Deck 2: Biological Beginnings

Question 1

_____ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes.

A) Genes
B) Proteins
C) Ribosomes
D) DNA

Answer 1

Proteins

Question 2

_____,the units of hereditary information,are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).They direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.

A) Genes
B) Chromosomes
C) RNA
D) Ribosomes

Answer 2

Genes

Question 3

According to Paul Baltes,the benefits conferred with evolutionary selection _____ with age.

A) increase
B) stay the same
C) decrease
D) fluctuate

Answer 3

decrease

Question 4

As an alternative to "_____ evolutionism" presented in evolutionary psychology,Albert Bandura proposed a _____ view.

A) bidirectional; unidirectional
B) one-sided; bidirectional
C) dynamic; linear
D) balanced; biased

Question 5

Scientists had thought that humans had as many as 100,000 or more genes,but recent research indicates a figure of approximately:

A) 250.
B) 1,500.
C) 20,500.
D) 1,000,000.

Question 6

The nucleus of each human cell contains _____,which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

A) mitochondria
B) ribosomes
C) chromosomes
D) mesosomes

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the activity of genes is TRUE?

A) Genes are not collaborative.
B) A single gene codes for a single,specific protein.
C) Genetic expression is unaffected by environmental factors.
D) Events that occur inside of the cell can excite or inhibit genetic expression.

Question 8

According to evolutionary developmental psychologists,many evolved psychological mechanisms are _____.That is,the mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's makeup.

A) domain-specific
B) maladjusted
C) non-operational
D) unconditional

Question 9

A fertilized human egg cannot grow into a crocodile,duck,or fish specifically because of:

A) social influence.
B) environmental influence.
C) adaptive behavior.
D) genetic code.

Question 10

If a baboon learns to eat many different kinds of fruit instead of relying on only one kind for its nutritive needs,we would argue that this behavior promotes its survival.Thus,the behavior is _____.

A) adaptive
B) aggressive
C) dominant
D) submissive

Question 11

_____ is a complex molecule with a double helix shape,like a spiral staircase,and contains genetic information.

A) RNA
B) Chromosome
C) DNA
D) Ribosome

Question 12

_____ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Charles Darwin
C) Stephen Hawking
D) Wilhelm Wundt

Question 13

The food-scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods-a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful.This illustrates how:

A) socialization influences the development of behavior and cognitive skills in human beings.
B) evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society.
C) organisms pass on characteristics they had acquired during their lifetime to their offspring.
D) the benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age.

Question 14

Paul Baltes says that natural selection among humans operates mainly during the _____ of life.

A) second half
B) last years
C) first half
D) first year

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true about evolutionary developmental psychology?

A) Many evolved psychological mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's makeup.
B) The mind is a general-purpose device that can be applied equally to a vast array of problems.
C) All behaviors that were adaptive for our prehistoric ancestors serve us well today.
D) Evolution has not impacted human development.

Question 16

As the benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age,Baltes argues,the need for all of the following increases,EXCEPT:

A) social support.
B) medical technology.
C) job training.
D) culture.

Question 17

Evolution takes place:

A) over the course of many generations.
B) almost immediately.
C) when a species is ready for it.
D) due to active attempts at change on the part of a species.

Question 18

Red-feathered and blue-feathered birds occupy the same environment.The birds with the red feathers are better able to survive and avoid predators.This means that the population of red-feathered birds should increase in future generations.This illustrates the process of _____.

A) genetic selection
B) natural adaptation
C) natural selection
D) genetic survival

Question 19

Psychology's newest approach,_____,emphasizes the importance of adaptation,reproduction,and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.

A) behavioral psychology
B) humanistic psychology
C) cognitive psychology
D) evolutionary psychology

Question 20

According to life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes,the benefits conferred by evolutionary selection decrease with age.Natural selection has not weeded out many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics that appear among older adults.Why?

A) Degeneration aids in the transmission of desirable traits to future generations.
B) Natural selection operates primarily on characteristics that are tied to reproductive fitness.
C) Human evolution has no effect on previous generations.
D) Evolved mechanisms are always adaptive in contemporary society.

