Deck 1: Introduction

Question 1

_____ means the capacity for change.

A) Elasticity
B) Plasticity
C) Contextuality
D) Tenacity

Answer 1

Plasticity

Question 2

Dr.Tepper-Harmon believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological,socioemotional,and cognitive dimensions.Dr.Tepper-Harmon believes that development is:

A) lifelong.
B) contextual.
C) multidimensional.
D) plastic.

Answer 2

multidimensional.

Question 3

By age 51,most women enter menopause.This is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____ influence on development.

A) normative history-graded
B) nonnormative multidirectional
C) normative age-graded
D) nonnormative age-graded

Answer 3

normative age-graded

Question 4

Life expectancy in the United States has increased by _____ years during the twentieth century.

A) 20
B) 10
C) 30
D) 50

Question 5

Two developmental psychologists are having a conversation.One believes in the traditional approach of developmental change,whereas the other believes in the life-span approach.The two are most likely differ on:

A) whether developmental change starts at birth or at conception.
B) whether the tabula rasa or the innate goodness positions were correct.
C) whether most developmental change occurs from birth to adolescence or throughout adulthood as well as childhood.
D) whether the earlier theorists,such as Freud and Jung,were correct or whether the later theorists such as Piaget and Skinner were correct about developmental change.

Question 6

The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is:

A) plastic.
B) contextual.
C) multidimensional.
D) lifelong.

Question 7

Many individuals become wiser as they age,but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline.This illustrates how throughout life,some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink,or how development is:

A) plastic.
B) contextual.
C) multidisciplinary.
D) multidirectional.

Question 8

Tzu-Chiang is 55 years old and is currently enrolled in a college algebra course.He is pleasantly surprised that he is performing well in the course despite not taking a formal math class for over 30 years.Researchers would consider this an instance that illustrates how development is:

A) plastic.
B) multidisciplinary.
C) lifelong.
D) contextual.

Question 9

The life expectancy in the United States is currently:

A) 60 years.
B) 78 years.
C) 85 years.
D) 53 years.

Question 10

When taking his psychology class,Professor Sharma emphasizes that developmental change occurs throughout adulthood as well as childhood.Professor Sharma is taking a(n)_____ approach to developmental change.

A) life-span
B) evolutionary
C) normative
D) constructivist

Question 11

On your first day of class,Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children,especially infants.She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important.This professor is articulating a(n)_____ approach.

A) evolutionary
B) constructivist
C) normative
D) life-span

Question 12

Influences that generally affect a generation (for example,the effect of the Vietnam war on the baby boomers)are considered _____ influences.

A) nonnormative multidirectional
B) normative age-graded
C) nonnormative age-graded
D) normative history-graded

Question 13

The _____ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence,especially during infancy,little or no change in adulthood,and decline in old age.

A) prescriptive
B) constructivist
C) traditional
D) evolutionary

Question 14

The maximum life span of humans:

A) has increased over time.
B) has not changed since the beginning of recorded history.
C) has matched their life expectancy in recent times.
D) is about 65 years as the first decade of the twenty-first century draws to a close.

Question 15

Psychologists,sociologists,anthropologists,neuroscientists,and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span.This indicates how development is:

A) multidirectional.
B) plastic.
C) multidisciplinary.
D) multidimensional.

Question 16

_____ include biological processes such as puberty and menopause.They also include sociocultural,environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retirement.

A) Normative age-graded influences
B) Normative history-graded influences
C) Normative life events
D) Nonnormative life events

Question 17

If you subscribe to Paul Baltes' perspective of life-span development,which of the following statements would you NOT agree with?

A) Development is lifelong
B) Development is unidirectional
C) Development is plastic
D) Development is contextual

Question 18

"You can't teach an old dog new tricks".This old saying refutes Paul Baltes' life-span perspective that views development as being:

A) plastic.
B) multidisciplinary.
C) lifelong.
D) contextual.

Question 19

"Individuals are changing beings in a changing world".Which characteristic of development is reflected in this statement?

A) Development is multidisciplinary
B) Development is contextual
C) Development is multidimensional
D) Development is multidirectional

Question 20

Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that:

A) begins at childhood and continues until adulthood.
B) begins at conception and continues until adulthood.
C) begins at birth and continues through the human life span.
D) begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

Question 21

Agatha is 83 years old.According to Baltes and his colleagues,_____ and _____ in her capacities will take center stage.

