Deck 5: Physical Development in Infancy

Question 1

Which of the following brain imaging techniques has been successfully used by researchers to learn about the brain's development in infancy?

A)Computed axial tomography
B)Positron emission tomography
C)Magnetic resonance imaging
D)Electroencephalogram

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The newborn's brain is about 25 percent of its adult weight by birth; by the second birthday,the brain is about _____ percent of its adult weight.

A)75
B)25
C)30
D)50

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In a newborn,the size of the head is approximately _____ the proportion of the total body length.

A)half
B)one-third
C)one-fourth
D)three-forth

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Scarlett learned to stare at mobile objects before trying to move her limbs to reach for objects.This growth pattern in Scarlett is according to which of the following principles?

A)lateralization
B)cephalocaudal
C)endarch
D)proximodistal

Question 5

The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top-the head-with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom is known as the _____ pattern.

A)proximodistal
B)encephalic
C)cephalocaudal
D)lateralization

Question 6

A _____ is a nerve cell that handles information processing.

A)tendon
B)neuron
C)axon
D)collagen

Question 7

The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called

A)lateralization.
B)dominance.
C)ambidexterity.
D)asymmetry.

Question 8

The electroencephalogram (EEG)is used to study

A)the levels of blood sugar in newborn infants.
B)hormonal fluctuations in new mothers.
C)the brain's electrical activity.
D)paternal responses to postpartum depression.

Question 9

Magnetoencephalogy,or MEG,has been used by researchers to study brain development in infants.Researchers have used this technology to study

A)perceptual processes in infants.
B)maternal nutrition habits.
C)paternal influences on the home environment.
D)the effect of having a doula present during delivery.

Question 10

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex has an active role in hearing,language processing,and memory?

A)Frontal lobe
B)Temporal lobe
C)Occipital lobe
D)Parietal lobe

Question 11

During pregnancy,the size of the head is half the size of the total body length when the fetus is ______ old.

A)two-months
B)six-months
C)eight-months
D)nine-months

Question 12

The _____ lobes of the cerebral cortex function in vision.

A)parietal
B)frontal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 13

Natalie had random hand movements when she was two months old.When she was six months old,she used to grab a block with her whole hand.Now at the age of ten months,she can grasp the same block with her thumb and forefinger.This sequence of growth in her hand and finger movements is according to the _____ pattern.

A)lateralization
B)proximodistal
C)endarch
D)cephalocaudal

Question 14

Which of the following is a syndrome that affects a large number of babies in the United States,causes severe brain damage,and includes symptoms such as brain swelling and hemorrhaging?

A)Tay-Sachs syndrome
B)Shaken baby syndrome
C)Shy Drager syndrome
D)Down syndrome

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of proximodistal pattern of growth?

A)Abbey learning to sit first before learning to stand or crawl
B)Alex learning to move his eyes before learning his first words
C)Colin learning to stare at moving objects before trying to touch them with his hands
D)Polly learning to grab the objects with her whole hands before learning to pick them up with her fingers

Question 16

Proximodistal pattern of growth refers to the sequence in which

A)the growth and development occurs in a way that parts that are being used more frequently grow faster than parts being used less frequently.
B)the earliest growth always occurs at the top-the head-with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.
C)growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
D)growth and development occurs in a way that certain parts are more developed and highly specialized compared to other parts of the body.

Question 17

The parietal lobes play an important role in

A)hearing,language processing,and memory.
B)vision.
C)voluntary movement,thinking,personality,emotion,memory,sustained attention,and intentionality or purpose.
D)registering spatial location,maintaining attention,and administering motor control.

Question 18

The tissue that covers the forebrain like a wrinkled cap and includes two halves or hemispheres is called the _____.

A)myelin sheath
B)prefrontal cortex
C)cerebellum
D)cerebral cortex

Question 19

Which of the following areas of the brain is farthest from the spinal cord and includes cerebral cortex?