Question 21

Except for the sperm and the egg,all cells in the human body have _____ chromosomes.

A) 10
B) 32
C) 23
D) 46

Question 22

A cell which contains 12 pairs of chromosomes,divides by mitosis to form two new cells.How many pairs of chromosomes does each new cell contain?

A) 12
B) 23
C) 6
D) 48

Question 23

_____ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

A) Fertilization
B) Osmosis
C) Meiosis
D) Mitosis

Question 24

Combining the genes of two parents in offspring increases _____ in the population,which is valuable for a species because it provides more characteristics for natural selection to operate on.

A) the number of males
B) the number of females
C) genetic variability
D) genetic uniformity

Question 25

During the process of _____,the cell's nucleus-including the chromosomes-duplicates itself and the cell divides resulting in the formation of two cells.

A) meiosis
B) osmosis
C) fertilization
D) mitosis

Question 26

Jule's 23^rd chromosome pair consists of an X chromosome and a Y chromosome.This indicates that Jule:

A) has Down syndrome.
B) has XYY syndrome.
C) is a female.
D) is a male.

Question 27

A mistake by the cellular machinery,or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation,may produce a _____,which is a permanently altered segment of DNA.

A) susceptibility gene
B) vulnerability gene
C) longevity gene
D) mutated gene

Question 28

What are gametes?

A) Zygotes
B) Embryos
C) Fertilized eggs
D) Eggs and sperm

Question 29

Jerome and Tyrone are fraternal twins.This means that they developed from:

A) a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm.
B) a single egg that was fertilized by two different sperms.
C) two eggs that were fertilized by a single sperm.
D) two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperms.

Question 30

_____ genes are those that make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or acceleration of aging.

A) Susceptibility
B) Longevity
C) Vulnerability
D) Mutated

Question 31

Sasha's 23^rd chromosome pair contains two X chromosomes.This indicates that Sasha:

A) has Down syndrome.
B) has fragile X syndrome.
C) is a female.
D) is a male.

Question 32

A cell which contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs undergoes the process of _____ to produce two new cells,each containing the same DNA as the original cell,arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.

A) mitosis
B) osmosis
C) meiosis
D) fertilization

Question 33

During _____,a cell of the testes in men or ovaries in women duplicates its chromosomes and then divides twice,thus forming four cells,each of which has only half the genetic material of the parent cell.

A) meiosis
B) mitosis
C) osmosis
D) fertilization

Question 34

During fertilization,an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a _____.

A) blastocyst
B) fetus
C) gamete
D) zygote

Question 35

Melody and Harmony are identical twins.This means that they developed from:

A) a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm.
B) a single egg that was fertilized by two different sperms.
C) two eggs that were fertilized by a single sperm.
D) two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperms.

Question 36

_____ genes are those that make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and make it more likely for him/her to live till an older age.

A) Susceptibility
B) Longevity
C) Vulnerability
D) Mutated

Question 37

In human beings,by the end of meiosis,each egg or sperm has _____ chromosomes.

A) 46 paired
B) 23 unpaired
C) 23 paired
D) 46 unpaired

Question 38

_____ develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically matching replicas,each of which becomes a person.

A) Triplets
B) Identical twins
C) Fraternal twins
D) Quadruplets

Question 39

Ethel is 50 years old but appears much more aged.Most of Ethel's relatives have not lived past the age of 60.Which of the following genes are responsible for the accelerated aging that is observed in Ethel and her family members?

A) Susceptibility genes
B) Longevity genes
C) Vulnerability genes
D) Mutated genes

Question 40

Which of the following is true of mitosis?

A) Mitosis is the cellular reproduction that occurs to form the sperm and the egg cells.
B) Mitosis results in the formation of four new cells.
C) Mitosis results in the formation of new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes.
D) Mitosis results in the formation of three new cells.

Question 41

A phenotype can consist of _____ as well as _____ characteristics.

A) physical; environmental
B) conscious; subconscious
C) biological; ecological
D) physical; psychological

Question 42

In some cases,one gene of a pair always exerts its effects overriding the potential influence of the other gene.This is the _____ principle.

