Deck 19: Genetic Technologies: Patenting, modifying, and Monitoring Dna

Question 1

A DNA sequence can be patented if

A)two or more people isolate the same sequence successfully.
B)it forms a single gene.
C)it has economic implications.
D)it is useful as a tool for research.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Structures used in recombinant DNA technology to carry the DNA from the cells of one species to the cells of another species are

A)cloning vectors.
B)restriction enzymes.
C)sticky ends.
D)donor DNA.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The requirements for patenting of an invention involving DNA in the U.S.are that it should be

A)new,useful,and not obvious to an expert in the field.
B)obvious,and no one should have previously been able to accomplish it.
C)helpful and affordable.
D)new,useful,and predicted by experts in the fielD.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Recombinant DNA-based products are slow to reach the marketplace because of

A)the adverse effects of gene cloning.
B)the lack of technological advances in gene cloning.
C)the lack of safety involved in such methods.
D)the cost and duration of research.

Question 5

A multicellular organism that carries DNA from other species is termed

A)transverted.
B)translocated.
C)transgeniC.
D)transformeD.

Question 6

Proteins isolated from bacteria and used in recombinant DNA technology to cut DNA at specific sequences are

A)restriction enzymes.
B)bacteriophage enzymes.
C)plasmids.
D)methylating enzymes.

Question 7

The first drug produced using recombinant DNA technology was

A)insulin.
B)streptokinase.
C)tissue plasminogen activator.
D)erythropoietin.

Question 8

One of the earliest uses of biotechnology was

A)creating transgenic organisms.
B)creating bacteria that synthesized human insulin.
C)extracting and using biochemicals from microorganisms.
D)using yeast to ferment fruit into wine.

Question 9

Most of the effort involved in recombinant DNA technology involves

A)identifying and separating cells that contain the gene of interest.
B)finding a restriction enzyme to cut DNA from a donor cell.
C)identifying a cloning vector that can hold a gene.
D)finding uses for recombined DNA.

Question 10

Restriction enzymes are useful in creating recombinant DNA molecules because they

A)generate "sticky ends" by cutting at the same sequence in any DNA source.
B)are found only in human cells,where they naturally mend broken DNA strands.
C)are used to encapsulate and transport foreign DNA into cells of the target organism.
D)stimulate DNA amplification so that the desired cells or their products can be scaled up.

Question 11

A naturally occurring,small,circle of DNA used as a vector to transmit DNA is a

A)plasmid.
B)prion.
C)lipofectin.
D)ring chromosome.

Question 12

Recombinant DNA technology is used to

A)create many copies of a specific piece of DNA.
B)make more copies of DNA polymerase.
C)copy protein into RNA.
D)make RNA in the cell nucleus.

Question 13

Patent law as it pertains to biotechnology has had to change in recent years in response to

A)the changeable nature of the genetic code.
B)the number of people asking for genetic tests.
C)the increasing number of human genes.
D)the greatly accelerated speed of DNA sequencing.

Question 14

In 2010,a federal judge in the U.S.ruled seven patents on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes had been improperly granted.

Question 15

Bacteriophages can be used as vectors in recombinant DNA experiments because they

A)are small and made of double-stranded DNA.
B)are circular and easily imported into bacteria or yeast.
C)insert their genetic material into bacteria.
D)are resistant to protective restriction systems.

Question 16

The first patent on a living organism was granted in

A)1790,when the U.S.passed patent law.
B)1873,for Louis Pasteur's use of yeast.
C)1900,when Mendel's laws were rediscovered.
D)1978,when modern biotechnology began with recombinant insulin.

Question 17

A molecule that consists of a piece of DNA from one organism combined with the DNA from a member of another species is called

A)restricted DNA.
B)recombinant DNA.
C)homogenic DNA.
D)bioengineered DNA.

Question 18

In 1975,scientists convened in Asilomar,California and

A)determined that restriction enzymes could cut DNA.
B)created the first transgenic animals.
C)reviewed the use of drugs produced by recombinant DNA technology.
D)drew up guidelines to regulate recombinant DNA technology.

Question 19

Genetic modification

A)alters genetic codes so that one species' code is like another's.
B)adds sugars and phosphates in a nucleus.
C)alters,deletes,or adds DNA to a cell.
D)substitutes entire nuclei to genetically engineer a cell.

Question 20

Courts allow patenting complementary DNA (cDNA)because

A)its exact sequence is not in the genome of an organism.
B)it cannot be synthesized in a laboratory.
C)it is present only in adult humans.
D)it represents only the introns of a gene.

Question 21

The process in which bacteria with the ability to detoxify certain pollutants are released in a particular area is known as

A)bioremediation.
B)gene silencing.
C)gene expression profiling.
D)enzyme restriction.

Question 22

One of the science-related concerns associated with the use of genetically modified (GM)foods is that

A)overreliance on GM crops may lead to genetic uniformity.
B)GM foods are not natural.
C)genetic modification degrades the nutritional value of food crops.
D)buffer zones of GM crops halt the pollination of non-GM crops.

Question 23

Morpholinos are

A)short DNA sequences found only in populations that trace their roots to Italy.
B)short synthetic molecules similar to DNA that are complementary to splice-site mutations.
C)types of DNA microarrays used to study gene expression.
D)a type of recombinant bacteria.

Question 24

The type of RNA that carries out RNA interference is

A)tRNA.
B)mRNA.
C)rRNA.
D)siRNA.

Question 25

A drug produced using recombinant DNA technology that is used illegally by athletes is

A)insulin.
B)streptokinase.
C)tissue plasminogen activator.
D)erythropoietin.

Question 26

Both gene silencing and genome editing techniques are limited by "off-target effects"-doing something other than what we want them to do.

Question 27

The process that uses short,synthetic,double-stranded RNAs to intentionally bind mRNAs thereby diminishing gene expression is called _____.

A)knockup
B)knock down
C)nonsense
D)bioremediation

Question 28

Which of these would not be used to introduce DNA in animal cells?

A)Chemicals
B)Electricity jolts
C)Particle bombardment
D)A Ti plasmid

Question 29

Transgenic farm animals have not gained importance as sources of pharmaceuticals because

A)they are too difficult to maintain.
B)they are more susceptible to cancer and other diseases.
C)they produce diluted forms of pharmaceuticals.
D)they carry multiple viral strains.

Question 30

_____ is a gene silencing technique that is based on the fact that RNA molecules can fold into short,double-stranded regions where the base sequence is complementary.

A)RNA repair
B)RNA amplification
C)RNA replication
D)RNA interference

Question 31

Tiny fat bubbles used to deliver genes are

A)phospholipids.
B)cholesterols.
C)liposomes.
D)plasmids.

Question 32

Which approach could be used to investigate distinctions between a muscle cell and a bone cell?

A)Gene expression profiling
B)DNA variation screening
C)Microarray comparative genomic hybridization
D)Transcription-mediated amplification

Question 33

Transgenic organisms carry the transgene in

A)every cell.
B)gametes only.
C)somatic cells only.
D)the cell in which it was originally introduceD.

Question 34

Natural selection can be used in bioremediation by acting on pre-existing variations among organisms to select those that can detoxify pollutants.

Question 35

A limitation of transgenesis is that

A)it only works on very short genes.
B)it only works on vertebrates.
C)the transgene can insert many copies of itself in the genome.
D)the transgene could disappear before it inserts in the genome.

Question 36

Using transgenic animal models has its limitations because

A)prokaryotic cells are generally better at producing human proteins.
B)bacterial pathogens that affect humans do not affect animals.
C)the level of gene expression is significantly higher in animals.
D)researchers cannot control where a transgene inserts itself into a genome.

Question 37

To create a transgenic organism,a researcher

A)introduces foreign DNA into a fertilized ovum.
B)injects a gene of interest into a somatic cell.
C)injects a gene of interest into several somatic cells.
D)introduces foreign DNA into somatic cells in culture and transplants them.

Question 38

RNA interference was discovered in 1998.

Question 39

_____,a recombinant clotbusting drug,is used to limit damage to heart muscle by restoring blood flow.

A)Insulin
B)Tissue plasminogen activator
C)Interleukin-2
D)Glucocerebrosidase

Question 40

A gene expression microarray has

A)an entire genome of DNA,cut into hundreds of pieces,attached to a small plastic or glass square.
B)short pieces of DNA of known sequence attached to a small plastic or glass square.
C)short pieces of RNA of known sequence attached to a small plastic or glass square.
D)amino acids attached to a small plastic or glass square.