Deck 28: How the Body Defends Itself

Question 1

The type of cells that are particularly effective at attacking body cells infected by viruses are

A) macrophages.
B) natural killer cells.
C) monocytes.
D) eosinophils.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When B cells are activated,some mass-produce antibodies,while others become __________________ to protect the body at a later date.

A) stationary cells
B) memory B cells
C) mast cells
D) memory T cells

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The main target of the HIV virus is

A) red blood cells.
B) mast cells.
C) CD4⁺ cells.
D) CD8⁺ cells.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In response to antigen-antibody binding,mast cells release chemicals called _____________ in an allergic reaction.

A) epinephrine
B) histamine
C) serotonin
D) acetylcholine

Question 5

Cells called ______________ release chemicals that kill bacteria and everything else in an area,including themselves.

A) monocytes
B) macrophages
C) basophils
D) neutrophils

Question 6

What are the chemical weapons involved in the first line of defense?

A) Oil and sweat glands within the skin
B) Mucus in the respiratory tract
C) Saliva and digestive enzymes
D) All of these are correct.

Question 7

A molecule that induces an immune response within an organism is called

A) an interleukin.
B) a lymphocyte.
C) an antibody.
D) an antigen.

Question 8

The chemical signal sent out by macrophages to mobilize the immune system is

A) interferon.
B) perforin.
C) interleukin-2.
D) interleukin-1.

Question 9

Interleukin-1 stimulates ________________,which activate the remainder of the T and B cell immune system responses.

A) B cells
B) T cells
C) helper T cells
D) natural killer cells

Question 10

The surface layer of the skin is the dermis.

Question 11

An antigen that promotes an immune response that is greater than necessary is called a(n)

A) antibody.
B) mast cell.
C) allergen.
D) MHC.

Question 12

The outermost layer of cells of the skin is the

A) stratum corneum.
B) dermis.
C) subcutaneous layer.
D) stratum basale (basal layer).

Question 13

The __________________ consists of proteins in the blood plasma that are activated when bacteria or fungi are present and that insert into the foreign cell's membrane.

A) natural killer cell
B) complement system
C) inflammatory response
D) macrophagic defense system

Question 14

Which is incorrect about HIV/AIDS?

A) The fatality rate of AIDS is 100%.
B) The disease is highly contagious.
C) Symptoms of AIDS usually show up years after infection.
D) Death by cancer is likely.
E) The virus is spread through the transfer of internal body fluids.

Question 15

Plasma cells release ________________ that attach to an invading microbe,marking it for destruction.

A) perforin molecules
B) interleukin-2
C) antibodies
D) histamine

Question 16

_______________________ is an autoimmune disease.

A) Polio
B) Herpes
C) Multiple sclerosis
D) Melanoma

Question 17

A person who has type AB blood

A) has only type A antigens.
B) produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
C) has type A and B antigens
D) cannot receive type A or type B blood in a transfusion

Question 18

Injured cells release chemicals that trigger expansion of blood vessels as well as movement of blood and immune system cells into the area.This response is the

A) inflammatory response.
B) specific immune response.
C) temperature response.
D) complement system response.

Question 19

Lymphocytes called __________________ secrete antibodies.

A) Plasma cells
B) T cells
C) Helper T cells
D) Natural killer cells

Question 20

The bronchi and bronchioles leading to the lungs have an effective mechanism for trapping incoming microbes.This method consists of

A) bacteriolytic enzymes.
B) roaming patrols in the airways.
C) mucus and cilia.
D) airborne antibodies.

Question 21

Which are responsible for the humoral immune response?

A) Neutrophils
B) Macrophages
C) T cells
D) B cells
E) Helper cells

Question 22

The two major phagocytic cells of the body are

A) macrophages and neutrophils.
B) B cells and T cells.
C) mast cells and natural killer cells.
D) B cells and neutrophils.
E) plasma cells and monocytes.

Question 23

Which of the following includes one of the others as a specific type?

A) T cells
B) Macrophages
C) B cells
D) Plasma cells
E) Neutrophils

Question 24

In the ____________ response,macrophages send out chemical messages to the brain to warn of microbial invasion,and the brain responds by causing a fever.

Question 25

The self-identifying proteins on self body cells are called

A) perforins.
B) MHC proteins.
C) plasma proteins.
D) interleukin-1.
E) antibodies.

Question 26

Which cell migrates to the thymus gland to mature?

A) Mast cell
B) B cell
C) T cell
D) Monocyte
E) Natural killer cell

Question 27

All of the following are autoimmune diseases except

A) rheumatoid arthritis.
B) lupus.
C) Graves' disease.
D) type I diabetes.
E) polio.

Question 28

During the primary immune response,the amount of antibody is ______ compared to the amount of antibody in the secondary response to the same antigen.

A) low
B) high
C) the same

Question 29

________________ is the introduction into your body of a dead or disabled pathogen,or proteins from the pathogen,to trigger an immune response that protects you against a future infection by the pathogen.

Question 30

Which of the following cells do not kill cells directly?

A) B cells
B) T cells
C) Macrophages
D) Neutrophils

Question 31

Which cells complete their maturation in the bone marrow?

A) Mast cell
B) B cell
C) T cell
D) Monocyte
E) Natural killer cell

Question 32

The first line of defense against microbial invaders includes the ____________,our largest organ,and the mucous membranes of the respiratory and digestive tracts.

Question 33

Why is AIDS such a deadly disease?

A) Because it is caused by a virus.
B) Because they have not isolated the virus yet that causes AIDS.
C) Because the virus cripples the immune system.
D) The body does not recognize the virus as foreign.
E) It is a sexually transmitted virus.

Question 34

What is the main problem that results in autoimmune diseases?

A) The body fails to distinguish between self and nonself antigens.
B) Helper T cells are not functioning correctly.
C) The memory B cells fail to respond for subsequent exposures to antigen.
D) The body mounts a greater than necessary response to eliminate an antigen.

Question 35

Which proteins puncture the membranes of infected target cells?

A) Interleukin-2
B) MHC proteins
C) Complement proteins
D) Interleukin-1
E) Perforins

Question 36

Which cell dampens the activity of T and B cells after the infection has been checked?

A) Mast cell
B) Cytotoxic T cell
C) Suppressor T cell
D) Memory B cell
E) Natural killer cell

Question 37

Antigen-presenting cells are usually

A) B cells.
B) T cells.
C) macrophages.
D) neutrophils.
E) natural killer cells.

Question 38

A secondary immune response produces antibodies in _______ days.

A) 1-2
B) 3-5
C) 6-9
D) 10-14

Question 39

Modern pregnancy tests use ___________ antibodies produced against a pregnancy hormone as the antigen.

Question 40

Which of the following is produced by natural killer cells?

A) Perforin
B) Interleukin-1
C) Interferon
D) Antibodies
E) Complement

Question 41

A(n)____________________ disease is a disease in which the body mounts an immune attack against its own tissues.

Question 42

Explain why relatives are sought for kidney transplants.

Question 43

Why does the body often respond to an infection with a fever?

Question 44

Describe the role of macrophages in protecting the body against disease.

Question 45

The types of cells that release histamines in an allergic response are called __________________ cells.

Question 46

How is it that vertebrates are able to produce antibodies to virtually every foreign antigen with which they come in contact?

Question 47

During an infection,B cells divide to form ___________________ cells that will be ready for the next time the B cells encounter the same microbe.

Question 48

In a process called ____________,different sequences of DNA are brought together to form composite genes that can code for different antibodies.

Question 49

The virus that causes AIDS is the called _______________.

Question 50

Considering that HIV mutates more rapidly than the flu virus,do you expect that there will soon be a vaccine to prevent AIDS? Explain.

Question 51

Every cell in the body carries special identification marker proteins called ______________________.