A) sex-linked genes
B) dominant-recessive genes
C) genetic imprinting
D) polygenic inheritance

Question 43

_____ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics.

A) RNA
B) DNA
C) Phenotype
D) Stereotype

Question 44

Erin is 90 years old.She has relatively good health,and is fully mobile.Most of Erin's blood relatives live to a ripe,old age.Which of the following genes might be responsible for this?

A) Susceptibility genes
B) Longevity genes
C) Vulnerability genes
D) Mutated genes

Question 45

Females who have one abnormal copy of a mutated gene on the X chromosome are known as _____.

A) inhibitors
B) patients
C) carriers
D) promoters

Question 46

Mary's mother has blonde hair and her father has brown hair.Mary has a gene for brown hair and a gene for blonde hair.She has brown hair.This indicates that the gene for brown hair is a(n)_____.

A) dominant gene
B) recessive gene
C) susceptible gene
D) longevity gene

Question 47

_____ occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene.

A) Polygenic inheritance
B) X-linked inheritance
C) Genetic imprinting
D) Y-linked inheritance

Question 48

Most characteristics are:

A) determined by a single gene.
B) determined by a pair of genes.
C) not determined by genes.
D) determined polygenically.

Question 49

Clark's genotype contains a dominant gene for brown eye color and recessive gene for blue eye color.According to the dominant-recessive gene principle,which of the following phenotypes is most likely to be observed in Clark?

A) black eyes
B) blue eyes
C) grey eyes
D) brown eyes

Question 50

A genotype is _____ percent of a person's genetic material.

A) 100
B) 50
C) 25
D) 5

Question 51

For each genotype,a range of _____ can be expressed,thus providing a source of variability.

A) genetic imprints
B) phenotypes
C) karyotypes
D) mesotypes

Question 52

Vanda's genetic makeup is composed of thousands of genes in which some are expressed and directly observable,while some are not.When we talk about all of her genetic material we are talking about her _____.

A) phenotype
B) RNA
C) genotype
D) ribosomes

Question 53

Victor has an X-linked inheritance disease.Which of the following conditions is Victor most likely to have?

A) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
B) Hemophilia
C) Wilms tumor
D) Diabetes

Question 54

Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after birth.Although genetically identical,they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics.For example,though both inherited a tendency to grow large,Anna was slim and athletic due to the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family.This variability can be explained by how:

A) each zygote is unique.
B) longevity genes can make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases.
C) for each genotype,a range of phenotypes can be expressed.
D) mutated genes can be a source of genetic variability.

Question 55

A recessive gene exerts its influence only if:

A) both genes in a pair are recessive.
B) it is the stronger gene.
C) the environment is right.
D) the dominant gene is also present in the pair.

Question 56

A(n)_____ gene overrides the potential influence of a recessive gene.

A) longevity
B) dominant
C) susceptible
D) aggressive

Question 57

Vivanta has been diagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome,a growth disorder,which the doctor has indicated could be a result of _____ going awry.

A) genetic imprinting
B) polygenic inheritance
C) sex-linked genes
D) chromosomes

Question 58

Carrie's parents have brown hair.However,Carrie gets genes for blond hair from both of her parents,and as a result she has blonde hair.This indicates that the gene for blonde hair is a:

A) recessive gene.
B) dominant gene.
C) susceptibility gene.
D) longevity gene.

Question 59

Marly describes her friend Gina as having blonde hair,green eyes,and fair skin with freckles.Marly has described Gina's _____.

A) genotype
B) genetic imprint
C) phenotype
D) X-linked inheritance

Question 60

Most individuals who have X-linked diseases are _____.

A) males
B) females
C) intersex
D) hemophiliacs

Question 61

Mateo is on a special diet because his parents are aware that he cannot metabolize phenylalanine,an amino acid.Buildup of this amino acid in his system could result in mental retardation.Mateo has:

A) Down syndrome.
B) phenylketonuria (PKU).
C) sickle-cell anemia.
D) Huntington's disease.

Question 62

Which of the following is true of Down syndrome?

