Deck 2: Biological Beginnings

Question 1

The evolutionary process that favors individuals of a species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce is known as

A)gene-gene interaction.
B)gene mutation.
C)natural selection.
D)genetic imprinting.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Threadlike structures that contain DNA are defined as

A)nerves.
B)cells.
C)dendrites.
D)chromosomes.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Discovering the location of a gene (or genes)in relation to a marker gene (whose position is already known)is the goal of

A)genome-wide association method.
B)linkage analysis.
C)next-generation sequencing.
D)collective sampling.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The theory of evolution by natural selection was first introduced by

A)Charles Darwin.
B)Stephen Jay Gould.
C)Albert Bandura.
D)Sandra Scarr.

Question 5

The findings of the Human Genome Project revealed that

A)genes possess no fixed locations in humans.
B)humans have far fewer genes than estimated earlier.
C)each gene programmed just one protein.
D)humans appear to have far more genes than they have proteins.

Question 6

Which of the following is an idea generated and supported by evolutionary psychology?

A)Gender roles are socially constructed as opposed to being a function of evolution.
B)The mind is like a general-purpose device that can be applied equally to a vast array of problems because evolved psychological mechanisms are not domain-specific.
C)All evolved mechanisms are adaptive in contemporary society.
D)An extended childhood period evolved in humans because they require time to develop a large brain and learn the complexity of human societies.

Question 7

Evolutionary psychology is a relatively new approach to psychology that emphasizes the

A)biological changes that occur in an individual throughout the lifespan.
B)role of adaptation,reproduction,and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior.
C)unilateral manner in which genes determine our behavior and abilities.
D)geographical setting of the person in explaining his or her behavior and abilities.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is TRUE of Darwin's views on evolution?

A)Most organisms reproduce at rates that cause an insignificant increase in their population.
B)The constant struggle for food,water,and resources among members of a species encourages supportive behaviors among them.
C)Behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat differentiates between survivors and nonsurvivors.
D)Adaptive behaviors are purely psychological.

Question 9

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the genes?

A)Each gene contains multiple chromosomes that are located on it.
B)Genes are located variably in humans; they cannot be found at a fixed place on a chromosome.
C)Genes are contained in complex molecules with a double helix shape called DNA.
D)Genes work individually to assemble proteins.

Question 10

Which of the following is the smallest entity?

A)A cell
B)A gene
C)A gamete
D)A chromosome

Question 11

The vast increase in genetic data generated at a much reduced cost and in a shorter period of time is referred to as

A)the genome-wide association method.
B)linkage analysis.
C)next-generation sequencing.
D)rapid data collection.

Question 12

_____ are defined as units of hereditary information.

A)Nerves
B)Cells
C)Genes
D)Engrams

Question 13

Evolutionary psychology,a relatively new approach to psychology,has been especially influenced by

A)David Buss.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)Albert Bandura.
D)Martin Seligman.

Question 14

The genome-wide association method is used to

A)identify genetic variations linked to a particular disease.
B)collect data from multiple genetic studies and analyze it.
C)identify the influence of environmental factors on emotional development.
D)to rule out the influence of genetics as causes for diseases.

Question 15

Upon the completion of the Human Genome Project,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism have been the focus of studies using

A)genome-wide association method.
B)linkage analysis.
C)next-generation sequencing.
D)dichotic listening techniques.

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the views of David Buss on evolution?

A)The influence of evolution is restricted to the development of our unique physical features.
B)The influence of evolution is negligible as the environment in which one grows is the sole determinant of his or her personality.
C)The influence of evolution on our reproductive success is not sufficient to explain survival.
D)The influence of evolution on our decision-making abilities,levels of aggression,fears,and our mating patterns are significant.

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the evolutionary psychology perspective?

A)The evolutionary psychology perspective is one of the oldest applied branches of psychology.
B)The evolutionary psychology perspective represents a bidirectional view,in which environmental and biological conditions influence each other.
C)The evolutionary psychology perspective has been proven through successful empirical study and research.
D)The evolutionary psychology perspective is best evaluated through the study of specific genes and their links to traits and behaviors.

Question 18

Upon completion of the Human Genome Project,childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease have been the focus of studies using

A)the genome-wide association method.
B)linkage analysis.
C)next-generation sequencing.
D)the visual-fixation method.

Question 19

In the context of natural selection,"fit" refers to behaviors that increase

A)genetic imprinting.
B)psychological fitness.
C)gene-environment interaction.
D)reproductive success.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to genes and proteins?

A)Genes act independently to translate the genetic code they carry into an individual's phenotype or physical features that are observable.
B)Each gene is translated,in an automatic fashion,into one and only one protein.
C)The translation of genes into proteins represents a collaborative process between genes and other factors within and outside the body.
D)The Human Genome Project established the fact that humans had as many as 100,000 or more genes.