A)Hindbrain
B)Midbrain
C)Forebrain
D)Hypothalamus

Question 20

The sensory and motor developments in infants generally proceed according to the _____ principle.

A)lateralization
B)proximodistal
C)endarch
D)cephalocaudal

Question 21

A _____ is a layer of fat cells that insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon in neurons.

A)adipose tissue
B)myelin sheath
C)hypodermis
D)subcutaneous layer

Question 22

In adulthood,individuals spend about _____ of their night in REM sleep.

A)half
B)one-eighth
C)one-third
D)one-fifth

Question 23

Based on the studies conducted on infant sleep-related problems,which of the following factors will be linked to fewer infant sleep problems?

A)Infant TV viewing
B)Non-involvement of fathers in infant care
C)Mother's emotional availability
D)Early introduction of solid foods to infants

Question 24

_____ is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing,usually during the night,and die abruptly without an apparent cause.

A)Sudden infant death syndrome
B)Shaken baby syndrome
C)Marfan syndrome
D)Klinefelter's syndrome

Question 25

The chemicals released by the terminal buttons that connect axons and dendrites of successive neurons and help in the passing of information from neuron to neuron across the synapse are called

A)neurotransmitters.
B)pheromones.
C)cytokines.
D)synomones.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a protective buffer against SIDS?

A)Sleeping with a fan in the room.
B)Breast feeding
C)Infant sleeping in same bed as parents
D)Firm bedding

Question 27

The unused synaptic connections will be replaced by other pathways or they disappear.In the language of neuroscience,these connections are said to be

A)bloomed.
B)strengthened.
C)pruned.
D)cropped.

Question 28

The process of encasing axons with fat cells,which is involved in providing energy to neurons and speeding up neural transmissions,is known as

A)lateralization.
B)neurotransmission.
C)myelination.
D)metacognition.

Question 29

Myelination for visual pathways is

A)completed in the first six months after birth.
B)completed after eight months of birth.
C)not completed till the first year.
D)not completed until four or five years of age.

Question 30

Which of the following statements regarding the REM sleep is TRUE?

A)Infants often begin their sleep cycle with non-REM sleep rather than REM sleep.
B)In adults,REM sleep usually appears after non-REM sleep.
C)REM sleep begins the sleep cycle of infants after three months of age.
D)The amount of time taken up by the REM sleep is much lesser in infancy than at any other point in the entire life span.

Question 31

The _____ region of the frontal lobe has the most prolonged development of any brain region,with changes detectable at least into emerging adulthood.

A)orbital
B)auditory
C)prefrontal
D)lateral

Question 32

Which of the following is a dramatic change in the brain in infants in the first two years of life?

A)Demyelination
B)Dendritic connectivity
C)Slowing of neural transmissions
D)Increase in density of synapses

Question 33

The _____ lobes of the cerebral cortex are involved in voluntary movement,thinking,personality,emotion,memory,sustained attention,and intentionality or purpose.

A)occipital
B)frontal
C)temporal
D)parietal

Question 34

Within a 24-hour cycle,approximately how much time do infants 0 to 2 years spend sleeping?

A)5 hours
B)8 hours
C)13 hours
D)21 hours

Question 35

Which of the following functions is an outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain in normal people?

A)Use of metaphors
B)Speech and grammar
C)Performing music
D)Humor

Question 36

Which of the following functions is lateralized to the left hemisphere of the cortex in most human brains?

A)Humor
B)Speech and grammar
C)Use of metaphors
D)Facial perception

Question 37

In which of the following areas of an infant's brain does the peak of synaptic overproduction occurs at about the fourth postnatal month?

A)Prefrontal cortex
B)Neo cortex
C)Auditory cortex
D)Visual cortex

Question 38

Which of the following parts of a neuron carries signals toward the cell body?

A)Terminal buttons
B)Myelin sheath
C)Axons
D)Dendrites

Question 39

According to your text,infants from which ethnic group are MOST likely to die from SIDS?

