Deck 16: Americas Gilded Age, 1870-1890

Question 1

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller:

A) faced no criticism for their business practices.
B) led the way in social reform.
C) advocated government regulation of business.
D) built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets.

Answer 1

built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets.

Question 2

What criticism did Henry Demarest Lloyd leverage against Rockefeller's Standard Oil in Wealth against Commonwealth (1892)?

A) Rockefeller's oil corporation was excessively competitive.
B) Standard Oil was overcharging end-consumers of their products.
C) Standard Oil was employing more foreigners than Americans.
D) Standard Oil was undermining fair competition in the marketplace.

Answer 2

Standard Oil was undermining fair competition in the marketplace.

Question 3

The Dawes Act (1887)
Sec. 6. That upon the completion of said allotments and the patenting of the lands to said allottees, each and every member of the respective bands or tribes of Indians to whom allotments have been made shall have the benefit of and be subject to the laws, both civil and criminal, of the State or Territory in which they may reside; . . . And every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom allotments shall have been made under the provisions of this act, or under any law or treaty, and every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits, his residence separate and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted the habits of civilized life, is hereby declared to be a citizen of the United States, and is entitled to all the rights, privileges, and immunities of such citizens, whether said Indian has been or not, by birth or otherwise, a member of any tribe of Indians within the territorial limits of the United States without in any manner affecting the right of any such Indian to tribal or other property.
Which movement or trend was most significant in creating the conflict with the Plains Indians that ultimately led to this law?

A) railroad expansion to the West Coast
B) the extermination of the bison population throughout the Great Plains
C) the social gospel movement
D) increasing urbanization in the territories

Answer 3

increasing urbanization in the territories

Question 4

Wealth (1889)
Andrew Carnegie
In bestowing charity, the main consideration should be to help those who will help themselves; to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so; . . . Neither the individual nor the race is improved by almsgiving.
Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor; entrusted for a season with a great part of the increased wealth of the community, but administering it for the community far better than it could or would have done for itself. The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen that there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth . . . save by using it year by year for the general good.
Carnegie's ideas directly resulted in the

A) institution of reforms aimed at alleviating poverty.
B) beginning of philanthropy in the United States.
C) warmongering in order to civilize backward races.
D) government programs to create a social safety net.

Question 5

The Dawes Act (1887)
Sec. 6. That upon the completion of said allotments and the patenting of the lands to said allottees, each and every member of the respective bands or tribes of Indians to whom allotments have been made shall have the benefit of and be subject to the laws, both civil and criminal, of the State or Territory in which they may reside; . . . And every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom allotments shall have been made under the provisions of this act, or under any law or treaty, and every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits, his residence separate and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted the habits of civilized life, is hereby declared to be a citizen of the United States, and is entitled to all the rights, privileges, and immunities of such citizens, whether said Indian has been or not, by birth or otherwise, a member of any tribe of Indians within the territorial limits of the United States without in any manner affecting the right of any such Indian to tribal or other property.
With the Dawes Act, the United States government sought to

A) suppress Native American dissent against the policies of the United States government.
B) resolve the Native American issue without further military engagement.
C) eliminate any further aid to Native Americans.
D) relinquish all territorial claims to lands once controlled by Native Americans.

Question 6

Why did railroad companies and other businesses form "pools" during the American Gilded Age?

A) They wanted to cut each other out from the market.
B) They hoped to escape the chaos of market forces by fixing prices with their competitors.
C) They hoped to gather enough capital in a pool in order to buy out their largest and most dangerous competitor.
D) They wanted to share their assets in order to maintain liquidity in times of financial panic.

