Deck 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

"Many emerging adults are optimistic about their future; and for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up,emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to direct their lives in a more positive direction." These are the two ways described by Jeffrey Arnett in which emerging adulthood can be viewed as:

A)a period of stability.
B)the period of social responsibilities.
C)the age of possibilities.
D)a time of feeling "in-between."

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true about research conducted by Park and others (2006)on the mortality rates of emerging adults?

A)Among males,suicide is the highest cause of mortality than unintentional injuries.
B)The mortality rate among male adolescents is higher than emerging adults.
C)The mortality rates of emerging adults are more than twice the mortality rates of adolescents.
D)Usually females are chiefly responsible for the higher mortality rates of emerging adults.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is a positive feature of the transition from high school to college?

A)Decreased focus on achievement and its assessment
B)Opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values
C)Reduced peer pressure
D)Movement to a smaller,more personal school structure

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true about the various markers of adulthood?

A)In developing countries marriage is hardly a significant marker for entry into adulthood.
B)Economic independence is one of the key markers of adult status,but achieving it has been considered a long process.
C)Marriage is the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood among industrialized countries such as America.
D)The criteria for adulthood remain the same across different types of economies.

Question 5

Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around the age of _____.

A)25
B)30
C)40
D)20

Question 6

Which of the following athletes would be most likely to peak the earliest?

A)Golfer
B)Swimmer
C)Marathon runner
D)Baseball player

Question 7

In non-industrialized countries,marriage- the marker for entry into adulthood- usually occurs _____ the marriage in the United States.

A)much earlier than
B)much later than
C)around the same time as
D)immediately after

Question 8

Examples of Dana Torres (Olympic swimmer)and Tom Watson (golfer)have been used to illustrate that:

A)there have been instances of highly conditioned athletes stretching the age limit on winning performances.
B)peaking of physical performance occurs later than previously thought.
C)peaking of winning performances occurs earlier than previously thought.
D)the lessening of physical abilities is a common complaint,even among highly conditioned athletes,past a certain age.

Question 9

All of the following are key features identified by Jeffrey Arnett to characterize emerging adulthood,EXCEPT:

A)stability.
B)identity exploration.
C)being self-focused.
D)feeling "in-between."

Question 10

In the United States,the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is:

A)holding a permanent,full-time job.
B)moving into one's own home.
C)getting married.
D)having a child.

Question 11

Today's college students are _____ than students in previous generations,according to a national study of more than 165,000 freshmen at more than 230 colleges and universities.

A)more depressed
B)less depressed
C)less mentally exhausted
D)less stressed

Question 12

In a study conducted by Nelson and others (2007),both parents and college students agreed that taking responsibility for one's actions and _____ are important aspects of becoming an adult.

A)physical maturity
B)spiritual maturity
C)developing emotional control
D)community service

Question 13

Most of us reach our peak physical performance:

A)before the age of 30,often between the ages of 19 and 26.
B)often between the ages of 15 and 22.
C)before the age of 20.
D)before the age of 22,often between the ages of 14 and 19.

Question 14

James,an American,will be most likely considered as an adult by his peers and community when he _____,whereas Nirmal,who lives in Bangladesh,will be most likely considered as an adult by his community when he _____.

A)moves out of the house; graduates from college
B)gets a full-time job; gets married
C)turns 21; becomes financially independent
D)gets married; buys his first home

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true about the various aspects of emerging adulthood?

A)Increased freedom that is available to emerging adults in Western society places a premium on the capacity to plan ahead,and make positive choices.
B)For many individuals identity exploration in love and work remain stable during this period.
C)It usually characterizes development in all cultures.
D)Most people have little or no autonomy in running their own lives in this period.

Question 16

According to a national study conducted by Eagan and others,more than 141,000 freshmen at more than 230 colleges and universities,today's college students experience _____ than students in previous generations.

A)less mental exhaustion
B)less depression
C)more optimism
D)more stress

Question 17

According to the observations made by the authors Joseph and Claudia Allen,the current generation of adolescents is experiencing _____ after adolescence.

A)early adulthood
B)parenthood
C)more adolescence
D)infirmity

Question 18

Most swimmers and gymnasts peak in their:

A)early thirties.
B)mid-twenties.
C)late twenties.
D)late teens.

Question 19

Just as the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school involves change and possible stress,so does the transition from high school to college.The two transitions have many parallels.Which of the following is one of them?

A)Movement to a more personal school structure
B)Increased parental monitoring
C)The top-dog phenomenon
D)Decreased interaction with peers

Question 20

The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood,which occurs from approximately _____ years of age.

A)12 to 18
B)18 to 25
C)21 to 26
D)20 to 30

Question 21

A study conducted by Grant,Wardle,and Steptoe explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals between 17 to 30 years of age in 21 countries.The young adults' life satisfaction was NOT found to be positively related to:

A)alcohol consumption.
B)limiting fat intake.
C)using sun protection.
D)eating fruits.

Question 22

The human genome has not changed markedly in the last century,yet obesity has noticeably increased.This indicates that:

A)environmental factors play an important role in obesity.
B)obesity is primarily a product of a person's genes.
C)environmental factors have little impact on obesity.
D)there is reduced reliance on energy-saving devices.

Question 23

A recent study conducted by VanKim and Laska revealed that college students from low-SES backgrounds _____ than their higher-SES counterparts.

A)ate less fast food
B)ate more fruits and vegetables
C)controlled their weight better
D)engaged in lower levels of physical activity

Question 24

Rhett is looking for the most effective way to lose his excess weight and keep it off.You would tell him that the most effective weight-loss programs invariably include:

A)a calorie-reducing diet.
B)daily weigh-ins.
C)exercise.
D)counseling.

Question 25

A study conducted by Grant,Wardle,and Steptoe explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals between 17 to 30 years of age in 21 countries.Which of the following has NOT been found to be positively related to young adults' life satisfaction?

A)Not smoking
B)Exercising regularly
C)Fiber intake
D)Using sun protection

Question 26

According to a recent study conducted by VanKim and Laska,college students from low-SES backgrounds _____ when compared to their higher-SES counterparts.

A)engaged in higher levels of physical activity
B)showed unhealthy weight control methods
C)ate more fruits and vegetables
D)ate less fast food

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true about obesity?

A)Americans are usually more obese than Europeans.
B)Sociocultural factors involved in obesity are several times more prevalent among women with high incomes than those with low incomes.
C)The obesity rate in American has halved since 1900.
D)Japan and Korea have the highest percentages of obese adults in comparison with United States and Mexico.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true about the health problems among emerging adults?

A)Emerging adults have fewer colds and respiratory problems than when they were children.
B)Most college students usually have little knowledge about preventing illness and promoting health.
C)Emerging adults have more chronic problems than when they were children.
D)According to researchers Fatusi and Hindin,in most cases emerging adults are usually healthier than they seem.

Question 29

Identical human twins have similar weights,even when they are reared apart.This indicates:

A)the important role nutrition plays in obesity.
B)how lifestyle is instrumental in determining an individual's weight.
C)the genetic component of a person's weight.
D)how a person's weight cannot be traced to genetic factors.

Question 30

A national survey found that _____ percent of U.S.20- to 39-year-olds were obese.

A)19
B)45
C)31.5
D)10

Question 31

The obesity rate has dramatically increased in the United States since 1900.This dramatic increase in obesity is likely due to all of the following,EXCEPT:

A)greater availability of food.
B)greater availability of energy-saving devices.
C)marked changes in the human genome.
D)declining physical activity.

Question 32

A recent analysis by Finkelstein and others predicted that _____ percent of U.S.adults will be obese in 2030.

A)10
B)42
C)33
D)50

Question 33

A recent study of college students from low-SES backgrounds and high-SES backgrounds conducted by VanKim and Laska showed that college students from low-SES backgrounds _____ than their higher-SES counterparts.

A)ate more fast food and fewer fruits and vegetables
B)showed healthy weight control
C)engaged in higher levels of physical activity
D)had a more balanced diet

Question 34

Emerging adults fail to develop health-promoting habits because they:

A)believe that good genes will override any unhealthy behaviors.
B)lack knowledge about which behaviors are healthy and unhealthy.
C)are reluctant to be seen as health-conscious.
D)do not consider how their lifestyle will affect them later in life.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true about obesity rates in United States?

A)Researchers attribute the increase in obesity rates to lesser reliance on energy saving devices.
B)The obesity rate has doubled in the United States since 1900.
C)Obesity rates among adults are the lowest in comparison to any other age demography.
D)Obesity rates have remained constant since the economic depression in 1930.

Question 36

Being overweight or obese is linked to increased risk of:

A)cancer.
B)Down syndrome.
C)anemia.
D)hypertension.

Question 37

A longitudinal study by Harris and others revealed that most bad health habits that were engaged in during adolescence _____ in emerging adulthood.

A)receded
B)did not continue
C)remained unchanged
D)increased

Question 38

What can be said of the prevalence of obesity in United States and the world?

A)Prevalence of obesity among adults in any country is independent of the purchasing power among them.
B)Obesity is far more prevalent in Europe than in America.
C)Obesity is several times more prevalent among women with low incomes than among women with high incomes.
D)Obesity rates are unaffected by the sociocultural factors prevailing in the country.

Question 39

According to a recent international comparison of 33 developed countries conducted by the OECD,which of the following countries was found to have the highest percentage of obese adults?

A)The United States
B)Italy
C)Norway
D)Japan

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true about an individual's sleep?

A)The level of stress is independent of the quality or amount of sleep.
B)Family and social obligations predominantly lead to long hours of sleep in an individual's life.
C)Usually five hours of sleep a day is necessary for the optimal performance of an individual.
D)Chronic sleep deprivation may contribute to cardiovascular disease and a shortened life span.

Question 41

There is a "one-third rule'' for alcoholism: By age 65,one-third are dead or in terrible shape,one-third are abstinent or drinking socially,and one-third are:

A)holding out against treatment.
B)still trying to beat their addiction.
C)resigned to alcoholism.
D)hopeless about recovery.

Question 42

Which of the following describes extreme binge drinking?

A)About eight drinks a week
B)About five drinks a week
C)Ten or more drinks in a row
D)Eight or more drinks in a row

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true about drinking?

A)Pregaming is most rare among college students.
B)Binge drinking usually peaks about 28 to 29 years of age.
C)Chronic binge drinking is less common among those college students who live in fraternity houses.
D)Higher levels of alcohol are usually linked with higher rates of sexual assaults and sexual risk taking.

Question 44

An estimated _____ percent of individuals who become alcoholics are believed to have a genetic predisposition for it.

A)10 to 20
B)50 to 60
C)30 to 40
D)70 to 80

Question 45

Binge drinking peaks at about:

A)16 to 18 years of age.
B)21 to 22 years of age.
C)17 to 19 years of age.
D)24 to 26 years of age.

Question 46

Brian was of average weight throughout his childhood and in college.However,he has gained more than 30 pounds over the past 18 months and has become obese.Which of the following is most likely to be the cause of his obesity?

A)The decline in food prices in his region.
B)The absence of physical activity in his daily routine.
C)The lower availability of energy-saving devices.
D)The decline in his mental health problems.

Question 47

_____ refers to a behavior pattern characterized by an overwhelming involvement with a drug and a preoccupation with securing its supply.

A)Abuse
B)Dependence
C)Attachment
D)Addiction

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between exercise and screen time?

A)Linking obesity with heavy TV viewing is a popular myth and lacks scientific proof.
B)Heavy screen time spent only on the internet is usually harmless to the individual.
C)Viewing six hours of TV in a day is most likely to reduce life expectancy by almost5 years.
D)Only people who watch TV and internet remain obese regardless of their time spent on exercise.

Question 49

Regular binge drinking can change blood flow,and it can be a precursor for developing _____,which refers to hardening of the arteries.

A)hypoplastic left heart syndrome
B)atherosclerosis
C)arteriosclerosis
D)hypertension

Question 50

According to a longitudinal study by Jerald Bachman and his colleagues,by the time individuals reach their mid-twenties,_____ their use of alcohol and drugs.

A)many would have reduced
B)most would have increased
C)almost all would have ceased
D)most would have been addicted to

Question 51

Which of the following statements is TRUE about alcoholism?

A)There is absence of any genetic influence on alcoholism.
B)Family studies reveal a low frequency of alcoholism in the first-degree relatives of alcoholics.
C)One in nine individuals who drink will develop alcoholism.
D)Research indicates that about two-thirds of alcoholics recover regardless of them ever being in a treatment program.

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of aerobic exercise?

A)Weight lifting
B)Cycling
C)Bodybuilding
D)Sprinting

Question 53

Kendra has a few shots of vodka before going out to attend her annual college party.Kendra has engaged in:

A)boot and rally.
B)high-risk drinking.
C)extreme binge drinking.
D)pregaming.

Question 54

Orthodox Jews and Mormons have especially low rates of alcohol use,underscoring the:

A)environment's role in alcoholism.
B)role of genes in alcoholism.
C)fact that alcoholism is largely inherited.
D)fact that cultural variations do not impact alcoholism.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about the benefits of exercise is TRUE?

A)About 50 percent of adults get the recommended levels of physical activity.
B)Exercise can be as effective in reducing depression as psychotherapy.
C)Only intense physical activities will produce important physical gains.
D)Exercise has little impact on self-concept and in reducing anxiety.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for building exercise into one's life?

A)Reduce screen time
B)Avoid tracking your progress too closely
C)Imagine the alternative
D)Get rid of excuses

Question 57

Ramona is a college student who is concerned about her diabetes.Which of the following aerobic exercise is the doctor most likely to recommend?

A)Weight lifting
B)Yoga
C)Bodybuilding
D)Swimming

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true about nicotine?

A)It is a depressant that stimulates neurotransmitters that have a calming or pain-reducing effect.
B)It increases the smoker's energy and alertness.
C)It deprives the smoker a pleasurable and reinforcing experience.
D)It is a passive drug in cigarettes that reduces the dopamine levels of a smoker.

Question 59

Sustained exercises such as jogging or swimming that stimulate heart and lung activity are known as:

A)calisthenics.
B)strength training.
C)flexibility exercises.
D)aerobic exercises.

Question 60

Which of the following is true about cigarette smoking?

A)Children of smokers are at special risk of developing several health problems,including asthma.
B)More people smoke today than in the past.
C)A small percentage of all living adults who have ever smoked have quit.
D)Most adult smokers are unwilling to quit because they are unaware of the dangers of cigarette smoking.

Question 61

Which of the following statements about sexual orientation is considered true today?

A)Most individuals have a bisexual orientation.
B)Sexual orientation is an either/or proposition where individuals are either heterosexual or homosexual.
C)Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations.
D)Individuals of different sexual orientation have different physiological responses during sexual arousal.

Question 62

Results from the "Sex in America" survey suggest that adult sexual behavior is ruled by _____ and _____ for most Americans.

A)abstinence; marriage
B)kinkiness; infidelity
C)marriage; monogamy
D)noncohabitation; polygamy

Question 63

Manny has contracted a virus that is destroying his body's immune system.Manny most likely has:

A)AIDS.
B)herpes.
C)syphilis.
D)gonorrhea.

Question 64

Emerging adulthood is a time frame during which most individuals are:

A)in exclusive relationships and married.
B)abstaining from sex and unmarried.
C)sexually active and unmarried.
D)sexually active and married.

Question 65

Which of the following is included in the patterns of heterosexual behavior for males and females in emerging adulthood?

A)Emerging adults are less likely than young adults to have had sexual intercourse with two or more individuals.
B)Males report being more selective about their sexual partners than females.
C)Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than in the late twenties.
D)Emerging adults have sex more frequently than young adults.

Question 66

The critical-period hypothesis could explain:

A)why homosexuals seem to be aroused by the same types of tactile stimulation as heterosexuals.
B)how sexual orientation is mostly a product of culture and life experiences.
C)why some clinicians consider homosexuality the product of an abnormality of the brain.
D)why sexual orientation is difficult,if not impossible,to modify.

Question 67

_____ stimulates neurotransmitters (especially dopamine)that have a calming or pain-reducing effect.

A)Barbiturate
B)Amphetamine
C)Leptin
D)Nicotine

Question 68

Which of the following statements is true about sexual activity in emerging adulthood?

A)Surveys usually indicate that slightly less than 10 percent of individuals have experienced sexual intercourse at the beginning of emerging adulthood (age 18).
B)According to Lefkowitz and Gillen,emerging adulthood is a time frame during which most individuals are unmarried but are hardly sexually active.
C)Most individuals have had sexual intercourse by the end of emerging adulthood (age 25).
D)Casual sex is more common in the late twenties than in emerging adulthood.

Question 69

Which of the following is the average age of marriage for males in the United States?

A)30.2
B)29.3
C)26.8
D)25.4

Question 70

Ryan's friend has been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection.There are hard painless bumps around his anal area.The doctor reveals that it was caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).Ryan's friend has been diagnosed with which of the following sexually transmitted infections?

A)Gonorrhea
B)Syphilis
C)Genital warts
D)Chlamydia

Question 71

Nicotine is a:

A)depressant.
B)stimulant.
C)narcotic.
D)sedative.

Question 72

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a key finding from the 1994 "Sex in America" survey?

A)Most Americans have sex twice a week or more.
B)Married and cohabiting couples have sex more often than noncohabiting couples.
C)Most men and women have always remained faithful to their partners and have avoided any adulterous relationship.
D)Women think about sex far more than men do.

Question 73

Which of the following is the active drug in cigarettes?

A)Leptin
B)Barbiturate
C)Nicotine
D)Amphetamine

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true about sexual attitudes and behavior among men and women?

A)Men usually hold stronger permissive attitudes about casual sex than their female counterparts.
B)Women usually engage more in pornography use and casual sex than men.
C)Women have slightly more sexual experience than men for most aspects of sexuality.
D)Latino and Asian males have more permissive sexual attitudes than African males.

Question 75

Marie is reluctant to marry because she is worried that her husband might cheat on her.You would tell her that adultery is:

A)widespread in the U.S.
B)a problem in almost half the marriages in the U.S.
C)clearly the exception rather than the rule.
D)a problem most married couples in the U.S.have faced at some point or the other.

Question 76

Regina's friend has been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection.His symptoms include fevers,night sweats,weight loss,chronic fatigue,and swollen lymph nodes.The doctor denotes that a virus has infected his immune system.Regina's friend has most likely been diagnosed with which of the following sexually transmitted infections?

A)Syphilis
B)Chlamydia
C)AIDS
D)Genital herpes

Question 77

Condoms are less effective against the spread of:

A)syphilis.
B)herpes.
C)chlamydia.
D)gonorrhea.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is true about bisexuality?

A)There is lack of evidence to support that bisexuality is a stable orientation which involves attraction to both sexes.
B)Women are usually more likely than men to identify themselves as bisexuals.
C)Physiological responses for bisexuals during sexual arousals vastly differ to those who are heterosexuals.
D)Bisexuality is predominantly viewed as sexual attraction to males than to females.

Question 79

In 1994,Robert Michael and his colleagues conducted a comprehensive survey of American sexual patterns.Results from this "Sex in America" survey suggested that Americans' sexual lives are _____ than previously believed.

A)more conservative
B)less conservative
C)more active
D)less active

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true about genital herpes?

A)It is caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum.
B)It is a very rare infection affecting only one in 100,000 cases.
C)It is commonly called the drip or clap.
D)It involves an eruption of sores and blisters.