Deck 11: Applying Anthropology

Question 1

What term refers to the view that cultural diversity in a country is something good and desirable?

A)Assimilation
B)Acculturation
C)Enculturation
D)Colonialism
E)Multiculturalism

Answer 1

Multiculturalism

Question 2

Which of the following statements concerning the Basques is not true?

A)They speak a dialect of Spanish.
B)They live in the Pyrenees region, along the Spanish-French border.
C)Basque culture was systematically repressed during the Franco dictatorship.
D)The Basque group ETA seeks full independence from Spain.
E)Some 50,000 Basques now live in the United States.

Answer 2

They speak a dialect of Spanish.

Question 3

What is the term for ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status?

A)Silent majorities
B)Captive nations
C)Colonies
D)Nationalities
E)Plural societies

Answer 3

Nationalities

Question 4

When a dominant group compels a minority group to adopt the dominant culture, this is known as

A)attitudinal discrimination.
B)genocide.
C)forced assimilation.
D)ethnocentrism.
E)environmental racism.

Question 5

In what sense are nationalities "imagined communities"?

A)Modern nationalities are imagined because all were created by colonial governments.
B)Despite their shared feeling of comradeship, most members of a nationality will never meet; they only imagine that they participate in the group.
C)Nationalities do not exist in real terms; they are merely fictional constructs of the ruling intelligentsia.
D)Nationalities are comprised of many different ethnic groups and subcultures, and therefore may disintegrate at any moment.
E)The members of a nationality constantly compare their society to an idealized, quasi-historical past.

Question 6

People may occupy many different social statuses during their lives, or even during the course of a day.What term refers to a person's ability to emphasize different identities in different social contexts?

A)Ethnic identity
B)Racial substitution
C)Situational negotiation of identity
D)Discourse analysis
E)Rotating core personality traits

Question 7

Which of the following is a major difference between Brazilian and American racial classifications?

A)Brazilians do not recognize racial differences.
B)American categories are purer than Brazilian ones.
C)Brazilian racial categories are based on genotype, whereas American categories are based on phenotype.
D)In the United States, social race is determined at birth and does not change, but in Brazil, racial identity can change from day to day.
E)There are no major differences between Brazilian and American racial classifications.

Question 8

What rule automatically places the children of a union between members of different groups in the minority group?

A)Hypervitaminosis
B)Polygyny
C)Polyandry
D)Hypodescent
E)Hypogamy

Question 9

What is the term for policies and practices that harm a group and its members?

A)Colonialism
B)Racism
C)Prejudice
D)Ethnocentrism
E)Discrimination

Question 10

What is the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States?

A)Anglo-Americans
B)Hispanics
C)African Americans
D)Asian Americans
E)Native Americans

Question 11

What term refers to the destruction of an ethnic group's culture?

A)Genocide
B)Prejudice
C)Ethnocide
D)Discrimination
E)Diaspora

Question 12

In Japan, burakumin

A)are perceived as "pure" Japanese even though they are the offspring of interracial marriages.
B)suffer from discrimination as members of a stigmatized minority group.
C)enjoy the highest status of all racial groups.
D)no longer face any discrimination.
E)constitute a numerical majority.

Question 13

The anti-Basque campaign waged during the Franco dictatorship in Spain is an example of

A)forced assimilation.
B)cultural relativism.
C)status ascription.
D)multiculturalism.
E)an imagined community.

Question 14

The dominance of Russian culture, language, and people in the former Soviet empire is an example of

A)multiculturalism.
B)cultural colonialism.
C)hypodescent.
D)enculturation.
E)plural society.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about social race is true?

A)Social race has some biological basis, although it can mostly be explained through culture.
B)The importance of social race has declined, and anthropologists no longer study the subject.
C)Since it is a cultural construction, social race has no real world effects.
D)Social races are biologically distinct from ethnic groups.
E)Social races are groups assumed to have a biological basis but actually defined in a culturally arbitrary manner.

Question 16

What term refers to the devaluing of a group because of its assumed behavior, values, abilities, or attributes?

A)Discrimination
B)Apartheid
C)Assimilation
D)Diaspora
E)Prejudice

Question 17

Discrimination that is not legally sanctioned is known as

A)ethnic discrimination.
B)prejudicial discrimination.
C)de jure discrimination.
D)de facto discrimination.
E)situational discrimination.

Question 18

What term does Barth use to refer to a society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and economic interdependence of groups?

A)Colony
B)Broad-spectrum subsistence
C)Plural society
D)Imagined community
E)Assimilation

Question 19

What is the term for identification with, and feeling part of, a cultural group, and exclusion from other cultural groups?

A)Culture shock
B)Ethnicity
C)Cultural relativism
D)Assimilation
E)Ethnocentrism

Question 20

The Holocaust is one example of

A)forced assimilation.
B)cultural colonialism.
C)genocide.
D)ethnocide.
E)hypodescent.

Question 21

What is a "plural society"? According to Barth, what conditions contribute to the stability and endurance of ethnic boundaries?

Question 22

A policy of ethnic expulsion or ethnic persecution may create

A)social races.
B)ethnic harmony.
C)refugee populations.
D)a plural society.
E)multiculturalism.

Question 23

Only bilingual people engage in identity shifting.

Question 24

What is identity shifting? What are the differences between identities that may be situationally negotiated and those that cannot? Give specific examples of both.

Question 25

What is hypodescent? Does it exist in every human society?

Question 26

Segregation in the southern United States under the "Jim Crow laws" and apartheid in South Africa are examples of

A)situational discrimination
B)genocide
C)assimilation
D)de jure discrimination
E)de facto discrimination

Question 27

What effects did colonialism and colonial nation-building have on "imagined communities" (e.g., ethnic groups, nationalities)? Illustrate your answer with specific examples.

Question 28

In many societies, minority groups have inferior power and less secure access to resources than do majority groups.

Question 29

Explain the notion of "imagined community."

Question 30

An examination of racial classifications from around the world indicates that

A)all cultures classify races similarly.
B)the classification of racial types is an arbitrary, culturally specific process.
C)the best racial classifications are based solely on phenotypical traits.
D)the best racial classifications are based solely on genotype.
E)the best racial classifications are based on both genotype and phenotype.

Question 31

"Hispanic" is a racial category referring to people who are biologically descended from indigenous Central or South American populations.

Question 32

What are the major differences between Brazilian and American systems of racial classification?

Question 33

"Race" is

A)based on biology, while ethnicity is based on culture.
B)only important in the United States.
C)an achieved status.
D)a scientifically defined characteristic.
E)culturally constructed.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is not true?

A)Ethnicity is based on actual, perceived, and assumed cultural similarities among members of the same ethnic group.
B)People may change the amount of importance they place on ethnicity due to political or individual life changes.
C)Ethnic distinctions can be based on language and geography.
D)Unlike race, ethnicity derives from biological differences among human groups.
E)Ethnic distinctions can be based on religion, kinship, history, and "race."

Question 35

What is discrimination? Explain the differences between de facto and de jure discrimination, and give examples of each.

Question 36

What is the difference between assimilationism and multiculturalism? How does each affect minority ethnic groups?

Question 37

Instead of asking about race, what does the Canadian census form ask about?

A)Ethnicity
B)Visible minorities
C)Multiculturalism
D)Cultural diffusion
E)Genotype

Question 38

What is meant by the term social race? How does this concept differ from "race" as perceived by the average American?

Question 39

Nation-state refers to an ethnic group that is not politically autonomous.

Question 40

No hypodescent rule developed in Brazil to ensure that whites and blacks remained separate.

Question 41

The burakumin constitute an isolated breeding population that is genetically distinct from the majority Japanese population.

Question 42

Racial categories in Brazil are flexible.

Question 43

Cultural colonialism is a process of external assimilation that occurs when a developing nation-state requests financial support from a First World nation-state.

Question 44

Multiculturalism is the opposite of assimilationism.

Question 45

Interracial, biracial, and multiracial identities are becoming increasingly common in the United States.

Question 46

Lack of interaction between coexisting ethnic groups helps to ensure stability in a plural society.

Question 47

Many "imagined communities" were created by colonialism.

Question 48

In cultural terms, a race is an ethnic group that is assumed to have a biological basis.

Question 49

Racial categories in Japan are more rigid than those in Brazil.

Question 50

The hypodescent rule is applied to individuals who are racially "pure."

Question 51

In Brazil, a person's phenotype and racial label may change due to environmental factors.

Question 52

The hypodescent rule is found in most Western industrialized nations.

Question 53

Historically, the Basques have fought for autonomy from France so that they might fully assimilate into Spanish society.

Question 54

The assimilationist approach to cultural diversity encourages minority ethnic groups to retain their unique identities.