A) growth; maintenance
B) maintenance; regulation of loss
C) regulation of loss; augmentation
D) growth; regulation of loss

Question 22

Compared with earlier decades,U.S.adults today are:

A) more likely to be married.
B) more likely to be childless.
C) less likely to be living alone.
D) less likely to need social relationships and support.

Question 23

Jonathan is almost completely dependent on his parents for his wants and needs and is only just beginning to acquire language skills and sensorimotor coordination.Which of the following development periods is Jonathan in?

A) Late childhood
B) Middle childhood
C) Early childhood
D) Infancy

Question 24

Mary is three years-old,and in preschool.Identify the development period that Mary is currently in.

A) Infancy
B) Early childhood
C) Middle childhood
D) Late childhood

Question 25

The cultural makeup of the U.S.population has changed over the past few years due to immigration and other factors.Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of:

A) nonnormative multidirectional change.
B) normative historical change.
C) nonnormative life events.
D) nonnormative demographic change.

Question 26

Keith has won the lottery and now has more money than he ever thought.This incident will likely affect Keith's development and is an example of a:

A) normative history-graded influence.
B) nonnormative life event.
C) nonnormative history-graded influence.
D) normative age-graded influence.

Question 27

Changes in motor skills,nutrition,exercise,the hormonal changes of puberty,and cardiovascular decline are all examples of _____ processes that affect development.

A) cognitive
B) biological
C) socioemotional
D) cultural

Question 28

_____ processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people,changes in emotions,and changes in personality.

A) Cognitive
B) Biological
C) Socioemotional
D) Polycentric

Question 29

The connection across biological,cognitive,and socioemotional processes is most obvious in the two rapidly emerging fields of:

A) developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience.
B) developmental biological neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience.
C) developmental socioemotional pharmacology and developmental biological pharmacology.
D) developmental cognitive biology and developmental cognitive biology.

Question 30

The developmental period,when one is an infant,adolescent,or middle-aged person,refers to:

A) a historical circumstance common to people of a particular generation.
B) a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.
C) a time frame in which a person experiences maximum change.
D) a time frame in a nation's history that is characterized by rapid development.

Question 31

_____ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought,intelligence,and language.

A) Cognitive
B) Biological
C) Socioemotional
D) Cultural

Question 32

Nonnormative life events:

A) do not happen to all people.
B) happen to younger children,but not to older adults.
C) are common to people of a particular generation.
D) influence the cultural makeup of a population.

Question 33

Two concepts that help provide a framework for describing and understanding an individual's development are:

A) developmental attributes and behavior.
B) developmental characteristics and traits.
C) developmental challenges and opportunities.
D) developmental processes and periods.

Question 34

Going by current trends,86-year-old Matilda is likely to be living:

A) with a spouse.
B) with children.
C) by herself.
D) with grandchildren.

Question 35

_____ encompasses the behavior patterns,beliefs,and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.

A) Culture
B) Genotype
C) Phenotype
D) Ethnocentricity

Question 36

When she was a child,Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed.More than 30 years later,she is still terrified of storms.This is an example of how a ____ event can influence a person's development.

A) normative age-graded
B) normative generational
C) nonnormative life
D) normative history-graded

Question 37

The _____ period is the time from conception to birth.

A) perinatal
B) prenatal
C) neonatal
D) postnatal

Question 38

Socioeconomic status (SES)refers to:

A) the behavior patterns,beliefs,and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
B) a person's position within society based on occupational,educational,and economic characteristics.
C) the degree to which development is similar or universal across cultures.
D) a social label placed on a similar group of people based on their heritage,nationality,race,religion,and language.

Question 39

_____ is(are)a national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.

A) Social policy
B) Generational policy
C) Cultural legislation
D) Equity policy

Question 40

Dr.Wilman is researching the place women occupy in families in Japan and the U.S.Dr.Wilman is conducting a(n)_____ study.

A) longitudinal
B) ethnocentric
C) cross-cultural
D) decentralized

Question 41

Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family.Her thoughts are more logical,abstract,and idealistic.She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gain in height and weight.Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in?