Question 21

Caroline is a beautiful baby.She has lovely blond hair and soft blue eyes.Caroline's hair and eyes are examples of her _____.

A)genetic coding
B)genotype
C)gene-environment interaction
D)phenotype

Question 22

Michael carries two genes for brown hair.Lisa carries two genes for blond hair.Given this,we know that their child will have a _____ percent chance of having brown hair.

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)100

Question 23

Both Peggy and Bob are farsighted.If their child is nearsighted,then it follows that

A)both Peggy and Bob lack a gene for farsightedness.
B)only Peggy has a gene for farsightedness.
C)only Bob lacks a gene for nearsightedness.
D)both Peggy and Bob have a gene for nearsightedness.

Question 24

Studies that focus on the interdependence of two or more genes are studying gene-gene

A)interaction.
B)correlation.
C)confusion.
D)disruption.

Question 25

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the dominant-recessive genes principle?

A)A single recessive gene has the potential to silence the other gene of the pair.
B)A recessive gene exerts its influence only if the two genes of a pair are both recessive.
C)Blond hair,nearsightedness,and freckles are dominant traits.
D)Brown hair,farsightedness,and dimples are examples of recessive traits.

Question 26

Height is a simple characteristic that is determined by

A)a single gene.
B)the interaction of many genes and environmental factors.
C)the manifestation of an altered X-linked gene.
D)the action of a specific pair of genes.

Question 27

According to your text,_____ are the building blocks of one's phenotype.

A)proteins
B)vitamins
C)bones
D)calories

Question 28

According to your text,what are the essential ingredients required to translate one's genotype into one's phenotype?

A)Proteins
B)RNA
C)Amino acids
D)All of these

Question 29

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to sources of variability?

A)The chromosomes in the zygote are not exact copies of those in the mother's ovaries and the father's testes.
B)Fraternal twins develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas.
C)For each genotype,only a corresponding phenotype can be expressed.
D)Identical twins develop from separate eggs and separate sperm.

Question 30

_____ is defined as a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form gametes.

A)Fertilization
B)Meiosis
C)Gene imprinting
D)Mitosis

Question 31

Which of the following was NOT one of the factors identified by researchers as external influences on the excitation or inhibition of genetic expression?

A)Stress
B)Radiation
C)Temperature
D)Intelligence

Question 32

The difference between mitosis and meiosis is that

A)meiosis takes place within body cells,while mitosis takes place within gametes.
B)mitosis results in the formation of two cells,while meiosis produces four cells.
C)in mitosis the cells divide twice,while in meiosis only one division occurs.
D)mitosis results in 23 unpaired chromosomes,while meiosis results in 23 paired chromosomes.

Question 33

Which of the following can be deciphered by observing an individual?

A)Genetic material
B)Phenotype
C)Genetic code
D)Genetic expression

Question 34

_____ is defined as the process by which the cell's nucleus,including the chromosomes,duplicates itself and the cell divides.

A)Accommodation
B)Mitosis
C)Assimilation
D)Fertilization

Question 35

A single cell,known as a(n)_____,is formed during the process of fertilization.

A)ovum
B)embryo
C)gamete
D)zygote

Question 36

Which of the following is caused by faulty genetic imprinting?

A)Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
B)Klinefelter syndrome
C)Turner syndrome
D)Down syndrome

Question 37

A _____ gene is a permanently altered segment of DNA that can give rise to genetic variability.

A)recessive
B)dependent
C)mutated
D)dominant

Question 38

In order for your children to have freckles,both you and your partner must carry the gene for freckles,becasue having freckles is a ________ trait.

A)polygenic
B)phenotypic
C)recessive
D)dominant

Question 39

Studies examining gene-gene interaction have documented gene-gene interaction in all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Diabetes
B)Asthma
C)Immune system functioning
D)Cancer

Question 40

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to one's genotype?

A)It is apparent in one's physical make-up.
B)It refers to one's actual genetic material.
C)It can be observed through one's intelligence and personality.
D)Each genotype translates into only one phenotypic expression.

Question 41

Which of the following is a neural tube disorder that can be treated with corrective surgery at birth?

A)Huntington's disease
B)Tay-Sachs disease
C)Spina bifida
D)Diabetes

Question 42

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to fragile X syndrome?

A)The physical appearance of children with fragile X syndrome is markedly altered.
B)Mental abilities are relatively normal in individuals with fragile X syndrome.
C)This disorder occurs more frequently in males than in females.
D)This disorder is caused by the missing X chromosome in humans.

Question 43

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Klinefelter syndrome?

