Deck 19: Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood

Question 1

Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of intimacy vs.isolation?

A) Infidelity
B) Wisdom
C) Care
D) Love

Answer 1

Love

Question 2

All of the following are part of the life review process EXCEPT:

A) looking back at one's life experiences.
B) evaluating life experiences.
C) projecting future life experiences.
D) interpreting life experiences.

Answer 2

projecting future life experiences.

Question 3

According to Erik Erikson's developmental stages,which of the following is the resolution an individual is most likely to experience if he or she is in the last stage of human development?

A) Generativity vs.stagnation
B) Autonomy vs.shame
C) Industry vs.inferiority
D) Intimacy vs.isolation

Answer 3

Intimacy vs.isolation

Question 4

Erik Erikson believed that people who experience isolation and stagnation in earlier adulthood are more likely to experience _____ in later adulthood.

A) despair
B) inferiority
C) shame and doubt
D) identity diffusion

Question 5

Robert Butler states that life review is set in motion by:

A) retrospective glances on life's worth.
B) looking forward to death.
C) handing over the legacy to the next generation.
D) conflicting views of wisdom against integrity.

Question 6

According to Erikson,which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in infancy?

A) Autonomy vs.shame
B) Industry vs.inferiority
C) Basic trust vs.mistrust
D) Intimacy vs.isolation

Question 7

Which of the following of Erikson's developmental stages do individuals experience in early childhood?

A) Initiative vs.guilt
B) Industry vs.inferiority
C) Identity vs.confusion
D) Intimacy vs.isolation

Question 8

Which of the following is Erikson's eighth stage of development?

A) Generativity vs.stagnation
B) Integrity vs.despair
C) Industry vs.inferiority
D) Autonomy vs.shame

Question 9

According to Erik Erikson,which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in late adulthood?

A) Generativity vs.stagnation
B) Autonomy vs.shame
C) Industry vs.inferiority
D) Integrity vs.despair

Question 10

Identify Erikson's developmental stage that individuals experience in adolescence.

A) Generativity vs.stagnation
B) Autonomy vs.shame
C) Identity vs.confusion
D) Intimacy vs.isolation

Question 11

Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of generativity vs.stagnation?

A) Infidelity
B) Wisdom
C) Care
D) Will

Question 12

According to Erikson,the _____ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.

A) integrity vs.despair
B) autonomy vs.shame
C) industry vs.inferiority
D) generativity vs.stagnation

Question 13

Identify Erikson's developmental stage that individuals experience in school age.

A) Generativity vs.stagnation
B) Industry vs.inferiority
C) Identity vs.confusion
D) Intimacy vs.isolation

Question 14

Erikson believed that elderly adults use their impending death as a motivation to look back and evaluate their life.This form of retrospection is what many theorists call:

A) life review.
B) identity resolution.
C) integrity formation.
D) retrospective spirit.

Question 15

According to Erik Erikson,what is the last stage of development in life?

A) Death vs.dying
B) Integrity vs.despair
C) Immortality vs.death
D) Independence vs.dependence

Question 16

According to Erikson,which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in middle adulthood?

A) Generativity vs.stagnation
B) Autonomy vs.shame
C) Industry vs.inferiority
D) Integrity vs.despair

Question 17

According to Erik Erikson's developmental stages,which of the following is the resolution an individual is most likely to experience if he or she is in the last stage of human development?

A) Care
B) Fidelity
C) Wisdom
D) Hope

Question 18

Which of the following statements about life review is NOT true?

A) Life reviews avoid reflecting on regrets.
B) Life reviews can include sociocultural dimensions.
C) Life reviews lead to revision or expanded understanding of experiences.
D) Life reviews include interpersonal relationship dimensions.

Question 19

According to Erikson,which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in toddlerhood?

A) Autonomy vs.shame
B) Industry vs.inferiority
C) Basic trust vs.mistrust
D) Intimacy vs.isolation

Question 20

Which of the following is prominent in Erikson's final stage of integrity versus despair?

A) Life review
B) Identity resolution
C) Integrity formation
D) Struggle for independence

Question 21

According to Erikson,the positive resolution of the conflict of generativity vs.stagnation culminates in _____ in old age.

A) caring for others,and empathy and concern
B) existential identity
C) a sense of complexity of relationships
D) humor and resilience

Question 22

Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of initiative vs.guilt?

