internalized symptoms,anxiety,and depression in children.

A)sense of industry
B)insecure attachment
C)secure attachment
D)sense of inferiority

Question 80

One area of math in which boys were found to be better at is:

A)advanced calculus.
B)numeracy skills.
C)visuospatial skills.
D)computation skills.