A)a protruding tongue
B)a webbed neck
C)undeveloped testes
D)an extra fold of skin over the eyelids

Question 44

The XYY syndrome is characterized by the

A)male having an extra Y chromosome.
B)female having an extra Y chromosome.
C)males having an extra X chromosome.
D)female having a missing X chromosome.

Question 45

Which of the following genetic disorders is characterized by the inability of individuals to properly metabolize a particular amino acid?

A)Phenylketonuria
B)Sickle-cell anemia
C)Turner syndrome
D)Fragile X syndrome

Question 46

Which of the following genetic disorders is characterized by the X chromosome being missing or incomplete in females?

A)Fragile X syndrome
B)Turner syndrome
C)Klinefelter syndrome
D)Down syndrome

Question 47

Ultrasound sonography uses _____ to conduct prenatal diagnosis.

A)a strong magnetic field
B)strong ultraviolet waves
C)high frequency infrared waves
D)high frequency sound waves

Question 48

At age six,Joe underwent a minor dental procedure that was followed by prolonged bleeding.When the bleeding could not be controlled by any common means,Joe was hospitalized,and later,diagnosed with a condition that can make simple injuries,bruises,or cuts extremely threatening because of prolonged bleeding.His parents were informed that in case the problem continued or worsened,Joe would require frequent blood transfusions and medical care.Joe is suffering from _____.

A)phenylketonuria
B)hemophilia
C)spina bifida
D)diabetes

Question 49

_____ occurs most commonly in African Americans.

A)Down syndrome
B)Turner syndrome
C)Sickle-cell anemia
D)Phenylketonuria

Question 50

Which of the following genetic disorders is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21?

A)Down syndrome
B)Turner syndrome
C)Sickle-cell anemia
D)Phenylketonuria

Question 51

Which of the following genetic disorders affects only females?

A)Turner syndrome
B)Sickle-cell anemia
C)Klinefelter syndrome
D)Down syndrome

Question 52

Which of the following genetic disorders affects only males?

A)Phenylketonuria
B)Sickle-cell anemia
C)Klinefelter syndrome
D)Down syndrome

Question 53

Which of the following genetic disorders can be classified as a sex-linked chromosomal abnormality?

A)Phenylketonuria
B)Sickle-cell anemia
C)Klinefelter syndrome
D)Down syndrome

Question 54

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to Down syndrome?

A)Down syndrome afflicts only males.
B)No remedial measures can be used to improve the quality of life and adaptive capacity of children with Down syndrome.
C)The risk of having a child with Down syndrome is a function of too low or high a maternal age.
D)Down syndrome is a sex-linked chromosomal abnormality.

Question 55

Nancy has recently undergone a surgery to correct her webbed neck.This is one of the many difficulties she faces as a result of being born with a missing X chromosome.She is also very short and overweight.Doctors have informed her parents that hormone therapy is an option to treat her condition though reproductive sterility is a big possibility.Nancy's school performance is fairly average; she encounters problems with mathematics but has good verbal skills.Which of the following chromosomal disorders does Nancy have?

A)Fragile X syndrome
B)Klinefelter syndrome
C)Turner syndrome
D)Down syndrome

Question 56

Which of the following pairs of genetic disorders is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome?

A)Down syndrome and Turner syndrome
B)Turner syndrome and sickle-cell anemia
C)Klinefelter syndrome and Down syndrome
D)Phenylketonuria and XYY syndrome

Question 57

_____ is a gene-linked abnormality that is caused by a glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production.

A)Sickle-cell anemia
B)Tay-Sachs disease
C)Diabetes
D)Cystic fibrosis

Question 58

Which of the following is a consequence of sickle-cell anemia?

A)Inability to metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine
B)Limited oxygen supply to body's cells
C)Delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding
D)Limited production of insulin

Question 59

When Wendy was a baby,she was diagnosed with a gene-linked abnormality that left her unable to metabolize an important amino acid.Because her condition was diagnosed early,the doctors recommended that her parents put her on a diet that prevents an excess accumulation of the concerned amino acid in her body.This diet has helped her deal with the disorder successfully without experiencing any of the major disturbances of development this disorder is associated with.Wendy is likely to be suffering from _____.

A)phenylketonuria
B)hemophilia
C)Turner syndrome
D)fragile X syndrome

Question 60

Jerry was born with a round face,flattened skull,short limbs,and retardation of motor and mental abilities.The doctors told Jerry's parents that this is because he has an extra copy of chromosome 21.Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities does Jerry have?

A)Phenylketonuria
B)Turner syndrome
C)Sickle-cell anemia
D)Down syndrome

Question 61

One of the consequences of fertility treatments is a(n)

A)increase in birth weight of babies.
B)decrease in genetic disorders.
C)increase in postterm pregnancies.
D)increase in multiple births.