A)Non-Latino
B)Caucasian
C)Eskimo
D)Native American

Question 40

Infants of 0 to 2 years of age sleep an average of _____ hours a day.

A)7.9
B)9.4
C)11.6
D)12.8

Question 41

The "dynamic systems theory" was proposed by

A)Esther Thelen.
B)Jean Piaget.
C)Eleanor Gibson.
D)Richard Walk.

Question 42

Ana,a two-year-old baby girl appears to be well fed but is deficient of certain important proteins.Her hair is thin,colorless,and brittle.Based on these symptoms,the doctor examining Ana,is likely to relate her condition to the disorder of _____.

A)marasmus
B)kwashiorkor
C)otitis media
D)anemia

Question 43

Researchers have found no _____ differences between breast-fed infants and bottle-fed infants.

A)physical
B)psychological
C)nutritional
D)medical

Question 44

Benefits for the breast-feeding mother include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Lower incidence of breast cancer
B)Reduction in ovarian cancer
C)Reduction in type 2 diabetes
D)Lower incidence of osteoporosis

Question 45

According to the dynamic systems theory,the first step for infants in developing their motor skills is

A)being motivated by a challenge.
B)beginning the movement.
C)fine-tuning the movement.
D)moving on to next milestone.

Question 46

The first dose of vaccination for influenza is given to infants at the age of _____.

A)one year
B)six months
C)four months
D)two months

Question 47

Which of the following is a high-risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A)Early introduction of solid foods
B)Breastfeeding
C)Prone sleeping
D)Use of pacifier

Question 48

Which of the following conditions resulting from malnutrition can cause a child's vital organs to collect the nutrients that are present and deprive other parts of the body of them?

A)Marasmus
B)Kwashiorkor
C)Otitis media
D)Anemia

Question 49

The immunization for polio is given until the age of

A)15 months.
B)4 to 6 years.
C)8 to 10 years.
D)11 to 14 years.

Question 50

Which of the following vaccinations is given to infants at birth?

A)Diptheria
B)Measles
C)Rubella
D)Hepatitis B

Question 51

Infant Devon rarely sleeps through the night,instead she sleeps in rather short intervals throughout the day and night.Recent research suggests that Devon will

A)will become obese in her early childhood years.
B)will show language delays in early childhood.
C)will be more alert and cognitively aware in early childhood.
D)will be slightly above her peers in information processing capabilities.

Question 52

According to the _____ theory,to develop motor skills,infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.

A)psychosocial
B)cognitive developmental
C)dynamic systems
D)sociocultural cognitive

Question 53

_____ is a condition caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Otitis media
C)Marasmus
D)Kwashiorkor

Question 54

The evidence obtained from the studies conducted on maternal benefits of breast feeding for mothers indicates that breast feeding

A)reduces the occurrence of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
B)helps women to return to prepregnancy weight.
C)reduces the risk of osteoporosis.
D)helps to overcome postpartum depression.

Question 55

The nutrient need for infants recommended by nutritionists is approximately _____ calories per day for each pound they weigh.

A)25
B)100
C)75
D)50

Question 56

Infants who spent more time sleeping at night as opposed to the day showed higher

A)executive function at age 4.
B)tolerance for pain at age 3.
C)levels of distress in the presence of strangers at 18 months.
D)than average levels of separation anxiety at 8 months.

Question 57

Which of the following conclusions is TRUE based on the research conducted on benefits of breast feeding for the child?

A)It prevents asthma in older children.
B)It reduces the risk of allergies in children.
C)It promotes cognitive development in children.
D)It reduces gastrointestinal infections in infants.

Question 58

Bottle feeding is recommended for mothers who

A)are HIV positive.
B)have active tuberculosis.
C)taking drugs that might harm the infant.
D)all of these.

Question 59

Who among the following infants is more likely to suffer from SIDS?

