Deck 16: Schools and Achievement

Question 1

According to this chapter,what approach to early childhood education views young children as competent,encourages them to learn by investigating and exploring topics that interest them,and uses a wide range of stimulating media and materials?

A) Project Head Start
B) child-centered kindergarten
C) Reggio Emilia approach
D) Montessori approach

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire is called the ___________ approach.

A) Reggio Emilia
B) Montessori
C) open education
D) traditional curriculum

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Helen is a Montessori teacher.She acts as a

A) director of learning.
B) facilitator of learning.
C) referee between children.
D) peer helper.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

______________ approach is a teacher-centered approach that emphasizes teacher direction and control,mastery of academic skills by children,high expectations for students,and maximum time spent on learning tasks.

A) Indirect instruction
B) Direct instruction
C) Teacher centered
D) Academic Mastery

Question 5

The ___________________________ approach is an educational program for young children that was developed in northern Italy.

A) Piagetian
B) Ericksonian
C) Reggio Emilia
D) Casa de Bambino

Question 6

Which is not a principle of the Reggio Emilia approach?

A) Children are encouraged to learn by investigating topics that interest them.
B) Children use a wide range of media and materials.
C) Children explore topics in groups rather than individually.
D) Parents are encouraged to help out,but parent participation is not required.

Question 7

When studying farming,an elementary school teacher has students prepare reports on different farm animals,read labels on cereal boxes and identify substances that may have been grown on a farm,and take a field trip to a local grocery store to identify farm-related food items.This curriculum is best described as

A) back-to-the-basics.
B) promoting readiness
C) constructivist.
D) remedial.

Question 8

Since the 1990s,the U.S.public and governments at every level have

A) demanded increased accountability from schools.
B) demanded decreased accountability from schools.
C) not changed their demand of accountability from previous years.
D) stopped requiring accountability from schools.

Question 9

Which one of the following does not describe an excellent kindergarten program?

A) experimenting
B) exploring
C) restructuring
D) high academic standards

Question 10

Which is not a potential positive effect of statewide standardized testing?

A) improved overall student performance
B) more teaching time devoted to subjects that are tested
C) average expectations for all students
D) identification of poorly performing schools

Question 11

The Reggio Emilia approach stresses

A) individual problem solving.
B) rigid adherence to a standardized curriculum.
C) self-reliance rather than cooperation.
D) investigating topics as a group.

Question 12

In regard to the direct instruction approach,which of the following statements is not true?

A) It is teacher-centered.
B) The children master academic skills.
C) There are high expectations of children.
D) There is a minimum time spent on learning tasks.

Question 13

One of the criticisms of the Montessori approach is that it

A) neglects children's social development.
B) is too expensive for most families.
C) cannot be continued in elementary school.
D) overemphasizes peer interaction.

Question 14

If you were a parent who wanted your child to be in the original Reggio Emilia school,your chances for getting your child admitted would be better if

A) you were a single parent.
B) your child had a disability.
C) you needed financial assistance.
D) All of these.

Question 15

The Montessori approach is a philosophy in which

A) the teacher acts as the director of learning.
B) the teacher decides on the classroom activities.
C) specific time periods are set aside for various activities.
D) children are given considerable freedom.

Question 16

The ___________________ approach emphasizes the child's active,cognitive construction of knowledge and understanding.

A) direct instruction
B) constructivist
C) cognitive instruction
D) indirect instruction

Question 17

In the child-centered kindergarten,

A) what is learned,not how it is learned,is stressed.
B) listening,rather than speaking,is stressed.
C) little concern is paid to physical development.
D) play is extremely important in the child's total development.

Question 18

Which is not an argument against the direct instruction approach?

A) Children turn into passive learners.
B) Children are not challenged to think.
C) The direct instruction approach does not give enough attention to content.
D) The direct instruction approach does not lend itself to creativity.

Question 19

Haley is considering placing her daughter in a program in which children often explore topics in a group.Parent participation is essential,and cooperation is a theme.What program described in the textbook would meet her needs for her child?

A) Project Head Start
B) child-centered kindergarten
C) Reggio Emilia approach
D) Montessori approach

Question 20

Which does not belong?

A) child-centered kindergarten
B) concern for children's social and physical development
C) process valued over product
D) emphasis is on academic performance

Question 21

Mr.Tompkins visited a school in which direct teaching through abstract paper-and-pencil activities was presented to large groups of young children.This type of teaching is best considered

A) child-centered.
B) teacher-centered.
C) developmentally appropriate.
D) developmentally inappropriate.

Question 22

A congressperson is able to defend his or her votes to spend money on model preschool programs by pointing out that

A) preschool programs are required by federal law.
B) for every dollar invested in such programs,taxpayers receive about 85 cents in return.
C) model programs save money by reducing delinquency and reducing the use of welfare programs.
D) although no one has done a long-term investigation,preschool programs seem to have substantial benefits for low-income families.

Question 23

When the many different types of preschool programs under Project Head Start were evaluated,it was determined that

A) none of them worked as well as expected.
B) the academically oriented learning environments were less successful.
C) there was a positive influence of quality early childhood programs on both the cognitive and social worlds of disadvantaged young children.
D) all of preschool programs worked better than expected.

Question 24

Four-year-old Nicole comes from a very poor family.Her parents are barely literate and both work long hours,which prevents them from providing Nicole with the type of stimulation she requires.Nicole would likely benefit from immediate placement in

A) first grade.
B) a Head Start program.
C) Project Follow Through.
D) an academically oriented kindergarten program.

Question 25

Which of the following statements reflects developmentally appropriate practice?

A) Young children learn best through active hands-on teaching methods.
B) Children develop at varying rates and schools need to allow for these differences.
C) Schools should focus on improving children's social development as well as their cognitive development.
D) All of these.

Question 26

The federal education program established in 1965 for children from low-income families is called

A) Project Follow Up.
B) Project Head Start.
C) Project First Endeavor.
D) Project Early Learner.

Question 27

According to the National Association for the Education of Young Children,which of the following is considered a developmentally inappropriate practice?

A) providing physical,social,cognitive,and emotional experiences
B) allowing children to select an activity from a list provided by a teacher
C) setting clear limits
D) measuring children's performance using standardized tests

Question 28

What special concern about children's early school experiences is emerging?

A) Elementary school does not allow enough time for play.
B) Elementary school relies exclusively on female authority figures.
C) Elementary school proceeds mainly on the basis of negative
D) Elementary school is too early to introduce computers.

Question 29

What type of schooling is based on age appropriateness and individual appropriateness?

A) back-to-basics movement
B) comprehensive training
C) developmentally appropriate practice
D) open education approach

Question 30

Which is not a typical change encountered by a child making the transition from an elementary school to a middle school?

A) increased need to be responsible
B) increased concern about body image
C) decreased focus on achievement
D) decreased dependency on parents

Question 31

A growing number of early school specialists are becoming concerned about

A) the physical trauma caused by mandatory "recess" and "playtime."
B) whether members of ethnic minorities should enter school at the same age as white children.
C) the number of male elementary teachers and their negative impact on female students.
D) the negative impact on self-esteem that is commonly experienced during the latter part of elementary school.

Question 32

Who could have been in the first program funded by Project Head Start?

A) Hazel,who was born in 1951
B) Lucy,who was born in 1965
C) Zoe,who was born in 1971
D) Naomi,who was born in 1981

Question 33

John is observing a classroom that is developmentally inappropriate.John observes that

A) the teacher uses highly structured,teacher-directed lessons almost exclusively.
B) children are able to select many of their own activities from a variety the teacher prepared.
C) children are provided many opportunities to develop negotiating skills.
D) the teacher enhances children's self-control by using positive guidance techniques.

Question 34

One high-quality early childhood education program is known as the ______________________ in Ypsilanti,Michigan.This 2-year preschool program includes weekly home visits from program personnel.

A) Ypsilanti Head Start Program
B) Michigan Developmental Center
C) Perry Preschool Program
D) None of these

Question 35

Which of the following is a component of a developmentally appropriate practice?

A) The teacher directs all activity,deciding what children will do and when.
B) Children work individually at desks most of the time and listen to the teacher's directions to the group.
C) The teacher spends considerable time enforcing rules.
D) Children are expected to be mentally and physically active.

Question 36

As compared to younger children in elementary school,older children would rate themselves as

A) less smart.
B) less good.
C) less hardworking.
D) All of these.

Question 37

Which of the following examples describes the child's development as integrated in terms of the curriculum that is covered?

A) Ms.Anhalt feels a strong need not to put the subject areas together.She feels the pressures to "cover the curriculum."
B) Mr.Myers believes it is best to stick with tightly scheduled,discrete time segments for each subject area.
C) Ms.Kraft knows that children advance their knowledge of reading and writing when they work on social studies projects,mathematical concepts through music,and physical education.
D) Mr.Lee believes that there is no room in the curriculum for play,especially in the primary grades.

Question 38

To which of the following teachers' comments would you most likely respond,"That sounds like a developmentally appropriate practice"?

A) "I like to write highly structured lessons."
B) "I expect my class to take good notes and not ask a lot of questions."
C) "I seem to spend the majority of my day punishing children for speaking out of turn."
D) "I have created some lessons specifically designed to enhance my students' self-esteem."

Question 39

Head Start programs are not all created equal.One estimate is that _____ of the 1,400 Head Start programs in the 1994 research were of questionable quality.

A) 10 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 40 percent

Question 40

In a kindergarten class,children plant fast-growing seeds in small glass containers so they can observe root development.They measure the growth of seedlings and see what happens when one plant is raised in the dark.In a second classroom,a teacher reads about plants from a textbook.The first classroom provides an example of

A) mainstreaming.
B) a close-ended education.
C) back-to-basics education.
D) developmentally appropriate practice.

Question 41

As an elementary school sixth-grader,Nathan had a great deal of status.In addition to being president of the student council,he was one of the most physically large and athletically gifted students in the school.As a seventh-grader in a new middle school,Nathan now finds himself one of the youngest and least powerful individuals in the school.Nathan is experiencing the

A) back-to-basics movement.
B) bane of puberty.
C) top-dog phenomenon.
D) back-door phenomenon.

Question 42

A striking feature of outstanding middle schools,according to the Carnegie Foundation,is the

A) willingness to adapt school practices to individual differences.
B) back-to-basics movement.
C) comprehensive training approach.
D) proactive classroom management with teacher teams.

Question 43

An example of ______________________ in the classroom would be when a teacher displays images of children in diverse ethnic and cultural groups,selects play materials and classroom activities that encourage cultural understanding,helps students resist stereotyping,and works with parents.

A) viewing the school
B) reducing bias
C) critically thinking
D) jigsaw learning

Question 44

The "I Have a Dream" program has been successful as a ____________ program.

A) drug abuse prevention
B) teenage pregnancy prevention
C) dropout prevention
D) self-esteem

Question 45

What is the key component of the "I Have a Dream" program?

A) It is focused on drug prevention.
B) It is focused on self-esteem.
C) It is personal rather than institutional.
D) It is teacher-directed rather than teacher-facilitated.

Question 46

In the United States,what is the most common of the listed disorders?

A) speech problem
B) learning disability
C) emotional disturbance
D) hearing impairments

Question 47

What example below is beneficial for improving interethnic relations?

A) sharing one's worries,successes,and failures
B) thinking of people as individuals rather than as a homogeneous cultural group
C) Both of these answers are correct.
D) Neither of these answers is correct.

Question 48

Which seventh-grader is most likely to not complete a high-school education?

A) an African American
B) an Asian American
C) a Latino
D) a white

Question 49

Schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ______________,while schools in higher-income areas are more likely to work with children to improve ___________________.

A) thinking skills; rote learning
B) school attendance; physical checkups
C) rote learning; thinking skills
D) thinking skills; physical checkups

Question 50

What ethnic minority group has the highest high-school dropout rate?

A) whites
B) Latinos
C) Asian Americans
D) African Americans

Question 51

In 1989,the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development issued an evaluation of U.S.middle schools that was

A) extremely positive.
B) extremely negative.
C) calling for a return to the basics.
D) calling for comprehensive training.

Question 52

What percentage of school-aged children in the United States receives special education or related services because of learning disabilities?

A) 1 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 7 percent
D) 13 percent

Question 53

Which of the following statements is not a good strategy for improving relationships among ethnically diverse students?

A) Turn the class into a jigsaw classroom.
B) Use technology to foster cooperation with students from around the world.
C) Encourage students to have positive personal contact with diverse other students.
D) Decrease the perspective taking and support negative thinking.

Question 54

School segregation is still a factor in the education of children of color in the United States.________ of African American and Latino students attend schools in which 90 percent or more of the students are from minority groups.

A) One-third
B) One-half
C) Two-thirds
D) None of these.

Question 55

What is an example of a teacher being a competent cultural mediator?

A) being sensitive to racist content in materials and classroom interactions
B) learning more about different ethnic groups
C) Both answers are correct.
D) Neither answer is correct.

Question 56

When Sheila completed high school,as a participant of the "I Have a Dream" program,she was then provided with

A) cash for the future.
B) career counseling.
C) a certificate of recognition.
D) tuition assistance for college.

Question 57

Who created the "I Have a Dream" program?

A) Eugene Lang
B) Martin Luther King Jr.
C) Carl Rogers
D) Jesse Jackson

Question 58

The Carnegie Corporation released an evaluation of middle schools in 1989.Which of the following statements does not support this report?

A) Young adolescents attend massive impersonal schools.
B) Young adolescents learn from irrelevant curricula.
C) Young adolescents have close relationships with teachers.
D) Young adolescents lack access to health care and counseling.

Question 59

Which statement would not be found in the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development?

A) Develop smaller "communities" or "houses" to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools.
B) Involve parents and community leaders in schools.
C) Avoid the inclusion of citizenship and ethics.
D) Boost students' health and fitness with more in-school programs.

Question 60

Joyce is dropping out of high school.The most likely reason for her doing so is

A) school-related.
B) economic reasons.
C) peer pressure.
D) pregnancy or marriage.

Question 61

___________________________________ is/are a disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time: inattention,hyperactivity,and impulsivity.

A) Dyslexia
B) Down syndrome
C) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
D) Both dyslexia and ADHD

Question 62

While at a dinner party,you overhear a conversation in which a mother is describing her hyperactive son.She says that the drug treatment they have him on is

A) aspirin.
B) Prozac.
C) Ritalin.
D) Valium.

Question 63

The first signs of ADHD may be present in

A) infancy.
B) preschool years.
C) elementary years.
D) high-school years.

Question 64

Definite causes of ADHD

A) are linked to the mother's age at the birth of the child.
B) are linked to the father's general health before conception of the child.
C) are linked to household toxins.
D) have not been found yet.

Question 65

The writing of a child with a learning disability would most likely be all of the following,except

A) slow handwriting style.
B) virtually illegible.
C) numerous spelling errors.
D) All of these.

Question 66

Public Law __________,the Education for All Handicapped Children Act,required that all students with disabilities be given a free,appropriate public education and be provided the funding to help implement this education.

A) 90-140
B) 94-142
C) 10-12
D) None of these.

Question 67

Which is the most common problem of children with learning disabilities?

A) ADD
B) ADHD
C) dyslexia
D) mental retardation

Question 68

____________________________ is a category that is reserved for individuals who have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell.

A) Dyslexia
B) Cognitive delay
C) Social anxiety
D) None of these.

Question 69

Which of the following is not a characteristic of children with a learning disability?

A) have normal intelligence or above
B) have difficulties in at least one academic area
C) have difficulty that is not attributed to any other diagnosed problem
D) they all have low IQ scores

Question 70

About ____________ as many boys as girls are diagnosed with learning disabilities.

A) one and a half times
B) two times
C) three times
D) almost four times

Question 71

A proposed cause of ADHD is

A) cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development.
B) low birth weight.
C) delayed development of the brain's frontal lobes.
D) All of these.

Question 72

Twelve-year-old Peter is excellent in math and is considered a good student in most other subject areas.Peter,however,has a very difficult time comprehending written text and is failing his reading class.Peter is best classified as

A) learning disabled.
B) emotionally disturbed.
C) mentally retarded.
D) normal.

Question 73

Recent estimates are that autism spectrum disorders affect 1 child in __________ individuals.

A) 150
B) 500
C) 1000
D) 2500

Question 74

Children with a learning disability often have difficulties in

A) handwriting.
B) spelling.
C) composition.
D) All of these.

Question 75

ADHD shows up more in

A) boys than girls.
B) girls than boys.
C) high-school children.
D) preschoolers.

Question 76

More boys than girls are classified as having a learning disability.An explanation could be referral bias.In this case,what is referral bias?

A) Teachers will refer more girls with inappropriate behavior than boys when it comes to learning disabilities.
B) Teachers will refer more boys with inappropriate behavior than girls when it comes to learning disabilities.
C) Teachers will refer both boys and girls equally when they have inappropriate behavior.
D) None of these.

Question 77

Autism spectrum disorders would involve

A) communication problems.
B) social problems.
C) repetitive behaviors.
D) All of these.

Question 78

___________________________ is a stimulant,and for most individuals it speeds up the nervous system and behavior.However,in many children with ADHD it has the opposite effect.

A) Activity drug
B) Caffeine
C) Ritalin
D) An antibiotic

Question 79

Children with learning disabilities have

A) low IQs.
B) difficulty in specific academic areas.
C) a known organic cause for their problems.
D) unusual good memory or spatial abilities.

Question 80

Which of the following does not characterize attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

A) high levels of physical activity
B) low intelligence
C) distractibility
D) short attention span