Deck 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

Question 1

As per the study conducted by Lachman,Maier,and Budner (2000),it was found that _____ of the individuals 60 to 75 years of age considered themselves middle-aged.

A)almost all
B)almost half
C)one-third
D)one-fourth

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Questions such as,"To which age group do you belong?" and "How old do you feel?" reflect the concept of:

A)mental age.
B)age identity.
C)chronological age.
D)age stereotype.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

On average,body fat accounts for about _____ of body weight in middle age.

A)5 percent
B)10 percent
C)20 percent
D)15 percent

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What percentage of the U.S.population is older than 65 years?

A)2 percent
B)15 percent
C)22 percent
D)23 percent

Question 5

Which of the following is the reason for the decrease in height with age advancement?

A)Brittleness of bones of the limbs
B)Increase in weight
C)A stooping posture
D)Bone loss in the vertebrae

Question 6

In Patricia Cohen's analysis,which of the following has fueled the emergence of thinking about middle age?

A)More people entering adolescence earlier than in the past
B)Increased pressure to remain in the workforce and delay retirement
C)Advances in health and more people living to older ages
D)The decrease of life expectancy

Question 7

Compared with earlier and later periods,middle age is influenced most by _____ and biological factors.

A)sociocultural
B)humanistic
C)psychodynamic
D)neurological

Question 8

Which of the following is a sign of aging for the average adult in middle adulthood?

A)Increase in height
B)Decrease in weight
C)Brittle fingernails
D)Loss of memory

Question 9

The term _____ is given to age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.

A)sarcoma
B)osteopenia
C)osteoporosis
D)sarcopenia

Question 10

Which of the following BEST explains why middle adulthood comes later and lasts longer now than in the early 1900s?

A)People today have fewer children than people in the early 1900s.
B)People today have a higher income than people in the early 1900s.
C)People today have less anxiety in their lives than people in the early 1900s.
D)People today have healthier lifestyles than people in the early 1900s.

Question 11

Which of the following is a consistent finding regarding age identity?

A)As adults become older their age identity is younger than their chronological age.
B)Most adults feel that their age identity is five years more than their chronological age.
C)The age identity of adults is directly proportional to their chronological age.
D)Most adults feel that their age identity is much older than their chronological age.

Question 12

Compared to middle age,which of the following BEST describes late middle age for many individuals?

A)Health problems start to decline
B)Losses may begin to outnumber gains
C)Life-changes decrease; the path is relatively fixed
D)Losses and gains even out

Question 13

_____ adulthood is the developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age.

A)Late
B)Middle
C)Early.
D)Emerging

Question 14

Today,the average life expectancy in the United States is ________ years.

A)72
B)74
C)79
D)83

Question 15

The average adult in middle adulthood _____ height and _____ weight.

A)loses; loses
B)loses; gains
C)gains; gains
D)gains; loses

Question 16

Apart from chronological age,individuals may have all of the following age categorizations EXCEPT ________ age.

A)biological
B)anthropological
C)psychological
D)social

Question 17

Many experts on middle adulthood describe the age period of 55 to 65 as:

A)late adulthood.
B)early midlife.
C)late midlife.
D)early adulthood.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about late midlife is NOT true?

A)People in late midlife are either preparing for retirement or actually retiring.
B)People in late midlife are more likely to experience the death of a parent than people in early midlife.
C)People in late midlife are less likely to experience their last child leaving home than people in early midlife.
D)People in late midlife are more likely to experience becoming a grandparent than those in early midlife.

Question 19

What was the average life expectancy in 1900?

A)37 years
B)42 years
C)47 years
D)52 years

Question 20

The rectangularization of the population pyramid has been created by all of the following EXCEPT:

A)health advances that promote longevity.
B)the aging of the baby boom cohort.
C)rising male-to-female sex ratio.
D)low fertility rates.

Question 21

Which of the following is the result of reduced blood supply to the eye in the fifties and sixties?

A)An increase in accommodation of the eye
B)An increase in the eye's blind spot
C)An increase in the visual field's size
D)An increase in the amount of light entering the eye

Question 22

Which of the following statements about bone density is TRUE?

A)Maximum bone density occurs in late adolescence.
B)Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late thirties.
C)Peak functioning of the body's joints occurs in the fifties.
D)The rate of bone density loss accelerates and then decelerates.