Question 7

A Defense of Political Graft (1905)
George W. Plunkitt
EVERYBODY is talkin' these days about Tammany men growin' rich on graft, but nobody thinks of drawin' the distinction between honest graft and dishonest graft. There's all the difference in the world between the two. Yes, many of our men have grown rich in politics. I have myself. I've made a big fortune out of the game, and I'm gettin' richer every day, but I've not gone in for dishonest graft-blackmailin' gamblers, saloonkeepers, disorderly people, etc.-and neither has any of the men who have made big fortunes in politics. . . .
There's an honest graft, and I'm an example of how it works. I might sum up the whole thing by sayin': "I seen my opportunities and I took 'em."
Just let me explain by examples. My party's in power in the city, and it's goin' to undertake a lot of public improvements. Well, I'm tipped off, say, that they're going to lay out a park at a certain place.
I see my opportunity and I take it. I go to that place and I buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood. Then the board of this or that makes its plan public, and there is a rush to get my land, which nobody cared particular for before.
Ain't it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? Of course, it is. Well, that's honest graft.
Which movement was most influential in combatting the activities described in the passage?

A) populism
B) progressivism
C) social gospel
D) socialism

Question 8

The second industrial revolution was marked by:

A) a return to handmade goods.
B) a more equalized distribution of wealth.
C) the rapid expansion of industry across the South.
D) the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries.

Question 9

How were skilled workers able to secure new freedoms for themselves in rapidly expanding industries?

A) Their knowledge allowed them to control the production process and the training of apprentices.
B) They had the ability to advance to managerial positions and from there into the executive boardrooms of big industry.
C) They were able to market their skills by training young apprentices in exchange for high fees.
D) The ownership and control over their shops and tools made their trades unattractive for industrial competition.

Question 10

Wealth (1889)
Andrew Carnegie
In bestowing charity, the main consideration should be to help those who will help themselves; to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so; . . . Neither the individual nor the race is improved by almsgiving.
Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor; entrusted for a season with a great part of the increased wealth of the community, but administering it for the community far better than it could or would have done for itself. The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen that there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth . . . save by using it year by year for the general good.
What notion is implied by Carnegie's argument?

A) Failure to advance in society indicated lack of character and self-reliance.
B) Good fortune was based primarily on luck.
C) Government was essential to the functioning of society.
D) Employers must ensure the dignity of the worker.

Question 11

Thomas Edison:

A) invented the typewriter.
B) was a governor of New Jersey.
C) pioneered the use of the telephone.
D) invented, among other things, a system for generating and distributing electricity.

Question 12

One significant economic impact of the second industrial revolution was:

A) a more stable economy.
B) frequent and prolonged economic depressions.
C) higher prices.
D) a more equitable distribution of wealth.

Question 13

All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT:

A) availability of capital for investment.
B) a growing supply of labor.
C) abundant natural resources.
D) low tariffs.

Question 14

How did the expansion of railroads accelerate the second industrial revolution in America?

A) The division of time into four zones allowed businesses to communicate by telegraph for the first time.
B) Railroads created a true national market for U.S. goods.
C) Large banks were now able to locate in western railroad towns.
D) The adoption of a standard railroad gauge made private and federal land grants more available.

Question 15

The Dawes Act (1887)
Sec. 6. That upon the completion of said allotments and the patenting of the lands to said allottees, each and every member of the respective bands or tribes of Indians to whom allotments have been made shall have the benefit of and be subject to the laws, both civil and criminal, of the State or Territory in which they may reside; . . . And every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom allotments shall have been made under the provisions of this act, or under any law or treaty, and every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits, his residence separate and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted the habits of civilized life, is hereby declared to be a citizen of the United States, and is entitled to all the rights, privileges, and immunities of such citizens, whether said Indian has been or not, by birth or otherwise, a member of any tribe of Indians within the territorial limits of the United States without in any manner affecting the right of any such Indian to tribal or other property.
How does the policy instituted in this law contrast with previous policies toward Native Americans?

A) It defers matters of citizenship and rights to the Supreme Court.
B) It encourages Native Americans to assimilate and adopt U.S. citizenship.
C) It recognizes the Native Americans' claims as sovereign entities.
D) It provides material support to Native Americans as long as they remain in designated locations.

Question 16

A Defense of Political Graft (1905)
George W. Plunkitt
EVERYBODY is talkin' these days about Tammany men growin' rich on graft, but nobody thinks of drawin' the distinction between honest graft and dishonest graft. There's all the difference in the world between the two. Yes, many of our men have grown rich in politics. I have myself. I've made a big fortune out of the game, and I'm gettin' richer every day, but I've not gone in for dishonest graft-blackmailin' gamblers, saloonkeepers, disorderly people, etc.-and neither has any of the men who have made big fortunes in politics. . . .
There's an honest graft, and I'm an example of how it works. I might sum up the whole thing by sayin': "I seen my opportunities and I took 'em."
Just let me explain by examples. My party's in power in the city, and it's goin' to undertake a lot of public improvements. Well, I'm tipped off, say, that they're going to lay out a park at a certain place.
I see my opportunity and I take it. I go to that place and I buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood. Then the board of this or that makes its plan public, and there is a rush to get my land, which nobody cared particular for before.
Ain't it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? Of course, it is. Well, that's honest graft.
The public became more aware of dishonest political practices during the Gilded Age as a result of

A) the purity found in utopian communities.
B) the work of investigative journalists.
C) federal investigations.
D) the experiences of soldiers at war.

Question 17

Wealth (1889)
Andrew Carnegie
In bestowing charity, the main consideration should be to help those who will help themselves; to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so; . . . Neither the individual nor the race is improved by almsgiving.
Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor; entrusted for a season with a great part of the increased wealth of the community, but administering it for the community far better than it could or would have done for itself. The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen that there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth . . . save by using it year by year for the general good.
Carnegie's idea that "those who can will help themselves" best describes the late nineteenth century idea of

A) socialism.
B) social Darwinism.
C) communism.
D) conspicuous consumption.

Question 18

A Defense of Political Graft (1905)
George W. Plunkitt
EVERYBODY is talkin' these days about Tammany men growin' rich on graft, but nobody thinks of drawin' the distinction between honest graft and dishonest graft. There's all the difference in the world between the two. Yes, many of our men have grown rich in politics. I have myself. I've made a big fortune out of the game, and I'm gettin' richer every day, but I've not gone in for dishonest graft-blackmailin' gamblers, saloonkeepers, disorderly people, etc.-and neither has any of the men who have made big fortunes in politics. . . .
There's an honest graft, and I'm an example of how it works. I might sum up the whole thing by sayin': "I seen my opportunities and I took 'em."
Just let me explain by examples. My party's in power in the city, and it's goin' to undertake a lot of public improvements. Well, I'm tipped off, say, that they're going to lay out a park at a certain place.
I see my opportunity and I take it. I go to that place and I buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood. Then the board of this or that makes its plan public, and there is a rush to get my land, which nobody cared particular for before.
Ain't it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? Of course, it is. Well, that's honest graft.
As a result of the rampant graft described in this passage, many cities and states

A) instituted new rules such as recalls, initiatives, and referendums.
B) changed the qualifications for participation in local politics.
C) saw outbreaks of violence directed against the rich.
D) were overtaken by federal regulators.

Question 19

By 1890, the majority of Americans:

A) worked as farmers.
B) worked as independent craftsmen.
C) worked in the mining industry.
D) worked for wages.

Question 20

Why did new products like Ivory Soap and Quaker Oats symbolize the continuing integration of the economy in America's Gilded Age?

A) They were consumer products manufactured with new technologies.
B) These products catered particularly to the appetites and desires of new immigrants.
C) These products were exemplary for the way in which mass consumption raised everyone's living standards.
D) These products were national brands, sold everywhere across the United States thanks to the expanding railroad network.

Question 21

Chinese immigrants to the West:

A) were exclusively single men, particularly after the Civil War.
B) concentrated primarily in the Pacific Northwest, where lumber and fishing jobs were plentiful.
C) grew to several million in number by the 1890s, due to the absence of federal immigration quotas.
D) worked in shoe and cigar factories in western cities.

Question 22

Chief Joseph:

A) advocated greater federal control of Indians.
B) wanted freedom for his people, the Nez Percé.
C) was at the Little Bighorn.
D) supported the reservation system.

Question 23

The Ghost Dance:

A) was a religious revitalization campaign among Indians, feared by whites.
B) was seen as harmless.
C) was approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
D) brought Indians and whites together in a cultural celebration.

Question 24

Why did President James Buchanan replace Utah's territorial governor Brigham Young with a non-Mormon appointee in 1857?

A) Brigham Young had advocated for slavery in the trans-Mississippi West.
B) Mormons had slaughtered more than 100 settlers in the Mountain Meadows massacre.
C) Brigham Young was a known polygamist.
D) It became known that the work of federal judges in Utah was being obstructed.

Question 25

How did expanding agricultural production in places like Argentina and the American West lead to the migration of rural populations to cities?

A) Increasing output in the countryside created a new prosperity that allowed rural populations to travel.
B) Since the growing agricultural output attracted ever-larger numbers of immigrants to the countryside, the older generations of rural settlers left for the cities.
C) Increasing output worldwide pushed down the prices of farm products, making it more difficult for farmers to make ends meet.
D) New production methods that were at the heart of growing farm productivity alienated many rural folks familiar with traditional farming practices.

Question 26

Bonanza farms:

A) were small, self-sufficient farms.
B) were the sharecropping farms found in the South.
C) typically had thousands of acres of land or more.
D) were free homesteads in California.

Question 27

Which of the following does NOT describe the impact of corporations on the American West?

A) Scientific mining techniques introduced by corporate engineers displaced independent prospectors.
B) Lumber companies decimated coastal forests, inspiring the twentieth-century conservation movement.
C) Urban populations in California declined as people moved to the centers of agricultural production.
D) Communal landholdings in New Mexico were taken over by commercial farmers and ranchers.

Question 28

An example of what the economist and social historian Thorstein Veblen meant by "conspicuous consumption" is:

A) Mrs. Bradley Martin's costume ball.
B) an immigrant's purchase of bread.
C) the free services handed out by social reformers.
D) John D. Rockefeller's purchase of a competing company.

Question 29

What did Native Americans have in common with the Zulu of South Africa and the aboriginal people in Australia?

A) They belonged to some of the most ancient agricultural civilizations in the world.
B) They all looked to central governments for protection and assistance in their struggle against white supremacist settlers.
C) They found themselves pushed aside by centralizing government trying to control large interior regions.
D) They all saw themselves pulled into the vicious debt cycle that accompanied cotton sharecropping.

Question 30

Why did western territories take longer than eastern territories to achieve statehood?

A) Many easterners were wary of granting statehood until white and non-Mormon settlers counterbalanced the large Latino and Mormon populations.
B) Local leaders were hostile to federal involvement in territorial affairs and resisted calls for statehood.
C) Long-term warfare with native peoples made the establishment of stable communities difficult for white settlers.
D) The Mormon and Latino populations in these areas did not grow rapidly enough to reach the requisite numbers for statehood.

Question 31

In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis:

A) highlighted the benefits of the second industrial revolution.
B) discussed the lives of wealthy Americans.
C) focused on the wretched conditions of New York City slums.
D) provided a fictional account of life in 1890.

Question 32

How did the displacement of native peoples in Australia differ from the experience of Indians in the American West?

A) Aboriginals were gathered together into centralized areas set aside by the government.
B) White diseases decimated Aboriginals.
C) Government policy orchestrated the removal of Aboriginal children from their homes for official adoption by whites.
D) Aboriginals were subject to cultural reconstruction.

Question 33

Which of the following statements about nineteenth-century Chinese immigrants to the United States is accurate?

A) Unlike Europeans, Chinese immigrants were too poor to send letters or money home to relatives.
B) After the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, most Chinese immigrants were unable to find additional work and returned to China.
C) Chinese immigrants rarely worked in western mines after the Civil War, thanks to Anglo resentment and the lack of demand for cheap labor.
D) By 1880, three-fourths of Chinese immigrants lived in California, where many worked on farms.

Question 34

The Plains Indians:

A) were completely responsible for the near extinction of the buffalo.
B) had lived in peace until the Civil War.
C) encouraged the influx of white settlers.
D) included the Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa, and Sioux.

Question 35

According to the authors of the Dawes Severalty Act, what constituted a civilized life for Native Americans in the later nineteenth century?

A) Skilled work and tenement life in industrial cities.
B) A hunting and gathering economy and nomadic lifestyle.
C) Individual property ownership and farming on family plots.
D) Tribal life and autonomy on the nation's reservations.

Question 36

William Cody:

A) invented a form of public entertainment called vaudeville.
B) created a "Wild West" show that toured the United States and Europe.
C) was defeated at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
D) never traveled west of the Mississippi River.

Question 37

Why was the Hollywood version of the western "cowboy" based more on fantasy than reality?

A) Railroad expansion before the Civil War had eliminated the need for "cattle drives" from Texas.
B) Most cowboys were low-paid workers, some of whom even went on strike for higher wages.
C) By the time of the Civil War, most open-range longhorns had been decimated by disease and harsh winters.
D) Clothing such as wide-brimmed hats and boots were twentieth-century inventions of writers and movie producers.

Question 38

What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians?

A) To prepare them for reservation life.
B) To train them in the professional skills necessary to return to the reservations as doctors and teachers.
C) To convert them to Christianity so that they would become missionaries on the reservations.
D) To civilize the Indians, making them "American," as whites defined the term.

Question 39

The Indian victory at the Little Bighorn:

A) was typical at the time.
B) only temporarily delayed the advance of white settlement.
C) brought an end to the hostilities.
D) came after an unprovoked attack by Indians.

Question 40

The impact of the second industrial revolution on the trans-Mississippi West was:

A) dramatic as an agricultural empire grew.
B) insignificant.
C) concentrated in the cities.
D) beneficial to Indians.

Question 41

The term "Gilded Age" describes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) a period of corruption and corporate domination of politics.
B) the years between 1870 and 1890.
C) the title of an 1873 novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley.
D) an era where the scramble for wealth benefited all Americans equally.

Question 42

Why was William Tweed so popular with the city's immigrant poor?

A) He was willing to speak truth to power.
B) He fought hard for more liberal immigration laws.
C) He had provided food, fuel, and patronage to them in exchange for their votes.
D) He uncovered much of the corruption in the city of New York and introduced crucial political reforms.

Question 43

The Civil Service Act of 1883:

A) created a merit system for government workers.
B) favored candidates with political influence.
C) was passed in response to the assassination of President Lincoln.
D) applied only to women.

Question 44

The Supreme Court in Lochner v. New York:

A) voided a state law establishing that bakers could work a maximum of sixty hours per week.
B) limited the number of hours coal miners worked.
C) voided a state law that limited child labor.
D) voided a state law that limited the number of hours women could work.

Question 45

Which of the following properly assesses the significance of wage labor in industrializing America during the Gilded Age?

A) More and more Americans viewed wage labor as a temporary stop on the path to independence.
B) Unfree working conditions in Gilded Age industries largely made traditional wage labor a thing of the past.
C) Workers understood wage labor to be the key advantage of American industries over European competitors.
D) More and more Americans experienced wage labor as a permanent condition on the edge of poverty.

Question 46

The Greenback-Labor Party:

A) wanted banks to control the money supply.
B) wanted the federal government to stop taking money out of circulation.
C) wanted to decrease the money supply.
D) was unable to elect any of its candidates, even on the local level.

Question 47

Crédit Mobiler and the Whiskey Ring:

A) were international corporations.
B) were involved in steel production.
C) were owned by Andrew Carnegie.
D) were indicative of the corruption in the Grant administration.

Question 48

Which of the following was included in theatrical and dime novel depictions of the American West?

A) The role of the federal government in the region's development.
B) Labor conflicts in western mines.
C) The growth of cities in the Pacific Northwest.
D) Amazing feats of skilled horseback riding, roping, and shooting.

Question 49

Nineteenth-century Americans imagined the "Wild West" as all of the following EXCEPT:

A) a distant, timeless place, uncorrupted by civilization.
B) isolated farms, where men and women carved out difficult lives on the Great Plains.
C) a violent frontier recounted through dime novels and prolific newspaper stories.
D) a spectacle of adventure as portrayed by vaudeville shows featuring famous battle reenactments and real Indian warriors.

Question 50

The new social order of the Gilded Age:

A) prompted public discussion of class differences and debate among workingmen and farmers over political economy.
B) ensured ongoing labor strife and deepening distrust between employees and employers.
C) divided CEOs and stockholders into pro-labor and anti-labor camps.
D) A and B

Question 51

Which of the following properly compares the U.S. Supreme Court's approach to organization in business and labor during the Gilded Age?

A) Whereas the Court rejected the organization of big business on constitutional grounds, it supported workers' right to organize.
B) The Court used the Sherman Antitrust Act liberally for the breakup of business and labor organizations.
C) While the Court applied the Sherman Antitrust Act to break down unions, it proved unwilling to endorse any regulation of big business.
D) Understanding the dynamics of the new industrial age, the Supreme Court allowed workers as well as businesses to organize powerful and centralized institutions.

Question 52

Elections during the Gilded Age:

A) suffered from low voter turnout.
B) brought an end to Democratic control of the South.
C) were closely contested affairs.
D) suffered from a lack of party loyalty among voters.

Question 53

Which of the following properly assesses the significance of the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890?

A) The passage of the law was a Republican triumph in an era of Democratic dominance.
B) The law triggered an avalanche of frivolous lawsuits that would tarnish the reputation of anti-monopolists for years.
C) The law was so finely grained and complicated that few prosecutors in the country dared to apply it.
D) The law established a precedent that the national government could regulate the economy in the interest of the public good.

Question 54

"Liberal" reformers of the Gilded Age believed:

A) wealth inequality was inevitable in modern society.
B) individual liberty and property rights were threatened by the business classes.
C) lower-class groups could strengthen democracy by using government to advance their interests.
D) Reconstruction was largely a mistake.

Question 55

Which of the following properly assesses the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

A) The strike signaled the power of labor unions and the beginning of the socialist challenge to American democracy.
B) The event highlighted the need for Republicans to address southern economic inequality, not only racial discrimination.
C) The railroad strike signaled the nation's shift from southern reconstruction to the question of labor and class tensions.
D) The strike underlined the rising expectations among industrial workers in times of economic growth and prosperity.

Question 56

The Grange was an organization that:

A) pushed for the eight-hour day.
B) sought to raise railroad rates.
C) opposed government regulation of shipping charges.
D) established cooperatives for storing and marketing farm output.

Question 57

The Interstate Commerce Commission was established in 1887 to:

A) distribute land allocations to railroad companies.
B) standardize the transportation of animal feed between states.
C) ensure that railroads charged farmers and merchants reasonable and fair rates.
D) regulate railroad gauge size.

Question 58

Which statement about the theory of Social Darwinism is FALSE?

A) The theory borrowed language from Charles Darwin.
B) The theory argued that evolution was as natural a process in human society as in nature and that government must not interfere.
C) The theory argued that failure to advance in society indicated a lack of character.
D) The theory argued that the "deserving poor" only included children.

Question 59

What did William G. Sumner believe social classes owed each other?

A) Cooperation, in order to move ahead.
B) A redistribution of wealth.
C) Nothing at all.
D) Respect and equality.

Question 60

Which of the following most accurately describes the relationship between the government and the economy in the Gilded Age?

A) State and local governments diminished in scope and purpose, as the federal government extended its control of business and banking regulation.
B) The rise of the Republican Party in national politics signaled new growth in the national government and a new commitment to breaking up monopolies.
C) Politicians of both major parties favored business and banks and supported a reduction in the money supply and a return to the gold standard.
D) Western state governments lobbied to block new tariffs that would raise the price of manufactured goods and bankrupt farmers.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the changes in the economic and social roles of women that developed in the antebellum period and the Gilded Age.

Question 62

Evaluate the extent to which the end of the Civil War marked a turning point for industrial capitalism, analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the election to the period after it.

Question 63

Henry George offered a(n) ___________ as a solution for the problem of inequality in America.

A) low-income housing program
B) single tax
C) immigration restriction law
D) Communist platform

Question 64

What did the books of Henry George, Laurence Gronlond, and Edward Bellamy all have in common?

A) They relied on the new narrative style of science fiction to forecast the decline of the United States.
B) They all sparkled with unique economic observations but lacked ideas for reform or change.
C) They all praised the liberty and freedom of the American market economy, yet were all written by immigrants.
D) They all offered decidedly optimistic remedies for the unequal distribution of wealth.

Question 65

Which statement about the Haymarket Affair is FALSE?

A) A bomb exploded, killing a police officer.
B) The Knights of Labor was directly responsible for the violence that took place at Haymarket.
C) Employers took the opportunity to paint the labor movement as a dangerous and un-American force prone to violence and controlled by foreign-born radicals.
D) Seven of the eight men accused of plotting the Haymarket bombing were foreign born.

Question 66

In the late nineteenth century, social thinkers such as Edward Bellamy, Henry George, and Laurence Gronlund offered numerous plans for change, primarily because they were alarmed by a fear of:

A) class warfare and the growing power of concentrated capital.
B) increasing power of the executive branch of government and lack of checks and balances.
C) the rapid migration of African-Americans from the South to the industrial North, and their increased voting power.
D) the increased numbers of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who brought dangerous socialist ideas to the masses.

Question 67

The Social Gospel:

A) was another term for Social Darwinism.
B) was financed by corporate donations.
C) was part of the Catholic Church.
D) called for an equalization of wealth and power.

Question 68

The Knights of Labor:

A) was an inclusive organization that advocated for a vast array of reforms.
B) organized only skilled, white, native-born workers.
C) did not admit women.
D) never had more than a few hundred members.

Question 69

Which of the following properly assesses the direction of the "Christian lobby" in the Gilded Age?

A) These mainstream Protestant reformers looked for structural change.
B) These Christian political organizations focused primarily on civil rights issues.
C) The "Christian lobby" sought more to legislate individual morality rather than to improve society.
D) Activists from the Bible Belt steered clear of hot-button issues like sexual violence or birth control.

Question 70

How did the American Catholic Church act during the Gilded Age?

A) American Catholics grew increasingly apart from their fellow believers in Europe.
B) The American Catholic Church saw a growing number of clergy advocate social justice and reform.
C) Afraid of a schism between wealthy and poor Catholics, the Church instead turned its attention to the defense of marriage and parental control.
D) Overwhelmed by the radicals of largely Catholic southern European labor organizers, the Church distanced itself from its traditional stand for social justice and equality.

Question 71

The nineteenth-century labor movement argued that:

A) concentrated capital was not the enemy but that corrupt politicians were.
B) extremes of wealth and poverty threatened democracy.
C) strikes and walkouts were exclusively a male preserve.
D) meaningful freedom could exist in conditions of economic inequality, but only if the government did not oppress workers.

Question 72

Evaluate the extent to which the United States government's policy of assimilation contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in the lives of Native Americans during the period 1865 to 1898.