Question 62

_____ is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.

A)Eugenics
B)Behavior genetics
C)Genomics
D)Genetic engineering

Question 63

Joan and Jane are identical twins in their teenage years.It is likely that the two girls are

A)very happy being perceived as "one" person.
B)are in the midst of trying to form unique personalities.
C)still dressing in the same outfits.
D)share the same exact pattern of beliefs and values that they have since childhood.

Question 64

Which of the following adoptees is least likely to have adjustment difficulties?

A)A toddler adoptee
B)An adolescent adoptee
C)An infant adoptee
D)A preschooler adoptee

Question 65

In the United States,_____ is by far the most commonly used assisted reproduction technique.

A)surrogate mothering
B)gamete intrafallopian transfer
C)artificial insemination
D)in vitro fertilization

Question 66

Which of the following statements concerning adoption studies is correct?

A)Adoption studies involve studying the behavioral similarity of identical twins raised together.
B)Adoption studies compare children's traits with their adoptive and biological parents' traits.
C)Adoption studies cannot be conducted on single children or siblings who are neither identical nor fraternal twins.
D)Adoption studies clearly show that environment is more important than heredity.

Question 67

Jorge,an adoptee and an emerging adult,has never met his biological mother or father.Jorge's adoption would be considered a(n)_____ adoption.

A)closed
B)open
C)abnormal
D)cultural

Question 68

According to Dr.Lynn Perlman,identity formation or developing a sense of uniqueness is especially difficult for

A)males.
B)females.
C)twins.
D)only children.

Question 69

Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests is used during amniocentesis to locate the precise point for drawing a sample?

A)Maternal blood screening
B)Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis
C)Chorionic villus sampling
D)Ultrasound sonography

Question 70

The first fetal screening procedure that Holly Brook underwent revealed potential abnormalities in her baby.Subsequently,she underwent another procedure in which a powerful magnetic field and radio images were used to generate detailed images of the baby's organs and structure.This prenatal diagnostic test,which showed more clearly that her baby has certain abnormalities in the central nervous system,is called _____.

A)amniocentesis
B)fetal MRI
C)noninvasive prenatal diagnosis
D)ultrasound sonography

Question 71

Norah and Bob are elated as they have just brought their twins home.After trying to have a baby of their own for eight years,they opted for fertility treatment a year ago.Their gametes were harvested and fertilized artificially; the successfully fertilized eggs were placed back in Norah's uterus.The pregnancy was fairly uneventful after that though Norah had to go for frequent medical checks and take many precautionary measures.Norah and Bob used the _____ technique of assisted reproduction.

A)artificial insemination
B)in vivo fertilization
C)in vitro fertilization
D)gamete intrafallopian transfer

Question 72

Jennifer was adopted at an early age,while Jasmine grew up in the foster care program.Based on research presented in your text,what can we predict about their respective cognitive development?

A)Jennifer's cognitive abilities will be below Jasmine's cognitive abilities.
B)Jennifer's cognitive abilities will be above Jasmine's cognitive abilities.
C)There will be little noticeable differences between the girls' cognitive abilities.
D)Research on adoption and foster care has not focused on cognitive development.

Question 73

According to research,who seems to benefit from open adoptions?

A)Child
B)Biological parents
C)Adoptive parents
D)All of these

Question 74

Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests is characterized by the isolation and examination of fetal cells circulating in the mother's blood?

A)Fetal MRI
B)Ultrasound sonography
C)Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis
D)Amniocentesis

Question 75

Research on adoption has identified an increased risk for adoptees in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

A)Aggression
B)Depression
C)ADHD
D)Asthma

Question 76

In the 17th week of her pregnancy,Penny Wills was asked to take the triple screen test as she had a family history of birth defects.Her doctor assured her that the test would take very little time and posed no risks to her baby.Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests has the doctor asked her to undergo?

A)Maternal blood screening
B)Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis
C)Chorionic villus sampling
D)Ultrasound sonography

Question 77

Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when

A)children grow up in a rearing environment provided by the biological parents.
B)children's characteristics elicit certain types of physical and social environments.
C)children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.
D)children follow their own inherited predispositions despite being adopted by different families.

Question 78

Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests uses a sample of the placenta to detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus?

A)Amniocentesis
B)Chorionic villus sampling
C)Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis
D)Ultrasound sonography

Question 79

Conclusions from recent studies on adoption suggest that a(n)_____ adoption led to better adjustment for adolescents and emerging adults.

A)closed
B)open
C)classified
D)secret

Question 80

One of the issues that complicates the interpretation of twin studies is that

A)fraternal twins are usually perceived as a "set" and play together more often than identical twins do.
B)identical twins represent a more active type of genotype-environment correlation.
C)the environments of identical twins are more similar than those of fraternal twins.
D)fraternal twins are rarely studied in comparison to identical twins.