A)Noah,who uses a pacifier when she goes to sleep
B)Ethan,who is suffering from sleep apnea
C)Austin,who does not share the bed with his parents
D)Kevin,who sleeps in a bedroom with a fan

Question 60

Fewer gastrointestinal infections,lower respiratory tract infections,and fewer middle ear infections are all associated with

A)breast feeding.
B)bottle feeding.
C)bottle feeding,but only with specialized formulas.
D)bottle feeding,but only if both parents share the feeding duties.

Question 61

According to research,development for a preference to view attractive rather than unattractive faces begins

A)within hours of birth.
B)during the preschool years.
C)during the middle childhood years.
D)during adolescence.

Question 62

The rays of light focused on the eyes are converted into electrical impulses by the

A)cochlea.
B)retina.
C)iris.
D)cornea.

Question 63

_____ reflex occurs when the sole of the foot of an infant is stroked and the infant responds by fanning out the toes and twisting the foot in.

A)Moro
B)Rooting
C)Babinski
D)Swimming

Question 64

Nathan,who is ten months old,picks up small blocks using his thumb and forefinger.The type of grasp used by Nathan is called the _____ grip.

A)pencil
B)tripod
C)palmer
D)pincer

Question 65

The sensation of hearing occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and conducted through the bones of the inner ear and the _____,where mechanical vibrations are converted into electrical impulses.

A)dura mater
B)cochlea
C)retina
D)pinna

Question 66

Themethod used to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli is known as the _____ method.

A)stimulus generalization
B)orienting response
C)visual preference
D)high-amplitude sucking

Question 67

Which of the following motor skills is achieved in the second year of life in infants?

A)Climbing the steps
B)Walking alone easily
C)Using arms for support
D)Standing with support

Question 68

The dynamic systems view of motor development states that the developing of motor skills is a(n)_____ process.

A)passive
B)active
C)rapid
D)important

Question 69

Which of the following methods uses a sound generating system to assess an infant's attention to sound?

A)Magnetic resonance imaging method
B)Orienting response method
C)Visual preference method
D)High-amplitude sucking method

Question 70

Which of the following reflexes has a survival value for newborns as it enables them to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food?

A)Babinski reflex
B)Sucking reflex
C)Moro reflex
D)Rooting reflex

Question 71

The electrical impulses from the retina are transmitted to the visual centers of the brain by the _____ nerve.

A)auditory
B)spinal
C)optic
D)cochlear

Question 72

According to the dynamic systems view,fine-tuning of a motor skill is accomplished through

A)brain maturation.
B)genetic programming.
C)repeated actions.
D)parental supervision.

Question 73

Alex was being shown a sequence of objects which were of the same size and they all resembled a square.After sometime Alex lost interest in those objects.When they showed him a triangular object it suddenly caught his attention and he started looking at those objects again.This change in response in Alex is referred to as _____.

A)sustained attention
B)orientation
C)dishabituation
D)visual preference

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill in infants?

A)Walking
B)Grasping
C)Crawling
D)Creeping

Question 75

A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden,intense noise or movement is called the _____ reflex.

A)Moro
B)grasping
C)stepping
D)sucking

Question 76

The perceptual system used by infants to coordinate grasping varies with age.Four-month-old infants rely greatly on _____ to determine how they will grip an object.

A)vision
B)color
C)touch
D)depth

Question 77

_____ is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

A)Generalization
B)Habituation
C)Operant conditioning
D)Cognitive discrimination

Question 78

When an infant is placed on his or her back,the baby forms fists with both hands and usually turns his or her head to the right.This reflex is known as the _____ reflex.

A)Babinski
B)tonic neck
C)rooting
D)grasping

Question 79

John,a two-month-old boy,turns his head toward the side,when his cheek is stroked in an effort to find something to suck.The type of reflex exhibited by John is known as the _____ reflex.

A)Moro
B)grasping
C)sucking
D)rooting

Question 80

Which of the following views states that perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it?

A)The ecological view
B)The nativist view
C)The dynamic systems view
D)The constructivist view