A) Middle childhood
B) Late adulthood
C) Late childhood
D) Adolescence

Question 42

Joey has shot up in height over the past year,has developed a deeper voice,and is starting to grow facial hair.He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family.Which of the following periods of development is Joey in?

A) Middle childhood
B) Adolescence
C) Early adulthood
D) Late childhood

Question 43

Jessica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed.She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health,and she has made several lifestyle changes as a result.Jessica is most likely in the _____ period of development.

A) adolescence
B) early adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood

Question 44

Travis spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career.He is also wondering if he should move in with his girlfriend and about their long-term prospects.Travis is most likely in the _____ period of development.

A) late adolescence
B) early adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood

Question 45

The _____ issue involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or alter.

A) growth-decline
B) stability-change
C) traits-characteristics
D) permanence-evanescence

Question 46

Sharon is a 30-year-old stay-at-home mother to a toddler.Life-span developmentalists would consider her to be:

A) in the second age of prime adulthood.
B) transitioning from early adulthood to middle adulthood.
C) a middle-aged woman.
D) in an adult latency period.

Question 47

Katie-Lou is 88 years old.Katie would most likely be characterized as:

A) young-old.
B) old-old.
C) oldest-old.
D) late-old.

Question 48

Determining _____ age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs.

A) social
B) chronological
C) biological
D) psychological

Question 49

In the nature-nurture issue,nature refers to an organism's _____,nurture to its _____.

A) personality traits; abilities
B) attributes; ecological heritage
C) biological inheritance; environmental experiences
D) acquired traits,heredity

Question 50

The 35-year-old grandmother,the 65-year-old father of a preschooler,the 15-year old surgeon,and the 70-year-old student,all serve to illustrate that:

A) old assumptions about the proper timing of life events no longer govern our lives.
B) developmental age is becoming increasingly irrelevant.
C) chronological age is becoming a more accurate predictor of life events in our society.
D) biological age is becoming increasingly relevant.

Question 51

Life-span developmentalists who focus on adult development and aging describe life-span development in terms of four "ages".The "third age" in this conceptualization spans from:

A) adolescence to prime adulthood.
B) twenties through fifties.
C) approximately 60 to 79 years of age.
D) approximately 80 years to the time of death.

Question 52

Ramada,69,an avid golfer and fitness enthusiast,recently got a comprehensive health exam done,and her physician remarked that her vital organs were in such good shape that her _____ age was about 10 years less than her chronological age.

A) social
B) mental
C) biological
D) psychological

Question 53

_____ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.

A) Social
B) Psychological
C) Physical
D) Biological

Question 54

_____ has the longest span of any period of development and the number of people in this age group has been increasing dramatically.

A) Middle and late childhood
B) Adolescence
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood

Question 55

_____ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence,career development,and,for many,selecting a mate,learning to live with someone in an intimate way,starting a family,and rearing children.

A) Early adulthood
B) Late adolescence
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood

Question 56

Late adulthood is a time of:

A) life review,adjustment to new social roles,and diminishing strength and health.
B) expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility.
C) establishing personal and economic independence and advancing in a career.
D) selecting a mate,learning to live with that person in an intimate way,starting a family,and rearing children.

Question 57

In predicting an adult woman's behavior,it may be more important to know that she is the mother of a 3-year-old child than to know whether she is 20 or 30 years old.This reflects the concept of:

A) chronological age.
B) social age.
C) psychological age.
D) biological age.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about the "young-old" is true?

A) They are people between 60 and 65 years of age.
B) They have little potential for physical and cognitive fitness.
C) They show considerable loss in cognitive skills.
D) They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging.

Question 59

Peter is a senior partner at his law firm and is an important member of his church and community.Both his children are in college.Peter's situation is most representative of which period of development?

A) Early adulthood
B) Middle adulthood
C) Late adulthood
D) Retirement

Question 60

Palma and her husband Frankie are in their mid-forties.Which of the following developmental periods are they currently in?

A) Central adulthood
B) The nesting years
C) Middle adulthood
D) Mate adulthood

Question 61

Kelly responds to her infant's needs in a consistent and timely way.When he is tired she puts him down for a nap,and when he is hungry she feeds him.Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of:

A) autonomy.
B) initiative.
C) trust.
D) integrity.