A) It primarily occurs in African American children.
B) It occurs when genetic imprinting goes awry.
C) Its symptoms include retardation of motor and mental abilities.
D) It is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome Y.

Question 63

Human embryos must possess _____ to be viable.

A) at least one X chromosome
B) two Y chromosomes
C) at least one Y chromosome
D) three Y chromosomes

Question 64

Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics.She is shorter than her peers and has a webbed neck.Her doctor has determined that she has one X chromosome missing.Sandra most likely has:

A) XYY syndrome.
B) fragile X syndrome.
C) Turner syndrome.
D) XXO syndrome.

Question 65

Klinefelter syndrome occurs approximately _____ live male births.

A) once in every 100
B) once in every 600
C) once in every 10,000
D) once in every 100,000

Question 66

Angelique has a chromosomal disorder characterized by a missing X chromosome making her XO instead of XX.Angelique's doctors have diagnosed her with _____.

A) fragile X syndrome
B) XYY syndrome
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Turner syndrome

Question 67

Phenylketonuria (PKU)is a genetic disorder in which the individual cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine,which is a(n)_____.

A) vitamin
B) amino acid
C) mineral
D) carbohydrate

Question 68

Which of the following women has the highest probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome?

A) Sarah,a 21-year-old Asian woman.
B) Jane,a 41-year-old Euro-American woman.
C) Ella,a 27-year-old African American woman.
D) Destiny,a 38-year-old African American woman.

Question 69

Tom is a tall man with undeveloped testes and enlarged breasts.His doctor has determined that he has an extra X chromosome leading to the diagnosis of:

A) Down syndrome.
B) fragile X syndrome.
C) Klinefelter syndrome.
D) Turner syndrome.

Question 70

Klinefelter syndrome affects:

A) only males.
B) only females.
C) both males and females equally.
D) more females than males.

Question 71

Which of the following is an example of chromosomal abnormality that occurs when whole chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis?

A) Down syndrome
B) Hemophilia
C) Huntington's disease
D) Sickle-cell anemia

Question 72

Which of the following is true of phenylketonuria?

A) It results from a recessive gene.
B) It is a chromosomal disorder.
C) It results in death by the age of five.
D) It is caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system.

Question 73

Early interest in the XYY syndrome focused on the belief that the extra Y chromosome found in some males contributed to _____.However,subsequent research has proved this to be _____.

A) aggression and violence; false
B) aggression and violence; true
C) impotence; false
D) impotence; true

Question 74

Fragile X syndrome occurs:

A) more often in males than in females.
B) only in females.
C) in both sexes equally.
D) only in males.

Question 75

Tristan has a genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome,which becomes constricted and often breaks.His doctor informed Tristan's mother that he has:

A) fragile X syndrome.
B) XYY syndrome.
C) Turner syndrome.
D) Tay-Sach's disease.

Question 76

Turner syndrome occurs in approximately _____ live female births.

A) 1 of every 100
B) 1 of every 2,500
C) 1 of every 22,500
D) 1 of every 40,000

Question 77

Phenylketonuria (PKU)occurs in approximately _____ live births.

A) 1 of every 100 to 200
B) 1 of every 1,000 to 2,000
C) 1 of every 10,000 to 20,000
D) 1 of every 100,000 to 150,000

Question 78

Which of the following statements about Turner syndrome is true?

A) Turner syndrome occurs exclusively in females.
B) People with Turner syndrome have extremely poor verbal ability.
C) Males with Turner syndrome are short in stature and have webbed neck.
D) Turner syndrome occurs in approximately 1 of every 25,000 live female births.

Question 79

Jason was born with _____.The doctor tells his parents that this genetic disorder occurred because he has an extra copy of chromosome 21.

A) fragile X syndrome
B) Klinefelter disease
C) Down syndrome
D) Tay Sach's disease

Question 80

Harry has been suffering from mental retardation and a learning disability since infancy.Subsequent tests revealed an abnormality in his X chromosome,which becomes constricted and often breaks.Identify the syndrome that Harry suffers from.

A) Turner syndrome
B) Fragile X syndrome
C) XYY syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome