Deck 3: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

Implantation,the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall,takes place about _____ days after conception.

A) 6 to 8
B) 8 to 10
C) 11 to 15
D) 14 to 16

Answer 1

11 to 15

Question 2

Carla is three-and-a-half weeks pregnant.This indicates that her child is in which of the following stages of prenatal development?

A) Embryonic
B) Fetal
C) Placental
D) Germinal

Answer 2

Embryonic

Question 3

The blastocyst is composed of an inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period and that will finally develop into the _____.

A) embryo
B) placenta
C) umbilical cord
D) gamete

Answer 3

embryo

Question 4

Which of the following is a feature of the embryonic period of prenatal development?

A) The creation of the fertilized egg.
B) Formation of the blastocyst.
C) The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.
D) Formation of support systems for cells.

Question 5

_____ occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg)in the female's fallopian tube in a process called fertilization.

A) Ovulation
B) Meiosis
C) Conception
D) Mitosis

Question 6

The inner layer of cells of the embryo is referred to as the:

A) mesoderm.
B) epidermis.
C) endometrium.
D) endoderm.

Question 7

Five weeks after conception,the developing organism is called a(n)_____.

A) blastocyst
B) zygote
C) fetus
D) embryo

Question 8

Voletta is at the stage of pregnancy where the zygote has attached itself to the uterine wall.This scenario indicates the _____ stage of prenatal development.

A) embryonic
B) postpartum
C) germinal
D) fetal

Question 9

Cell differentiation intensifies and organs appear in the _____ period of prenatal development.

A) embryonic
B) zygotic
C) fetal
D) germinal

Question 10

An egg is fertilized in the _____ period of prenatal development.

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) implantation
D) germinal

Question 11

The _____ is the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo.

A) ectoderm
B) perineum
C) cytocyst
D) trophoblast

Question 12

The germinal period of development takes place in the _____ after conception.

A) first two weeks
B) first two months
C) first three months
D) first seven weeks

Question 13

The _____ consists of an inner mass of cells that eventually develops into an embryo.

A) trophoblast
B) blastocyst
C) endoblast
D) cytocyst

Question 14

The embryo's _____ develops into the digestive and respiratory systems.

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) trophoblast
D) mesoderm

Question 15

_____ refers to the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

A) Implantation
B) Conception
C) Fertilization
D) Involution

Question 16

Which of the following identifies the order of the three periods of prenatal development in the correct sequence?

A) Fertile; embryonic; postterm
B) Preterm; germinal; postterm
C) Gestational; germinal; postnatal
D) Germinal; embryonic; fetal

Question 17

The _____ consists of three layers of cells: the endoderm,the mesoderm,and the ectoderm.

A) blastocyst
B) fetus
C) embryo
D) trophoblast

Question 18

Rachel is in the first period of prenatal development.This scenario indicates the _____ of prenatal development.

A) fetal period
B) embryonic period
C) implantation period
D) germinal period

Question 19

The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall begins the _____ period of prenatal development.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) zygotic

Question 20

Typical prenatal development lasts between:

A) 38 to 40 weeks.
B) 24 to 30 weeks.
C) 28 to 33 weeks.
D) 20 to 28 weeks.

Question 21

By the end of the fourth month of pregnancy,the fetus measures approximately _____ inches.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 8
D) 12

Question 22

The process of organ development during the first two months of prenatal development is known as _____.

A) organogenesis
B) spermatogenesis
C) urogenesis
D) oogenesis

Question 23

Tara has just entered the fetal period.Therefore,it has been _____ months since conception.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 24

The _____ consists of a group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine,but do not connect.

A) amnion
B) placenta
C) embryo
D) umbilical cord

Question 25

The _____ is a layer of the embryo,which will become the nervous system and brain,sensory receptors,and skin parts.

A) mesoderm
B) ectoderm
C) trophoblast
D) endoderm

Question 26

The outermost layer of the embryo is called the _____.

A) mesoderm
B) cytoderm
C) endoderm
D) ectoderm

Question 27

The _____ provides an environment that is temperature and humidity controlled,as well as shockproof.

A) placental wall
B) pericardial fluid
C) umbilical cord
D) amniotic fluid

Question 28

The _____ is like a bag or envelope,and contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.

A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) amnion
D) cervix

Question 29

The middle layer of the embryo is called the _____.

