Deck 2: Biological Beginnings

Question 1

Albert Bandura rejects one-sided evolutionism in which

A) social behavior is the product of evolved biology.
B) cognitive behavior is the product of evolved humanism.
C) the theory is only applied to animals.
D) social behavior is completely unrelated to evolved biology.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When twins are genetically identical,they

A) come from the same fertilized egg.
B) come from two different fertilized eggs.
C) are not the same sex.
D) None of these.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What does the statement "Many evolved psychological mechanisms are domain-specific" mean?

A) Abilities are developed to help deal with recurring problems faced by ancestors.
B) The mind consists of set of specialized modules and is not a general-purpose device that can be applied equally.
C) Both of these answers are correct.
D) None of these.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which is not a criticism of the Minnesota Study of twins reared apart?

A) Some twins had contact prior to the separation.
B) The researchers need to study something other than just personality traits.
C) Even strangers who spend some time together find similarities in their lives.
D) Adoption agencies tend to place adopted children into similar homes.

Question 5

In 1859,Charles Darwin published his observations and thoughts in a book entitled

A) Nature's Selective Process.
B) On the Origin of Species.
C) The Adaptation Process.
D) Superiority of the Species.

Question 6

Six-month-old Sally's closeness to her mother and father ensures feeding and protection.Her attachment is called

A) conditioned.
B) adaptive behavior.
C) biologically determined.
D) culturally determined.

Question 7

The approach of evolutionary psychology

A) has been in place as an approach for several hundred years.
B) is based on Bandura's theory of evolution by natural selection.
C) emphasizes adaptation and reproduction in behavior.
D) is several hundred years old and is based on Bandura's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Question 8

An approach emphasizing the importance of adaptation,reproduction,and "survival of the fittest" in explaining behavior is

A) sociobiology.
B) evolutionary psychology.
C) ethology.
D) contextual life course theory.

Question 9

The evolutionary process that favors individuals that are best designed to reproduce and survive is called

A) cultural evolution.
B) adaptation.
C) natural selection.
D) biological determinism.

Question 10

Who is best associated with the process of natural selection?

A) Aristotle
B) William James
C) Charles Darwin
D) Sandra Scarr

Question 11

Every species has a mechanism for transmitting characteristics from one generation to the next.This mechanism is explained by the principles of

A) genetics.
B) accountability.
C) variability.
D) domination.

Question 12

When twins are dissimilar genetically,they

A) come from the same fertilized egg.
B) come from two different fertilized eggs.
C) have different genetic makeup.
D) come from two different fertilized eggs and have different genetic makeup.

Question 13

When looking at the views proposed by evolutionary developmental psychologists,it is true that humans spend more time to reproductively mature than any other mammal.This is called

A) the course of childhood evolution.
B) evolutionary immaturity.
C) childhood evolutionary functioning.
D) extended childhood period.

Question 14

Charles Darwin believed the species who do survive to reproduce are probably superior in a number of ways to those who do not.This means

A) the same as natural selection.
B) the survivors are better adapted to their world.
C) a gradual modification of an entire population could occur.
D) All of these.

Question 15

In the ______________ view of social cognitive theory,the evolutionary pressures create changes in biological structures for the use of tools,which enable organisms to manipulate,alter,and construct new environmental conditions.

A) one-sided evolutionism
B) physical evolutionism
C) bidirectional
D) monodirectional

Question 16

Behavior that promotes the organism's survival in its natural habitat is called

A) determinism.
B) cultural evolution.
C) thriving behavior.
D) adaptive behavior.

Question 17

Who is associated with social cognitive theory?

A) Charles Darwin
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Albert Bandura
D) Jean Piaget

Question 18

David Buss' ideas on evolutionary psychology have ushered in a whole new wave of interest in how evolution can explain human behavior.He believes that evolution can

A) influence mating patterns.
B) influence how we make decisions.
C) influence how aggressive we are.
D) All of these.

Question 19

The basic premise of identical-twins-reared-apart research is that the origins of a behavior can be identified by

A) varying both genetics and the environment.
B) holding both the environment and genetics constant.
C) holding an environment constant while varying genetics.
D) holding genetics constant while varying the environment.

Question 20

The best-known studies of identical twins reared apart have been conducted

A) in Australia.
B) in Sweden.
C) at Harvard University.
D) at the University of Minnesota.

Question 21

A single cell formed through fertilization is called a(n)

A) ovum.
B) gamete.
C) zygote.
D) embryo.

Question 22

Recent research has found that _______ can influence gene expressions.

A) temperature
B) radiation
C) stress
D) All of these.

Question 23

DNA stands for

A) divided nuclear atoms.
B) demonstrated natural alignment.
C) deoxyribonucleic acid.
D) None of these.

Question 24

The Human Genome Project completed a preliminary map of the

A) human genome.
B) animal genome.
C) genetic expression.
D) All of these.

Question 25

In describing the shape of a DNA molecule,the best analogy is that of a(n)

A) iceberg.
B) spiral staircase.
C) pentagon.
D) "X."

Question 26

The nucleus of each human cell,except gametes,contains ______ pair of chromosomes.

A) 23
B) 15
C) 46
D) 50

Question 27

The activity of genes or __________________ is affected by environment,and hormones that circulate in the blood.

A) reproduction
B) genetic expression
C) genetic stability
D) meiosis

Question 28

____________ are the units of hereditary information.They are a blueprint for cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life.

A) Chromosomes
B) Autosomes
C) Ovaries
D) Genes

Question 29

Every species must have mechanisms for transmitting characteristics from one generation to the next.These mechanisms often involve the principles of genetics.Each of us carries a genetic code that we inherit from _____________ and this code is located within _______________ in our body.

A) other cells; some cells
B) our parents; every cell
C) sperm only; some cells
D) egg only; every cell

Question 30

The surprising information from the Human Genome Project was that humans were thought to have ______________ genes but the project found out they had approximately _____________.

A) 5,000; 7,000
B) 100,000; 20,500
C) 10,000; 1,000
D) 7,000; 100,000

Question 31

____________________ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics.

A) Genotype
B) Phenotype
C) A recessive trait
D) None of these.

Question 32

_________________ is the process by which each chromosome in the cell's nucleus duplicates itself.

A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) Reproduction
D) None of these.

Question 33

The main approach to gene identification and discovery today includes

A) linkage analysis.
B) genome wide association.
C) next generation sequencing.
D) All of these.

Question 34

_____________ are units of heredity information and they are short segments of DNA.

A) Chromosomes
B) RNA
C) Genes
D) Abnormalities

Question 35

__________________ consists of observable characteristics,including physical characteristics and psychological characteristics.

A) Genotype
B) Chromosomes
C) Phenotype
D) None of these.

Question 36

_________________ consists of all of the person's genetic material.

A) Genotype
B) Chromosome
C) Phenotype
D) None of these.

Question 37

Research has found that an exposure to ______ has changed the rate of DNA synthesis in cells.

A) temperature
B) radiation
C) stress
D) pollution

Question 38

In females,the gametes are created in the

A) cervix.
B) ovaries.
C) fallopian tubes.
D) vagina.

Question 39

_______________________ is when a cell of the testes (in men)and ovaries (in women)duplicates its chromosomes and divides twice,thus forming four cells,each of which has only half of the genetic material of the parent cell.

A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) Reproduction
D) None of these.

Question 40

________________ is the person's genetic heritage,the actual genetic material.

A) Genotype
B) Phenotype
C) Dominant makeup
D) None of these.

Question 41

Stacy has a short stature and a webbed neck.She is mentally retarded and sexually underdeveloped.What genetic disorder does Stacy have?

A) Turner syndrome
B) Klinefelter syndrome
C) phenylketonuria
D) sickle-cell anemia

Question 42

_____________________ is a mechanism in which genes have been modified in one of the parents and have differing effects depending on whether they are transmitted to the offspring through the egg or sperm.

A) Polygenic inheritance
B) Genetic imprinting
C) Genetic transmission
D) X-linked disease

Question 43

What is the chromosomal pattern for females?

A) XX chromosome pattern
B) XY chromosome pattern
C) XXY chromosome pattern
D) YY chromosome pattern

Question 44

When asked to list examples of his phenotype,Doug would include all of the following except

A) skin color.
B) DNA configuration.
C) height.
D) intelligence level.

Question 45

Genotype is to phenotype as genes are to

A) the environment.
B) polygenetics.
C) recessiveness.
D) measurable characteristics.

Question 46

Polygenetic effects are produced by

A) a dominant gene pair.
B) a recessive gene pair.
C) the interaction of many genes.
D) random genetic mutation.

Question 47

Dr.Pierce examines a 10-year-old who has mental retardation,motor retardation,distinctive facial features,and an extra 21^st chromosome.Given this information,Dr.Pierce's diagnosis would most likely be

A) PKU.
B) XYY syndrome.
C) Down syndrome.
D) anencephaly.

Question 48

Tim is extremely tall,and has undeveloped testes and enlarged breasts.What genetic disorder does Tim most likely have?

A) sickle-cell anemia
B) Down syndrome
C) Fragile X syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 49

Both Bob and Sally have brown eyes,yet their newborn son has blue eyes.This can happen because

A) all infants have blue eyes that eventually turn brown.
B) each parent was carrying a dominant gene for brown eyes.
C) blue eyes are dominant.
D) each parent was carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes.

Question 50

If one gene of a pair is dominant and one is recessive,the dominant gene exerts its effect,overriding the potential influence of the other,recessive gene.What is this process called?

A) gene-affected therapy
B) genetic surgery
C) dominant-recessive genes principle
D) None of these.

Question 51

Women between the ages of ____ and ____ are less likely to give birth to a child with Down syndrome than are younger or older women.

A) 15; 20
B) 16; 34
C) 25; 30
D) None of these.

Question 52

Down syndrome appears approximately once in every

A) 100 live births.
B) 200 live births.
C) 700 live births.
D) 1,000 live births.

Question 53

Which of the following is a phenotype?

A) height
B) weight
C) skin pigmentation
D) All of these.

Question 54

Your skin pigmentation is expressed by your

A) allele.
B) gene locus.
C) genotype.
D) phenotype.

Question 55

Down syndrome is caused by the presence of a(n)________ chromosome.

A) extra
B) distorted
C) diseased
D) elongated

Question 56

Harriet has been diagnosed with Turner syndrome.What is her chromosomal pattern?

A) XX
B) XO
C) XY
D) XYY

Question 57

There is only one case in which a recessive gene exerts its influence.This is when

A) two genes of a pair are both recessive.
B) one gene is recessive and one is dominant.
C) two genes of a pair are both dominant.
D) None of these.

Question 58

Greg has been diagnosed with Klinefelter's syndrome.What is his chromosomal pattern?

A) XXY
B) XYY
C) XO
D) XY

Question 59

What genetic disorder occurs only in females?

A) Down syndrome
B) Turner syndrome
C) XYY syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 60

According to the _______________________,if one gene of a pair is dominant and one is recessive,the dominant gene exerts its effect,overriding the potential influence of the other,recessive gene.

A) sex-linked genes principle
B) dominant-recessive genes principle
C) polygenically inherited characteristics
D) reaction range

Question 61

What genetic disorder occurs more often in persons of African descent?

A) Down syndrome
B) sickle-cell anemia
C) hemophilia
D) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 62

During which of the following tests is an actual tissue sample removed from the placenta?

A) ultrasound sonography
B) amniocentesis
C) alpha-fetoprotein test
D) chorionic villi sampling

Question 63

Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis testing is being done today for early identification of

A) Down's syndrome.
B) cystic fibrosis.
C) infant's gender.
D) All of these.

Question 64

One out of _____ African Americans is a carrier of sickle-cell anemia.

A) 5
B) 8
C) 10
D) 20

Question 65

Jake has a genetic disorder that is treated by diet.He has

A) PKU.
B) Turner syndrome.
C) sickle-cell anemia.
D) Klinefelter syndrome.

Question 66

It was once thought that individuals with a(n)____________ chromosome pattern were predisposed to aggression and violence.

A) XX
B) XY
C) XXY
D) XYY

Question 67

Which one of the following statements is incorrect about genetic counselors?

A) They identify families at risk by analyzing inheritance patterns and explore options with the family.
B) They can work in administrative positions or conduct research.
C) They can serve as educators and resource people for other health care professionals and the public.
D) They must have only an undergraduate degree in order to function as genetic counselors.

Question 68

Which of the following is not a prenatal test used to determine abnormalities?

A) amniocentesis
B) in vitro fertilization
C) chorionic villi sampling
D) maternal blood screening

Question 69

Genetic counseling

A) helps people determine if they have genetic disorders.
B) encourages counselors to ask very personal questions.
C) can put a couple's minds at ease when there is no evidence of genetic disorders.
D) All of these.

Question 70

Nika,who is from Kenya,has been ill most of her life because of a blood disorder that prevents some of her body's cells from receiving oxygen.Nika likely suffers from

A) phenylketonuria.
B) hemophilia.
C) Tay-Sachs disease.
D) sickle-cell anemia.

Question 71

Which of the following is(are)possible causes of a man's infertility problems?

A) The male may produce too few sperm.
B) The sperm may lack motility (the ability to move adequately).
C) The male may have a blocked passageway.
D) All of these.

Question 72

When can the chorionic villi sampling test be done?

A) between the 9^th and 12^th weeks of pregnancy
B) between the 12^th and 16^th weeks of pregnancy
C) between the 14^th and 20^th weeks of pregnancy
D) anytime throughout pregnancy

Question 73

_____________________ is a prenatal medical procedure in which high-frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen.This test can detect many structural abnormalities in the fetus.

A) Amniocentesis
B) Alpha-fetoprotein test
C) Ultrasound sonography
D) Chorionic villi sampling

Question 74

Which of the following is(are)possible causes of a woman's infertility problems?

A) The woman may not be ovulating.
B) The woman may be producing abnormal ova.
C) Her fallopian tubes may be blocked.
D) All of these.

Question 75

Two birth defects can be determined from the maternal blood screening of a high-risk pregnant woman.What are these birth defects?

A) sickle-cell and diabetes
B) diabetes and cystic fibrosis
C) autism and language delays
D) spina bifida and Down syndrome

Question 76

Infertility is defined as the inability to

A) ever conceive a child.
B) ovulate on a regular cycle.
C) experience orgasm during intercourse.
D) conceive a child after one year of regular intercourse.

Question 77

Which infertility technique has the highest success rate?

A) in vitro fertilization
B) gamete intrafallopian transfer
C) intrauterine insemination
D) zygote intrafallopian transfer

Question 78

Which one of the following diseases is not caused by genetic abnormalities?

A) cystic fibrosis
B) diabetes
C) hemophilia
D) All of these are genetically linked.

Question 79

Ken has been diagnosed with phenylketonuria.If left untreated,what will result?

A) death
B) blindness
C) mental retardation and hyperactivity
D) language problems and hearing loss

Question 80

Between Christa's 14^th through 20^th week of pregnancy,a prenatal medical procedure was done in which a sample of amniotic fluid was withdrawn by syringe and tested to discover if the fetus was suffering from any chromosomal or metabolic disorders.What is this procedure called?

A) maternal blood test
B) ultrasound
C) amniocentesis
D) chorionic villi sampling