Deck 11: Making a Living

Question 1

A common social unit among foragers is the

A)tribe
B)chiefdom
C)segmentary lineage
D)state
E)band

Answer 1

band

Question 2

The type of pastoral economy in which the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year is

A)nomadism.
B)migration.
C)transhumance.
D)potlatching.
E)redistribution.

Answer 2

nomadism.

Question 3

Agriculturalists

A)clear tracts of land they wish to use by cutting down trees and setting fire to the grass.
B)generally work less than horticulturalists.
C)must be nomadic to take full advantage of their land.
D)use their land intensively and continuously.
E)diet is more varied than that of horticulturalists.

Answer 3

use their land intensively and continuously.

Question 4

The __________ are not foragers.

A)Basseri (Iran)
B)Australian aborigines
C)Mbuti (Congo)
D)Eskimos (Alaska and Canada)
E)San (Kalahari Desert)

Question 5

__________ is not one of the adaptive strategies included in Cohen's typology.

A)Pastoralism
B)Redistribution
C)Agriculture
D)Industrialism
E)Foraging

Question 6

All humans were foragers until approximately

A)10 million years ago.
B)1 million years ago.
C)100,000 years ago.
D)12,000 years ago.
E)1,000 years ago.

Question 7

Agricultural intensification is not associated with

A)greater ecological diversity.
B)deforestation.
C)increased regulation of interpersonal relations.
D)increased potential for conflict.
E)population growth.

Question 8

Means of production include

A)foraging, horticulture, agriculture, and pastoralism.
B)the market principle, redistribution, and reciprocity.
C)generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity.
D)kinship, descent, and marriage.
E)land, labor, and technology.

Question 9

Transhumance is a form of

A)horticulture.
B)pastoralism.
C)foraging.
D)agriculture.
E)reciprocity.

Question 10

__________ occurs in all human societies.

A)Gender-based division of labor
B)Transhumance
C)Highly specialized technology
D)Domestication of animals for food
E)Terracing

Question 11

Most present-day foragers

A)primarily fish for subsistence.
B)are wholly dependent on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
C)live largely in isolation from food-producing neighbors and the influence of the state.
D)live in marginal environments.
E)adopted foraging after abandoning more advanced subsistence strategies.

Question 12

Horticulture makes intensive use of

A)labor.
B)land.
C)machinery.
D)capital.
E)none of the factors of production.

Question 13

__________ is a characteristic of most foraging societies.

A)Social stratification
B)Sedentism
C)Egalitarianism
D)Irrigation
E)Large populations

Question 14

Economies are embedded in society because

A)nonindustrial producers do not partake in the results of their labor.
B)nonindustrial economies have little to do with the everyday lives of people.
C)relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects.
D)governments strictly regulate most nonindustrial economies.
E)most economic activity takes place far from home.

Question 15

When a tenant farmer gives 20 percent of his crop to his landlord, he is allocating resources to a

A)social fund.
B)subsistence fund.
C)ceremonial fund.
D)replacement fund.
E)rent fund.

Question 16

Horticulture differ from agriculture in that

A)the former involves the use of domesticated animals, while the latter does not.
B)because they do not irrigate their fields, agriculturalists are more dependent on seasonal rains.
C)agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not.
D)the former is labor intensive, while the latter is land intensive.
E)horticulture's long-term yield is far greater and more dependable than that of agriculture.

Question 17

__________ is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation.

A)Intensive use of land and human labor
B)Irrigation and terracing
C)Use of draft animals
D)Location in arid areas
E)Slash-and-burn techniques

Question 18

An obligatory interaction between groups or organisms that is beneficial to each is

A)cultivation.
B)swiddening.
C)fallowing.
D)symbiosis.
E)transhumance.

Question 19

Shifting cultivation

A)typically involves the use of draft animals.
B)cannot support permanent villages.
C)requires irrigation.
D)requires cultivators to let exhausted plots of land lie fallow for several years.
E)relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.

Question 20

A mode of production is

A)a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture and international mercantilism
B)the land, labor, and technology used in production
C)the way production is organized in a society
D)technology used to produce consumer goods
E)the cultural aspects of an economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry

Question 21

Discuss what anthropologists mean when they say that nonindustrial economies are embedded in society.

Question 22

Describe how a rent fund is different from a subsistence fund.Cite examples to illustrate your argument.

Question 23

Describe how people in all societies maximize, and identify what they maximize.Determine if maximization is a cultural universal, and explain your answer.

Question 24

Describe how economic specialization in industrial nations differs from specialization in nonindustrial societies.

Question 25

When Kottak began researching among the Betsileo in Madagascar, the children ran away from him because

A)he was associated with the schoolteachers, whom no one trusted.
B)he was traveling with his wife, and no one would talk to a woman.
C)they were afraid that he was working for the national government to take away their land.
D)they were afraid that if he took pictures of them, it would capture their souls.
E)they thought he was a vampire.

Question 26

Contrast generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity.Describe how negative reciprocity differs from the market principle.

Question 27

The term alienation describes __________ in industrial economies.

A)the peasants' loss of land
B)an increasing subculture of poverty
C)negative reciprocity
D)the separation of workers from the things they produce
E)the great distances that separate the homes and workplaces of most people

Question 28

Determine if the contrast between horticulture and agriculture is one of degree or of kind.Cite ethnographic evidence to support your answer.

Question 29

Paying taxes is an example of

A)generalized reciprocity.
B)balanced reciprocity.
C)the market principle.
D)redistribution.
E)negative reciprocity.

Question 30

If rights to land are passed on through descent groups, the __________ adaptive strategy is most likely.

A)large-game hunting
B)nonindustrial food producing
C)reciprocal
D)foraging
E)redistribution

Question 31

List some of the primary differences and similarities between horticultural and foraging groups.

Question 32

Determine if reciprocity, redistribution, and the market principle are mutually exclusive in any given society.Give examples, including contemporary North America.

Question 33

__________ is not associated with the market principle.

A)Profit motive
B)The law of supply and demand
C)Fixed values for products
D)Bargaining
E)Industrialism

Question 34

Potlatch is a

A)festive event where the sponsors give away gifts and gain prestige in return.
B)fastening device for the first pottery to keep animals out of the food.
C)harvest festival in agricultural cultures.
D)lock for the outhouse shaped like a pot.
E)rite of intensification to solidify group bonds.

Question 35

Discuss the major differences between industrial and nonindustrial modes of production.

Question 36

Define alienation, and describe the conditions when alienation is more or less likely to occur.Explain why.

Question 37

When an individual gives something to someone else but expects nothing in return, this is an example of

A)balanced reciprocity.
B)positive reciprocity.
C)negative reciprocity.
D)specialized reciprocity.
E)generalized reciprocity.

Question 38

All peasants

A)produce food without elaborate technology.
B)live in industrial states.
C)are foragers.
D)sell all of the food they produce.
E)own the land that they cultivate.

Question 39

The Betsileo of Madagascar view of money changed and now they

A)use coins.
B)have a full economic system.
C)many people desire cash.
D)are self-sufficient.
E)also need money for food.
Essay Questions

Question 40

According to Aihwa Ong, spirit possession of female factory workers in Malaysia is

A)an example of the interrelatedness of religion and economy.
B)an unconscious protest against stressful and exploitive working conditions.
C)the result of a gender-based division of labor, which is unique to Malaysian society.
D)a reflection of the workers' gratitude for having been hired.
E)an example of negative reciprocity.

Question 41

Noam Chomsky used the term adaptive strategy to describe a society's system of economic production.

Question 42

The market principle dominates in the economies of foraging societies.

Question 43

With generalized reciprocity, the individuals participating in an exchange usually do not know each other.

Question 44

Agriculturalists often make use of the labor and manure of domesticated animals.

Question 45

Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming, including the use of slash-and-burn techniques.

Question 46

The market principle, redistribution, and reciprocity are examples of adaptive strategies.

Question 47

Unlike foraging and cultivation, which existed throughout the world before the Industrial Revolution, pastoralism was confined to North America.

Question 48

Define an adaptive strategy.Identify the five adaptive strategies in Cohen's typology of societies.Discuss how Cohen links economy and social features.

Question 49

People in the Betsileo village of Ivato (Madagascar) felt that they already had all they needed because they produced, rather than bought, almost everything they used.

Question 50

In order to intensify production, agriculturalists frequently build irrigation canals and terraces.

Question 51

Through potlatching, food and wealth were transferred from wealthy to needy communities, while potlatch sponsors and their villages were rewarded with prestige.

Question 52

Societies with the same adaptive strategy also tend to have comparable modes of production.

Question 53

In nonindustrial societies, economic activities and relationships are embedded in society.

Question 54

A mode of production is a way of organizing production, whereas the means of production include land, labor, and technology.

Question 55

Most modern foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from other modern, agricultural, and industrial societies.

Question 56

Pastoralists are specialized herders whose subsistence strategies focus on domesticated animals.

Question 57

Although the productivity per area of agriculture is much greater, horticultural yields are more dependable in the end.

Question 58

Intensive agriculture has the benefit of increasing ecological diversity.

Question 59

Many foragers live in mobile bands that may split up during part of the year.

Question 60

With transhumance, the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year.

Question 61

Unlike industrial workers in most developing countries, female factory employees in Malaysia enjoy very good working conditions (e.g., high wages, job security, unionization).