A) mesoderm
B) cytoderm
C) endoderm
D) ectoderm

Question 30

The _____ prevents large molecules like red blood cells and harmful substances,such as most bacteria and maternal wastes,from entering the fetus.

A) umbilical cord
B) placental wall
C) amniotic sheath
D) ectoderm

Question 31

Which of the following substances is a large molecule that would NOT be able to pass through the placental wall?

A) Salt
B) Water
C) Hormones
D) Carbon dioxide

Question 32

During pregnancy,which of the following organs or systems are the first to develop?

A) Visual system
B) Spinal cord
C) Urogenital system
D) Liver

Question 33

Petra is in the fourth month of her pregnancy.Her unborn child is now referred to as a _____.

A) gamete
B) zygote
C) fetus
D) embryo

Question 34

The fetus that Calista is carrying has reached the age of viability,meaning that it has a chance of surviving outside of the womb.Therefore,it can be inferred that Calista is _____ weeks pregnant.

A) 4 to 8
B) 16 to 18
C) 24 to 25
D) 10 to 12

Question 35

The life-support systems for the embryo include the:

A) umbilical cord,placenta,and amnion.
B) circulatory,nervous,and digestive systems.
C) digestive system,umbilical cord,and amnion.
D) nervous system,digestive system,and umbilical cord.

Question 36

The _____ is a layer of the embryo,which will become the circulatory system,bones,muscles,excretory system,and reproductive system.

A) endoderm
B) ectoderm
C) mesoderm
D) epidermis

Question 37

During the fourth week of prenatal development,the urogenital system becomes apparent,and _____ emerge.

A) fingernails and toenails
B) hair and eyelashes
C) arm and leg buds
D) eyes and eyelids

Question 38

Sidney is expecting her first child.She has recently begun to feel the fetus kicking.Sidney's current stage of pregnancy would fall under which of the following periods of prenatal development?

A) Embryonic period
B) Fetal period
C) Germinal period
D) Implantation period

Question 39

Which of the following is a small molecule that would be able to pass through the placental wall?

A) Red blood cells
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Hormones
D) Maternal wastes

Question 40

The structure that contains two arteries and one vein,and connects the developing embryo to the mother's body,is called the _____.

A) amnion
B) placenta
C) embryo
D) umbilical cord

Question 41

By the time babies are born,they have approximately _____ neurons.

A) 10 million
B) 200 million
C) 1 billion
D) 100 billion

Question 42

_____ and _____ are the two birth defects that occur when the neural tube fails to close 24 days after conception.

A) Down syndrome; Tay-Sachs disease
B) Trisomy 13; Trisomy 18
C) Spina bifida; anencephaly
D) ADHD; autism

Question 43

Sarah is a 20-year-old college student who is paralyzed from the waist down.She can walk with difficulty using crutches,but prefers her wheelchair.Sarah tells you that her condition is due to a birth defect that occurs when the neural tube fails to close during gestation.Which of the following birth defects does Sarah most likely have?

A) Anencephaly
B) Neuronal migration
C) Multiple sclerosis
D) Spina bifida

Question 44

Prenatal cocaine exposure has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT:

A) less effective self-regulation.
B) lower quality of reflexes at 1 month of age.
C) increased head circumference and lower excitability.
D) impaired motor development at 2 years of age.

Question 45

At the peak of neurogenesis,it is estimated that as many as _____ neurons are being generated every minute.

A) 500
B) 3,000
C) 10,000
D) 200,000

Question 46

_____ act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness,modify perceptions,and change moods.

A) Antiemetics
B) Biofeedback therapies
C) Antihypertensives
D) Psychoactive drugs

Question 47

Which of the following statements about cocaine use during pregnancy is true?

A) Cocaine quickly crosses the placenta to reach the fetus.
B) Cocaine is broken down in the mother's bloodstream before it can reach the fetus.
C) Cocaine molecules are too large to pass through the placenta.
D) Cocaine exposure during prenatal development has no negative effects on the fetus.

Question 48

Alicia is pregnant and is a heavy smoker.Which of the following risks does her baby face?

A) Facial and limb deformities
B) Sudden infant death syndrome
C) Cleft palate
D) Tremors and increased general irritability

Question 49

"Teratogen" comes from the Greek word "tera",which means "_____".

A) deformed
B) monster
C) earth
D) evil

Question 50

A teratogen is any agent that can cause:

A) organogenesis.
B) birth defects.
C) fetal movement.
D) maternal back pain.