Question 23

Cholesterol comes in two forms _____ and HDL.

A)LDL
B)BDL
C)GAL
D)QUL

Question 24

A man in his mid-forties is most likely to notice:

A)increased strength in his upper arms.
B)sensitivity to high-pitched sounds.
C)joint stiffness.
D)decreased bladder control.

Question 25

HDL is often referred to as _____ cholesterol.

A)"good"
B)"simple"
C)"bad"
D)"compound"

Question 26

Which of the following statements about the changes in bone mass and density is TRUE?

A)The loss of bone is faster for men than it is for women.
B)By the end of early adulthood,bones break more easily and heal more slowly.
C)Peak functioning of the body's joints occurs in the sixties.
D)Women lose bone mass twice as fast as men do.

Question 27

Which of the following is a reason for the reduction in light received by the retina during middle adulthood?

A)An increase in the size of the iris
B)An increase in blood supply to the eye
C)Reduced size of the pupil
D)Reduced opacity of the lens

Question 28

At 60 years of age,the retina receives only _____ as much light as it did at 20 years of age.

A)two-thirds
B)one-fourth
C)half
D)one-third

Question 29

During middle age,the ability to hear _____ sounds declines first.

A)low-pitched
B)high-volume
C)high-pitched
D)high-amplitude

Question 30

Accommodation of the eye experiences its sharpest decline between ________ years of age.

A)20 and 29
B)60 and 79
C)40 and 59
D)30 and 35

Question 31

Which of the following is most typical of the vision-related issues faced by middle-aged individuals?

A)Difficulty viewing moving objects
B)Difficulty viewing objects on the background
C)Difficulty viewing close objects
D)Difficulty viewing complicated patterns

Question 32

The ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina is referred to as _____ of the eye.

A)muscle integrity
B)focal power
C)visual acuity
D)accommodation

Question 33

Why is LDL referred to as "bad" cholesterol?

A)It increases the risk of breast cancer.
B)High levels of LDL cause atherosclerosis.
C)It accelerates the process of aging.
D)Low levels of LDL cause atherosclerosis.

Question 34

Age-related loss of muscle strength is especially marked in:

A)the upper arms.
B)the back and legs.
C)the jaw and face.
D)the chest and abdomen.

Question 35

LDL is often referred to as _____ cholesterol.

A)"simple"
B)"good"
C)"bad"
D)"white"

Question 36

Which of the following statements about cardiovascular disease is TRUE?

A)When HDL is high and LDL is low,the risk of cardiovascular disease is lessened.
B)When HDL is high and LDL is low,the risk of cardiovascular disease is increased.
C)When HDL is low and LDL is high,the risk of cardiovascular disease is lessened.
D)When both HDL and LDL are low,the risk of cardiovascular disease is lessened.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about bone and joint functioning is TRUE?

A)Peak functioning of the body's joints usually occurs in the thirties.
B)By the end of midlife,bones break more easily and heal more slowly.
C)Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late-twenties.
D)The rate of bone density loss decelerates in the fifties.

Question 38

Sensitivity to _____ sounds usually declines first among _____.

A)high-pitched; women
B)high-pitched; men
C)low-pitched; women
D)low-pitched; men

Question 39

Which of the following is most likely to cause difficulty for a middle-aged adult without glasses?

A)Reading a newspaper
B)Watching TV
C)Reading an eye chart 20 feet away
D)Reading a road sign during the day

Question 40

Which of the following is an outcome of the reduced blood supply to the eye during late middle-age?

A)Decrease in the visual field's size
B)Decrease in the eye's blind spot
C)Formation of wrinkles under the eyes
D)Increase in the size of the pupil

Question 41

What is the most common change in sleep patterns of adults during middle age?

A)Sleep-disordered breathing becomes less prevalent.
B)Wakeful periods become less frequent during the night.
C)The total number of hours slept dramatically increases.
D)There is a decrease in the deepest type of sleep.

Question 42

Hardening of the arteries is known as:

A)arteriosclerosis.
B)osteoporosis.
C)multiple sclerosis.
D)atherosclerosis.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is TRUE about chronic conditions?