A) Fidelity
B) Purpose
C) Competence
D) Love

Question 23

Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of autonomy vs.shame?

A) Fidelity
B) Purpose
C) Competence
D) Will

Question 24

Stacy is a director of a senior center.Every week she leads a group where the elders discuss past activities and experiences.The members of the group are encouraged to share anecdotes,old pictures,and other family memorabilia that remind them of significant events in their past.Stacy's group is a form of:

A) cognitive behavioral therapy.
B) past life regression therapy.
C) reminiscence therapy.
D) rational emotive therapy.

Question 25

Olivia believes that the more dynamic and involved older adults are,the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives.Thus she believes in:

A) activity theory.
B) Erikson's theory of integrity versus despair.
C) socioemotional selectivity theory.
D) selective optimization with compensation theory.

Question 26

Which of the following is most likely to be the reason why,according to the socioemotional selectivity theory,older adults deliberately increase the time spent with close friends and family members?

A) They crave financial security
B) They want to maximize emotional risks
C) They cannot communicate effectively with new individuals
D) They place a high value on emotional satisfaction

Question 27

According to Erikson,the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates an acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes in old age?

A) Generativity vs.stagnation
B) Basic trust vs.mistrust
C) Industry vs.inferiority
D) Intimacy vs.isolation

Question 28

A recent meta-analysis of 128 studies found that through reminiscence therapy,clients attained a:

A) lower sense of intimacy.
B) lower sense of generativity.
C) higher sense of despair.
D) higher sense of integrity.

Question 29

According to Erikson,the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates in existential identity in old age?

A) Generativity vs.stagnation
B) Industry vs.inferiority
C) Integrity vs.despair
D) Intimacy vs.isolation

Question 30

According to Erikson,in old age,the positive resolution of the conflict of identity vs.confusion culminates in:

A) a sense of complexity of life.
B) a merger of sensory,logical,and aesthetic perception.
C) acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes.
D) a sense of humor and resilience.

Question 31

Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of basic trust vs.mistrust?

A) Hope
B) Purpose
C) Competence
D) Will

Question 32

When working with older clients,some clinicians use _____ therapy.Rita is in one such therapy program and her clinician has her discussing past activities and experiences with other individuals in her group.

A) gestalt
B) reminiscence
C) schema
D) drama

Question 33

Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of identity vs.confusion?

A) Fidelity
B) Wisdom
C) Care
D) Love

Question 34

Which of the following is true of activity theory?

A) It suggests that by examining not only the positive aspects of one's life,but also what one has repented doing (or not doing),a more accurate vision of the complexity of one's life and possibly increased life satisfaction will be attained.
B) It states that older adults become more selective about their social networks and because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction,older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.
C) It involves identifying and reflecting on not only the positive aspects of one's life but also on regrets as part of developing mature levels of wisdom and self-understanding.
D) It suggests that many individuals will achieve greater life satisfaction if they continue their middle-adulthood roles into late adulthood and if these roles are stripped from them,it is important for them to find substitute roles that keep them dynamic and involved.

Question 35

Voletta believes that older adults become more selective about their social networks as they age.She is a proponent of:

A) socioemotional selectivity theory.
B) selective optimization with compensation theory.
C) activity theory.
D) social discontinuity theory.

Question 36

Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of industry vs.inferiority?

A) Fidelity
B) Wisdom
C) Competence
D) Love

Question 37

According to Erikson,in old age,the positive resolution of the conflict of intimacy vs.isolation culminates in:

A) acceptance of the cycle of life.
B) a merger of sensory,logical,and aesthetic perception.
C) acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes.
D) a sense of complexity of relationships.

Question 38

Which of the following theories explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals and family?

A) Activity theory
B) Socioemotional selectivity theory
C) Social discontinuity theory
D) Disengagement theory

Question 39

According to Erikson,the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates in appreciation of interdependence and relatedness in old age?

A) Generativity vs.stagnation
B) Basic trust vs.mistrust
C) Integrity vs.despair
D) Intimacy vs.isolation

Question 40

Life review:

A) suggests that many individuals will achieve greater life satisfaction if they continue their middle-adulthood roles into late adulthood.
B) might result in increased meaning in life and mastery,but it also might revive bitterness and negative thoughts.
C) revealed that those who were more physically active had higher life satisfaction and greater social interaction than their physically inactive counterparts.
D) fails to consider sociocultural dimensions,such as culture,ethnicity,and gender.

Question 41

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory,the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals declines during:

A) middle and late adulthood.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early childhood.
D) infancy.

Question 42

Which of the following is cited as one of the main reasons for the changing trajectories in knowledge-related and emotion-related goals of older adults compared with younger adults?

A) Perception of time
B) State of health
C) Self-esteem and self-respect
D) Social support or the lack of it

Question 43

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory,selective narrowing of social interaction _____ as individuals get older.

A) minimizes health-related complications.
B) minimizes emotional risks.
C) maximizes social isolation.
D) maximizes financial freedom.

Question 44

When he was interviewed at 80 years of age,Arthur Rubinstein said that he spent more time at practice than earlier in his life.This helped to maintain his status as an admired concert pianist.This reflects which aspect of Baltes' theory?

A) Selection
B) Organization
C) Optimization
D) Compensation

Question 45

The _____ theory focuses on the types of goals that individuals are motivated to achieve as they approach the end of life.

A) selective optimization with compensation
B) activity
C) socioemotional selectivity
D) disengagement

Question 46

In which of the following scenarios is the need for compensation for older adults the most obvious?

A) Reminiscing on life's regrets
B) Watching soaps on TV
C) Being bedridden due to illness
D) Narrating bedtime stories to grandchildren

Question 47

Life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful aging is related to three main factors:

A) assortment,enhancement,and remuneration.
B) reorganization,compensation,and optimization.
C) selection,optimization,and compensation.
D) remuneration,selection,and enhancement.

Question 48

_____ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

A) Activity
B) Selective optimization with compensation
C) Socioemotional selectivity
D) Psychoanalytical

Question 49

When time is perceived as _____,as it is when individuals are younger,people are more strongly motivated to pursue information,even at the cost of emotional satisfaction.

A) fluid
B) limited
C) open-ended
D) created,not given

Question 50

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory,the emotion trajectory is high during:

A) early adulthood.
B) adolescence.
C) middle childhood.
D) infancy and early childhood.

Question 51

Recent studies have led researchers to conclude that the emotional life of older adults is more _____ than once thought.

A) negative
B) positive
C) depressed
D) flat

Question 52

The model of selective optimization with compensation proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors.Which of these factors is based on the concept that,in old age,there is a reduced capacity and loss of functioning that mandate a reduction of performance in most domains of life?

A) Selection
B) Optimization
C) Compensation
D) Remuneration

Question 53

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory,the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peak in:

A) middle and late adulthood.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early childhood.
D) infancy.

Question 54

Joaquin believes that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with individuals peripheral to their lives while maintaining or increasing contact with close friends and family members with whom they have had enjoyable relationships.He is a proponent of _____.

A) activity
B) selective optimization with compensation
C) socioemotional selectivity
D) social discontinuity

Question 55

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory,individuals are motivated by two types of goals-emotional and _____.

A) spiritual
B) practical
C) relational
D) knowledge-related

Question 56

The late Arthur Rubinstein,during his old age,maintained his status as an admired pianist by a few simple strategies.One of those was reducing the scope of his performances and playing fewer pieces.Which aspect of Baltes' theory does this reflect?

A) Selection
B) Organization
C) Optimization
D) Compensation

Question 57

According to Baltes,which of the following factors suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies?

A) Selection
B) Compensation
C) Optimization
D) Reorganization

Question 58

According to Baltes,_____ becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential.

A) selection
B) organization
C) optimization
D) compensation

Question 59

Now that Benita is in late adulthood,the socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that she will:

A) become more socially withdrawn as she prepares for death.
B) continue to actively make new friends.
C) spend most of her time with familiar friends.
D) emotionally invest in peripheral relationships.

Question 60

Which of the following theories challenges the notion that older adults are in despair because of social isolation?

A) Socioemotional selectivity theory
B) Activity theory
C) Disengagement theory
D) Social breakdown theory

Question 61

Older adults characterized by _____ do not live as long as those who display _____.

A) empathy; sympathy
B) materialism; spiritualism
C) negative affect; positive affect
D) generosity; frugality

Question 62

A longitudinal study of more than 1,200 individuals across seven decades revealed that a higher score on the Big Five personality factor of _____ predicted a lower risk of earlier death from childhood through late adulthood.

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) neuroticism
D) extraversion

Question 63

Which of the following factors has been associated with low self-esteem in late adulthood?

A) Lowered cognitive skills
B) Empty nest syndrome
C) Fear of retirement
D) Declining health

Question 64

According to the cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger,which of the following is the most important investment for adults between 25 to 34 years of age?

A) Work
B) Family
C) Friends
D) Leisure activities

Question 65

Studies on the Big Five factors of personality found that transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in the aspects of impulse control,reliability,and conventionality.To which Big Five personality factor do these aspects belong?

A) Openness to experience
B) Neuroticism
C) Agreeableness
D) Conscientiousness

Question 66

In order to maintain his status as an admired pianist,the late Arthur Rubinstein during his old age,used special strategies,such as slowing down before fast segments,thus creating the image of faster playing.Which factor of Baltes' theory does this reflect?

A) Selection
B) Optimization
C) Organization
D) Compensation

Question 67

Which of the following is most likely to result in a heightened self-esteem in older adults?

A) Being accepted by others and being told that they are nice
B) Having a low religious allegiance
C) Being widowed or institutionalized
D) Deteriorating physical health attitudes and negative societal

Question 68

A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for participants 85 to 105 years old,_____ became the most important personal investment.

A) work
B) health
C) family
D) friends

Question 69

According to new studies,which of the Big Five factors of personality was linked to increased risk of older adults' developing Alzheimer across a six-year time frame?

A) High level of openness to experience
B) Moderate to high level of conscientiousness
C) Low to moderate level of agreeableness
D) High level of neuroticism

Question 70

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is NOT true?

A) Self-esteem dropped significantly in the seventies and eighties.
B) Self-esteem of males was higher than females through most of the adult years.
C) Negative societal attitudes toward older adults could lead to lower self-esteem.
D) The stability of self-esteem increased in late adulthood.

Question 71

Which of the following is true of the possible selves of older adults?

A) Acceptance of ideal selves increases
B) Acceptance of future selves increases
C) Acceptance of past selves increases
D) Acceptance of present selves increases

Question 72

According to the cross-sectional study on self-esteem conducted by Robins and others (2002),which age group has the highest self-esteem?

A) Adolescents
B) Young adults
C) Middle-aged adults
D) The elderly

Question 73

A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for adults from 55 to 65 years of age,_____ became most important in terms of personal investment.

A) work
B) independence
C) family
D) friends

Question 74

According to Paul Baltes and his colleagues,which of the following is an effective optimization strategy?

A) To reach a particular goal,you may need to abandon other goals.
B) Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal.
C) When things do not go as well as in the past,keep trying other ways until you can achieve results that are similar to what you accomplished earlier in your life.
D) Think about what you want in life and commit yourself to one or two major goals.

Question 75

According to Paul Baltes and his colleagues,which of the following is an effective selection strategy?

A) Keep working on what you have planned until you are successful.
B) Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal.
C) Focus on the most important goal at a particular time.
D) When things do not go the way they used to,search for other ways to achieve what you want.

Question 76

Which of the following,suggested by Baltes and colleagues,is a selection strategy for older adults?

A) To achieve something,you may need to be patient until the right moment arrives.
B) Think about what you want in life and commit yourself to one or two major goals.
C) When things do not go the way they used to,search for other ways to achieve what you want.
D) Keep working on what you have planned until you are successful.

Question 77

A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for adults from 35 to 54 years of age,_____ became most important in terms of personal investment.

A) work
B) independence
C) friends
D) family

Question 78

According to the cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger,_____ showed up for the first time on the most important list for those who were 85 to 105 years old.

A) spending time with friends
B) concerns about work
C) thinking about cognitive fitness
D) thinking about life

Question 79

Which of the following is a compensation strategy suggested by Baltes and his colleagues?

A) Focus on the most important goal at a particular time.
B) To reach a particular goal,you may need to abandon other goals.
C) Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal.
D) If things do not go well for you,be willing to let others help you.

Question 80

Identify the two personality traits in the Big Five factors of personality that are associated with severe depression in older adults.

A) Low conscientiousness and high neuroticism
B) Low religiosity and high materialism
C) High agreeableness and low neuroticism
D) High extroversion and low openness