Question 62

Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to:

A) seven; early adulthood.
B) eight; late adulthood.
C) six; adolescence.
D) nine; death.

Question 63

_____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.

A) Behavioral
B) Social-cognitive
C) Evolutionary
D) Psychoanalytic

Question 64

The concept of discontinuity is characterized by:

A) qualitative change.
B) quantitative change.
C) collective change.
D) measured change.

Question 65

Dr.Drew is a scientist interested in the effects of music on cognitive development.Which of the following describes the sequence he should go through?

A) Collect data,conceptualize a process or problem to be studied,analyze data,and draw conclusions.
B) Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied,collect data,analyze data,and draw conclusions.
C) Collect data,analyze data,conceptualize a process or problem to be studied,and draw conclusions.
D) Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied,draw conclusions,collect data,and analyze data.

Question 66

The first stage in Erickson's theory is:

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B) initiative versus guilt.
C) generativity versus stagnation.
D) trust versus mistrust.

Question 67

As defined by Erik Erikson,a crisis:

A) will leave permanent psychological scars.
B) will leave psychological scars that will eventually fade over time.
C) will have a catastrophic impact on a person's development,and will leave a psychological scar that will fade over time.
D) is not a catastrophe but a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.

Question 68

Edwin was a neglected child in his infancy.Now,at 31 years of age,he is highly cynical about the world and feels that no one can be relied upon.Whenever he is in a relationship with a woman,he has tremendous feelings of suspicion toward his partner,and these feelings eventually lead to the breakup of the relationship.According to Erikson's psychosocial theory,this is a good indication that Edwin did not successfully resolve the _____ stage of development,which in turn is causing him to experience _____ in his current developmental stage.

A) identity versus identity confusion; stagnation
B) trust versus mistrust; isolation
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt; confusion
D) trust versus mistrust; despair

Question 69

Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Sigmund Freud:

A) proposed a theory that has stood the test of time and needs no revisions.
B) overemphasized sexual instincts.
C) overemphasized cultural experiences as determinants of an individual's development.
D) underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining development.

Question 70

The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the _____ theory of development.

A) psychobiological
B) psychogenic
C) psychosocial
D) psychoanatomical

Question 71

Johnny is attempting to resolve the crisis of initiative vs.guilt.According to Erik Erikson,he is most likely in _____.

A) preschool
B) elementary school
C) junior high school
D) high school

Question 72

McKenzie,age 2,wants to do everything on her own.Her mother punishes her when she attempts to pour her own milk or tries to answer the phone.Erikson would say that McKenzie is likely to develop a sense of:

A) inferiority.
B) autonomy.
C) stagnation.
D) shame and doubt.

Question 73

Identify the correct sequence of the five stages of psychosexual development described in Freud's theory of development.

A) Genital,oral,anal,phallic,and latency
B) Oral,anal,phallic,latency,and genital
C) Anal,genital,oral,phallic,and latency
D) Oral,phallic,anal,latency,and genital

Question 74

Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother.Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the _____ aspect of her development.

A) personality
B) life-long learning
C) discontinuity
D) stability

Question 75

According to Freud,our adult personality is determined by:

A) the way we resolve conflicts between home life and professional life.
B) the resolution of adult realities versus childhood fantasies.
C) the way we maintain a balance between family and friends.
D) the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality.

Question 76

Dr.Berenstein holds the view that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind.Dr.Berenstein can be described as a(n):

A) psychoanalytic theorist.
B) evolutionary theorist.
C) cognitive theorist.
D) behavioral theorist.

Question 77

One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:

A) Freud underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining the life-span development of an individual.
B) Erikson believed that development lasted only until the age of 20.
C) Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences.
D) Erikson overemphasized the role of sexuality in the life-span development of an individual.

Question 78

Dr.Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarter than children who do not play music.This testable prediction is known as a(n)_____.

A) hypothesis
B) classification
C) variable
D) axiom

Question 79

Two-year-old Julia is learning to talk,and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no".This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage of:

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) intimacy versus isolation.
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D) trust versus mistrust.

Question 80

In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development,continuity refers to _____,while discontinuity implies _____.

A) abrupt change; stability
B) gradual change; distinct stages
C) qualitative change; quantitative change
D) discrete stages; gradations