A)Women have a higher incidence of fatal chronic conditions in middle age.
B)Men have a higher incidence of nonfatal chronic conditions in middle age.
C)Hypertension is the leading chronic disorder in early adulthood.
D)Chronic disorders are rare in early adulthood.

Question 44

Which of the following are the most common chronic disorders for men during middle age?

A)Cancer,heart disease,and stroke
B)Arthritis,bursitis,and varicose veins
C)Hearing and vision impairments
D)Sinus and respiratory problems

Question 45

Compared to men,women have a higher incidence of _____ during middle age.

A)arthritis
B)hypertension
C)stroke
D)cardiovascular disease

Question 46

Landon has a metabolic syndrome.His doctor is concerned because in many patients this leads to:

A)arteriosclerosis and cirrhosis of the liver.
B)pancreatic cancer and fatty liver.
C)irritable bowel syndrome and gastric ulcers.
D)diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Question 47

Which of the following is TRUE about the immune system and stress?

A)NK cells are a type of white blood cell that is more likely to be present in high stress circumstances.
B)Higher levels of NK cells in stressful situations indicate a weakened immune system.
C)Immune system functioning increases with normal aging.
D)Aerobic fitness is related to the presence of a lower level of senescent T cells.

Question 48

Which of the following are prematurely aging cells that result from persistent immune activation?

A)NK cells
B)Red blood cells
C)B lymphocytes
D)Senescent T cells

Question 49

Silas is a man who is in his late seventies.He has a condition characterized by hypertension,obesity,and insulin resistance.This is otherwise known as:

A)diabetic neuropathy.
B)metabolic syndrome.
C)internal atrophy.
D)neurodegeneration.

Question 50

Compared to men,women have a higher incidence of _____ disorders during middle adulthood.

A)genetic
B)fatal chronic
C)nonfatal chronic
D)congenital

Question 51

Which of the following statements is TRUE about lung capacity in middle age?

A)There is significant change in lung capacity through most of middle adulthood.
B)In late middle age,the proteins in lung tissue become more elastic.
C)Stiffening of the chest wall decreases the lungs' capacity to shuttle oxygen.
D)The lung capacity of smokers increases drastically in middle age.

Question 52

Which of the following is typical of the health condition during early and late middle age?

A)Frequency of accidents increases
B)Susceptibility to colds and allergies decreases
C)Wakeful periods during sleep decrease
D)Incidence of chronic disorders decreases

Question 53

Individuals with metabolic syndrome who _____ reduced their risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

A)maintained a high blood glucose level
B)were physically active
C)maintained a high LDL level
D)were physically inactive

Question 54

Which of the following statements regarding the immune system is TRUE?

A)Its machinery consists of billions of red blood cells.
B)When a person is under stress,the levels of bacteria and viruses drop dramatically.
C)Lower levels of NK cells in stressful situations indicate a weakened immune system.
D)Stress increases the number of natural killer (NK)cells in the body.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is TRUE about metabolic syndrome?

A)Weight loss and exercise are strongly recommended as part of the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
B)Metabolic syndrome usually reduces any risk of diabetes or any other cardiovascular disease.
C)Metabolic syndrome often leads to anorexia nervosa.
D)Waist circumference is the least recommended method in predicting metabolic syndrome.

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of a nonfatal chronic disorder?

A)Stroke
B)Bursitis
C)Cancer
D)Cardiovascular disease

Question 57

Which of the following statements is TRUE about cholesterol levels in humans?

A)High-density cholesterol leads to the hardening of the arteries when its level increases and sticks to the lining of the blood vessels.
B)Low-density cholesterol is referred to as good cholesterol as the risk of cardiovascular disease reduces.
C)High-density cholesterol is referred to as bad cholesterol as the risk of cardiovascular disease increases when low-density cholesterol is high.
D)The level of cholesterol in the blood increases during the adult years and in midlife begins to accumulate on the artery walls.

Question 58

Which of the following is an example of a fatal chronic disorder?

A)Varicose veins
B)Bursitis
C)Arthritis
D)Cardiovascular disease

Question 59

The type of white blood cell that is more likely to be present in low-stress circumstances are _____.

A)plasma cells
B)NK cells
C)lymphocytes
D)monocytes

Question 60

Sleep problems in middle-aged adults have been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

A)usage of prescription drugs.
B)obesity.
C)single parenting.
D)cardiovascular disease.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that could be related to erectile problems in middle-aged men?

A)Smoking
B)Diabetes
C)Excessive sexual activity
D)Elevated cholesterol levels

Question 62

Which of the following is at fault in many erectile problems in middle-aged men?

A)Diabetes
B)Low blood pressure
C)Low level of NK cells
D)Excessive weight-lifting

Question 63

A study of HRT's effects was halted as evidence emerged that participants who were receiving HRT faced an increased risk of:

A)lung disease.
B)cancer.
C)stroke.
D)arthritis.

Question 64

_____ was the main cause of death in the United States until the middle of the twentieth century.

A)Infectious disease
B)Accident
C)Chronic disease
D)Homicide

Question 65

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with menopause?

A)Nausea
B)Fatigue
C)Hot flashes
D)High blood sugar

Question 66

The gradual decline in men's testosterone levels in middle age can reduce their:

A)lung capacity.
B)sexual activity.
C)infertility.
D)thyroid levels.

Question 67

Which of the following statements about the onset of menarche and menopause is TRUE?

A)The timing of menarche has significantly decreased in the twentieth century.
B)The average age at which U.S.women have their last period is 61.
C)Women who reported early menarche were prone to have earlier menopause.
D)In menarche,production of estrogen by the ovaries declines dramatically.

Question 68

At present,the main causes of death in middle adulthood in the United States are:

A)infectious diseases.
B)accidents.
C)chronic diseases.
D)homicide.

Question 69

Treatment for men with erectile dysfunction has focused on Viagra and similar drugs,such as:

A)Rogaine and Prozac.
B)Levitra and Cialis.
C)Oxycodone and Prozac.
D)Naproxen and OxyContin.

Question 70

_____ is a term that is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

A)Puberty
B)Menarche
C)Spermarche
D)Climacteric

Question 71

In menopause,production of _____ by the ovaries declines dramatically.

A)testosterone
B)estrogen
C)adrenaline
D)insulin

Question 72

_____ is the transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all.

A)Postmenopause
B)Postmenarche
C)Perimenopause
D)Periadrenarche

Question 73

In a Canadian study of 40- to 64-year-olds conducted by Wright (2006),only _____ percent reported that their sexual life was less satisfying than it had been when they were in their twenties.

A)70
B)50
C)40
D)30

Question 74

Lillian is 50 years old.Her doctor has noticed a sharp decrease in her estrogen levels,and Lillian is complaining of nausea and fatigue.Based on these symptoms,what could be her initial diagnosis?

A)She has hyperthyroidism.
B)She is going through menopause.
C)She is going through postpartum depression.
D)She has atherosclerosis.

Question 75

A girl's first menstruation is called:

A)demarche.
B)menarche.
C)menopause.
D)andropause.

Question 76

Which of the following statements is TRUE about mortality rates in United States and the world?

A)The least number of deaths in the twentieth century were caused due to infectious diseases.
B)The rates of chronic disorders have decreased and the rate of infectious disease have increased.
C)In old age,many deaths are caused by a single,readily identifiable condition.
D)Men usually have higher mortality rates than women for all of the leading causes of death.

Question 77

Margie Lachman and her colleagues argue that having a _____ is one of the most important modifiable factors in delaying the onset of diseases in middle adulthood and reducing the frequency of diseases in late adulthood.

A)high body mass index
B)sense of control in middle age
C)low calorie diet in middle adulthood
D)low number of NK cells

Question 78

Which of the following statements about menopause is NOT true?

A)The age at which menopause occurs has increased dramatically in recent years.
B)There is no correlation between the onset of menarche and the onset of menopause.
C)Perimenopause can take up to ten years.
D)Later menopause is linked with increased risk of breast cancer.

Question 79

Why is menopause an important marker for women?

A)It signals the loss of active sexual life for most women.
B)They have to make final decisions about having children.
C)They are at greater risk of contracting infectious diseases.
D)They are at an increased risk of developing dementia.

Question 80

Which of the following types of hormones is most commonly administered during hormone replacement therapy?

A)Estrogen
B)Testosterone
C)Follicle stimulating hormone
D)Luteinizing hormone