Question 51

Which of the following is recommended for pregnant women by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration?

A) Pregnant women should consume no caffeine or consume it only sparingly.
B) Pregnant women can consume as much caffeine as they want in chocolate but not in coffee.
C) Pregnant women can safely drink three cups of coffee each day after the third month of pregnancy.
D) Pregnant women should avoid caffeine in soda or tea,but can consume caffeine safely through coffee.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true about the impact of teratogens?

A) Very few fetuses are exposed to teratogens,so it is easy to determine which teratogen causes which defect.
B) Fetuses are safe from the effects of teratogens during the first trimester.
C) Teratogens cause anatomical defects only after organogenesis is complete.
D) Exposure to teratogens does more damage when it occurs at some points in development than at others.

Question 53

During which period of development is the unborn baby most at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen?

A) At conception
B) During the germinal period
C) During the embryonic period
D) During the fetal period

Question 54

Neuronal migration occurs approximately _____ weeks after conception.

A) 1 to 8
B) 3 to 12
C) 4 to 15
D) 6 to 24

Question 55

Uma has just given birth.Assuming that the baby is perfectly average,and was born in the U.S.,he is most likely to weigh _____ pounds,and would be approximately _____ inches long.

A) 7½ pounds; 20 inches
B) 6½ pounds; 18 inches
C) 5½ pounds; 15 inches
D) 8½ pounds; 22 inches

Question 56

Which of the following is the U.S.Surgeon General's recommendation regarding alcohol intake during pregnancy?

A) It is wise to consume alcohol in moderation at the time of conception.
B) One or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week can have positive effects on the fetus.
C) No alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.
D) One or two servings of hard liquor a few days a week can have positive effects on the fetus.

Question 57

According to recent research,which of the following risks is linked to environmental tobacco smoke?

A) Reduced head circumference
B) Withdrawal symptoms
C) Lower quality reflexes at 1 month of age
D) Low birth weight

Question 58

Which of the following is true about the effects of cocaine use by pregnant women?

A) Cocaine exposure during prenatal development is associated with increased birth weight.
B) Prenatal cocaine exposure has been linked to higher arousal.
C) Cocaine exposure during prenatal development is associated with reduced length and head circumference.
D) Children born to cocaine users exhibit higher quality of reflexes at 1 month of age.

Question 59

A strategy that can help to prevent neural tube defects is for women to take:

A) food rich in vitamin C.
B) adequate amounts of the vitamin B folic acid.
C) medication for diabetes.
D) food that is not contaminated with mercury.

Question 60

Which of the following is a consequence of maternal smoking during pregnancy?

A) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) High birth weight
C) Autism
D) Schizophrenia

Question 61

Giovanna was found to be Rh incompatible with her first child.To prevent her body from producing antibodies that will attack any future Rh-incompatible fetuses,her doctor gave her:

A) Rohypnol.
B) RhoGAM.
C) hemoglobin.
D) RhSYS.

Question 62

During delivery,which of the following diseases is transmitted to a newborn through the birth canal?

A) Diabetes
B) West Nile Virus
C) Rubella
D) Genital herpes

Question 63

Which of the following is FALSE about the complications of Rh incompatibility?

A) If the fetus' blood is Rh-positive and the mother's is Rh-negative,the mother's immune system may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus.
B) Babies affected by Rh incompatibility can be given blood transfusions before or right after birth.
C) With each subsequent pregnancy,the risk of complications for an Rh-positive baby of an Rh-negative mother is reduced.
D) The risks associated with Rh incompatibility are miscarriage,anemia,jaundice,heart defects,brain damage,or death soon after birth.

Question 64

The most common treatment for heroin addiction,methadone,is associated with:

A) very low birth weight in newborns.
B) very severe withdrawal symptoms in newborns.
C) lower intelligence in children.
D) lower quality of reflexes at 1 month of age.

Question 65

Which of the following maternal diseases carries the risk of delivering very large infants,weighing 10 pounds or more?

A) Genital herpes
B) AIDS
C) Gestational diabetes
D) Syphilis

Question 66

Marlena,who just found out she is pregnant,has very poor eating habits.Her total calorie intake is very low.She eats little protein and unbalanced amounts of vitamins and minerals.If she continues her present eating habits,which of the following is most likely to occur?

A) The baby will not be affected.
B) The baby will develop Down syndrome.
C) The baby is more likely to be malformed.
D) The baby is more likely to have severe withdrawal symptoms.

Question 67

What is the recommended daily dosage of folic acid for pregnant women,as issued the U.S.Department of Health and Human Services?

A) 100 milligrams
B) 200 micrograms
C) 200 milligrams
D) 400 micrograms

Question 68

Zia is pregnant and has a disease that,if untreated,may result in eye & skin lesions in her baby.This disease was also infamously studied in the Tuskegee experiment,perhaps one of the most unethical studies in the U.S.Which of the following diseases is Zia most likely to have?

A) Genital warts
B) Syphilis
C) Rubella
D) Hepatitis C

Question 69

Which of the following maternal diseases is likely to be transmitted to the infant through breast-feeding?

A) Rubella
B) Syphilis
C) Genital herpes
D) AIDS

Question 70

Sylvia is almost nine months pregnant,and is very close to her delivery date.The doctors have found that she has an active case of genital herpes.Which of the following is the best course of action to prevent Sylvia's baby from contracting the disease?

A) Performing a cesarean section
B) Terminating the pregnancy
C) Delivering the baby through the birth canal
D) Giving the baby blood transfusions

Question 71

Rubella,also known as _____,is a maternal disease that can cause prenatal defects.

A) German measles
B) genital herpes
C) syphilis
D) AIDS

Question 72

It is well documented that infants whose mothers are addicted to _____ show several behavioral difficulties at birth,which include withdrawal symptoms such as tremors,irritability,abnormal crying,disturbed sleep,and impaired motor control.

A) methamphetamine
B) nicotine
C) marijuana
D) heroin

Question 73

Which of the following statements is FALSE about the effect of substance abuse by pregnant mothers?

A) Infants whose mothers are addicted to heroin show several behavioral difficulties at birth,including withdrawal symptoms.
B) Prenatal marijuana exposure is related to higher intelligence in children.
C) Use of methamphetamine during pregnancy increases risk of low birth weight in offspring.
D) Maternal smoking is linked to diminished ovarian functioning in female offspring.

Question 74

AIDS cannot be transmitted from the mother to the infant by which of the following means?

A) During sperm/egg adhesion in the fertilization process
B) During gestation across the placenta
C) During delivery through contact with maternal blood or fluids
D) After birth through breast feeding

Question 75

The lack of _____ in maternal nutrition has been associated with neural tube defects in offspring.

A) vitamin C
B) folic acid
C) ferrous sulfate
D) vitamin E

Question 76

When a mother has active genital herpes,about _____ of children who are delivered through the infected birth canal become brain damaged.

A) one-third
B) one-fourth
C) one-half
D) one-tenth

Question 77

Which of the following statements is true about the effects of marijuana exposure on one's offspring?

A) Research has concluded that marijuana use by pregnant women is associated with memory deficits in their offspring.
B) Research has indicated that mothers who use marijuana while pregnant have a higher risk of having a child who develops depression by age 10.
C) Research has shown that mothers who use marijuana while pregnant risk their offspring using marijuana by age 14.
D) Research has concluded that controlled doses of marijuana are associated with increased memory in the developing offspring.

Question 78

Priscilla just found out she is pregnant,and her doctor prescribed her a B-complex vitamin that promotes normal prenatal development and reduces the risk of preterm deliveries.Which of the following is the vitamin prescribed by Priscilla's doctor?

A) Thiamine
B) Riboflavin
C) Pantothenic acid
D) Folic acid

Question 79

Tammy is pregnant with her first child.She tells you that she loves swordfish and has it for dinner two or three times a week.Based on current research,what advice should you give Tammy about her diet?

A) Swordfish is a great source of protein and she should continue to consume it.
B) Swordfish is not as good for her as king mackerel; she should try to eat more mackerel.
C) Swordfish is not recommended for pregnant women because it can contain high levels of mercury.
D) Swordfish is a good part of her diet,but Tammy should also eat other large fish that contain omega-3 fatty acids.

Question 80

Jasmine and her fetus are Rh incompatible.This means that:

A) the fetus will need a blood transfusion immediately after birth.
B) the fetus' immune system will attack the mother's blood during the fetal stage.
C) Jasmine has type A blood,whereas her fetus has type B blood.
D) Jasmine may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus.