Deck 9: DNA Structure and Replication

Question 1

Frederick Griffith was a microbiologist who observed that

A)DNA contains nitrogen and phosphorus.
B)proteases disrupt transformation from nonvirulence to virulence.
C)DNA from heat-killed viruses transforms virulent viruses.
D)nonvirulent bacteria become virulent when mixed with heat-killed virulent bacteria.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Watson and Crick based their conclusion that DNA is a double helix mainly on experimental results and measurements from

A)Chargaff,Wilkins,and Franklin.
B)Avery,MacLeod,and McCarty.
C)Hershey and Chase.
D)Charles Darwin.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Avery,MacLeod,and McCarty's experiments built on the results of the experiments of

A)Gregor Mendel.
B)Frederick Griffith.
C)Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase.
D)Erwin Chargaff and Phoebus Levene.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The DNA researcher who had his genome sequenced is

A)Francis Crick.
B)James Watson.
C)Frederick Griffith.
D)Maurice Wilkins.

Question 5

In experiments to show that DNA is the genetic material,Hershey and Chase labeled DNA with radioactive

A)amino acids.
B)sulfur.
C)phosphorus.
D)carbon.

Question 6

Hershey and Chase demonstrated that DNA was the genetic material using

A)poodles in microwave ovens.
B)hamsters and a blender.
C)frogs and a dishwasher.
D)viruses and a blender.

Question 7

_____ first noted an acidic substance in the nuclei of cells from pus.

A)Mendel
B)Watson
C)Miescher
D)McCarty

Question 8

Which chemical is not a part of DNA?

A)phosphate
B)ribose
C)cytosine
D)nitrogen

Question 9

Miescher discovered phosphorus in DNA taken from

A)bacteriA.
B)viruses.
C)soiled bandages.
D)dead mice.

Question 10

_____ incorrectly suggested that DNA has a triple helix structure.

A)Linus Pauling
B)James Watson and Francis Crick
C)Maclyn McCarty
D)Rosalind Franklin

Question 11

Chargaff showed that DNA in several species contains equal amounts guanine and _____.

A)nitrogen
B)thymine
C)cytosine
D)adenine

Question 12

The "steps" of the DNA double helix spiral staircase are

A)sugars.
B)hydrogen bonds.
C)base pairs.
D)nucleotides.

Question 13

_____ used models to deduce the double helical shape of DNA.

A)Linus Pauling
B)James Watson and Francis Crick
C)Martha Chase
D)Maclyn McCarty

Question 14

Which of the following were part of the experiments of Hershey and Chase?

A)Mice were injected with type R bacteria and developed pneumoniA.
B)Mice were injected with type S bacteria and developed pneumonia.
C)DNA isolated from type S bacteria killed by heating transformed type R bacteria.
D)
E)coli bacteria were infected with virus labeled with radioactive phosphorus.

Question 15

_____ used X-ray diffraction to deduce the helical shape of DNA.

A)Linus Pauling
B)James Watson and Francis Crick
C)Martha Chase
D)Rosalind Franklin

Question 16

Chargaff showed that DNA that has 20% guanine has _____ cytosine.

A)20%
B)30%
C)60%
D)40%

Question 17

In 1902,Archibald Garrod linked inheritance to proteins when he noted that

A)inherited metabolic disorders in humans are associated with missing enzymes.
B)substances in cells could transform bacteria from nonvirulence to virulence.
C)proteins are made up of amino acids.
D)the substance that transmits traits is in the cell nucleus.

Question 18

Which researchers showed that DNA is the genetic material?

A)Watson and Crick
B)Hershey and Chase
C)Garrod and Griffith
D)Meselson and Stahl

Question 19

Erwin Chargaff showed that DNA that has 30% adenine has _____ thymine.

A)20%
B)30%
C)60%
D)40%

Question 20

Rosalind Franklin did not share in the Nobel Prize for determining the structure of DNA,although her work was critical to it,because she had died,and it is only awarded to living people.

Question 21

Which base pair is complementary?

A)A and T
B)C and T
C)A and G
D)C and C

Question 22

Purines and pyrimidines refer to the _____ of the DNA molecules.

A)nitrogenous bases
B)sugar-phosphate backbone
C)hydrogen bonds
D)nucleus
E)histones

Question 23

Meselson and Stahl's experiments showed that DNA replication is

A)dispersive,conservative,and semi-conservative.
B)dispersive,but not conservative or semi-conservative.
C)semi-conservative,but not dispersive or conservative.
D)quasi-conservative,but not dispersive or semi-conservative.

Question 24

A scientist discovers a virus whose genome consists of an unusual DNA strand.She finds the following percentage of bases: 23% A,12% T,30% G,and 35%C.Which of the following best explains these results?

A)The bases are not purines or pyrimidines.
B)Chargaff was wrong.
C)Linus Pauling's model of DNA was correct.
D)The DNA in this virus is single-stranded.

Question 25

Chromatin consists of about

A)10% histones,30% DNA binding proteins,30% DNA,and 30% RNA.
B)25% histones,25% DNA binding proteins,25% DNA,and 25% RNA.
C)30% histones,30% DNA binding proteins,30% DNA,and 10% RNA.
D)10% histones,10% DNA binding proteins,70% DNA,and 10% RNA.

Question 26

Meselson and Stahl's experiment followed

A)the distribution of different-weighted DNA over multiple generations of bacteriA.
B)the ability of a protease or nuclease to stop the transmission of DNA over generations.
C)viruses injecting their DNA into bacteria.
D)DNA sequences in people who are politically liberal compared to those who are sometimes politically conservative.

Question 27

In DNA,cytosine binds with

A)uracil.
B)adenine.
C)thymine.
D)guanine.

Question 28

A gene is 13,066 nucleotides long.This is

A)about 1.3 microbases.
B)about 1.3 kilobases.
C)about 1.3 megabases.
D)about 3,011 amino acids.

Question 29

A nucleotide consists of

A)three sugars for every phosphate.
B)three phosphates for every sugar.
C)one deoxyribose sugar,one nitrogenous base,and one phosphate group.
D)three DNA bases.

Question 30

DNA in the nucleus winds around proteins called

A)histones.
B)karyosomes.
C)ribosomes.
D)proteasomes.

Question 31

When DNA folds and winds into the nucleus of a cell,it shrinks in length by a factor of

A)10.
B)100.
C)1,000.
D)7,000.

Question 32

The directional nature of the DNA double helix is observed in the

A)locations of the hydrogen bonds.
B)locations of the numbered carbons in the sugars.
C)locations of the oxygen atom in the phosphate.
D)double helix when it is separated into single strands.

Question 33

Which of the following is most correct regarding genes,DNA,and protein?

A)A gene is a section of DNA whose sequence encodes a particular protein,which is composed of amino acids.
B)A gene is a section of a chromosomal DNA composed of many amino acids.
C)DNA is composed of many genes,which are formed from amino acid sequences.
D)DNA is composed of amino acids,which encode the protein and genotype.

Question 34

Hydrogen bonds are not as strong as ionic or covalent bonds,but they are able to hold the DNA double helix together because

A)there are so many of them.
B)the hydrogen bonds in DNA differ from hydrogen bonds in other molecules.
C)the hydrogen bonds in DNA also have a very special type of molecular glue.
D)ten of them form between each DNA base pair.

Question 35

If the sequence of one strand of a DNA molecule is 5' ATGGCAT 3',the sequence of the complementary strand is:

A)5' ATGGCAT 3'
B)3' ATGGCAT 5'
C)5' TACCGTA 3'
D)3' TACCGTA 5'

Question 36

DNA entwined around an octet of proteins is called a(n)

A)nucleotide.
B)karyosome.
C)nucleosome.
D)ribosome.

Question 37

In a molecule of DNA,purine bases form _____ bonds with pyrimidine bases.

A)phosphate
B)hydrogen
C)disulfide
D)covalent

Question 38

In a DNA molecule,the base pairs provide information,and the sugar-phosphate backbone does not,because

A)the base pairs are all the same,but the sugar-phosphate backbone varies.
B)there are eight types of base pairs.
C)the bases form a sequence,and the sugar-phosphate backbone does not.
D)the sugar-phosphate backbone is highly unstable.

Question 39

The nitrogenous bases adenine and thymine are

A)both purines.
B)both pyrimidines.
C)a purine and a pyrimidine,respectively.
D)a pyrimidine and a purine,respectively.

Question 40

Antiparallelism means that

A)the two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite directions.
B)the DNA double helix twists first one way,then the other.
C)the DNA bases are sometimes on the outside of the molecule.
D)the DNA molecule cannot dissolve in water.

Question 41

The enzyme that inserts the correct bases in a growing nucleotide chain in a replicating DNA molecule is

A)RNA polymerase.
B)DNA ligase.
C)DNA polymerase.
D)helicase.

Question 42

Polymerase chain reaction requires _____,a DNA polymerase from a bacterium that lives in hot springs.

A)Taql
B)telomerase
C)T7 DNA polymerase
D)Pol III

Question 43

Because DNA strands are antiparallel,replication proceeds

A)continuously on both strands.
B)continuously on one strand and discontinuously on the other.
C)discontinuously on both strands.
D)continuously on both strands for a time and then discontinuously.

Question 44

Next-generation sequencing reads millions of sequences at once,and so the general approach is also called "massively parallel DNA sequencing."

Question 45

Okazaki fragments are small pieces of

A)RNA.
B)protein.
C)DNA.
D)enzymes.

Question 46

In DNA replication,

A)parental DNA shatters into pieces and joins with newly-synthesized pieces to fashion two double helices from one.
B)parental DNA remains intact but guides formation of new double helices.
C)the parental DNA splits and free nucleotides bond to their complements,building two DNA molecules from one.
D)an entirely new double helix is built using information in the sequence of amino acids.

Question 47

Meselson and Stahl distinguished between parental and newly-synthesized DNA by using

A)heavy metal.
B)heavy and light forms of nitrogen.
C)nucleic acid dyes.
D)chromosome paints.

Question 48

DNA is able to replicate as quickly as it does because it has many

A)replication forks.
B)genes.
C)chromosomes.
D)histones.

Question 49

The number of DNA replications in an average human lifetime is approximately

A)one billion.
B)three trillion.
C)100 trillion.
D)100 quadrillion.

Question 50

The first and best-known DNA amplification technique is _____.

A)the polymerase chain reaction
B)Okazaki synthesis
C)Sanger sequencing
D)next-generation sequencing

Question 51

In a eukaryotic genome,DNA replication starts at

A)a single origin of replication.
B)one replication fork per chromosome.
C)nucleosomes.
D)multiple sites along the length of each chromosome.

Question 52

When DNA replication halts in a polymerase chain reaction,owing to the incorporation of a tagged base into a growing DNA chain,a(n)_____ results.

A)partial DNA molecule
B)template strand
C)complementary sequence
D)first-generation DNA molecule

Question 53

In one minute,human DNA replicates about _____ bases.

A)40
B)100
C)1,000
D)3,000

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true in DNA replication?

A)DNA polymerase unwinds the DNA at replication forks.
B)Primase removes short RNA primers and replaces them with DNA.
C)Ligase breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA strands.
D)DNA polymerase proofreads DNA,correcting mismatched nucleotides.