Deck 9: An Empire for Liberty

Question 1

The United States entered the War of 1812 deeply divided along sectional lines. The sections that were most pro-war were the __________.

A) Middle States and South
B) West and South
C) Middle States and New England
D) West and New England

Answer 1

West and South

Question 2

One of the concessions made to Louisiana when acquired by the United States was the continuation of the __________.

A) slave trade
B) New Orleans port tariff
C) Spanish right of deposit in New Orleans
D) use of French civil law

Answer 2

use of French civil law

Question 3

What Ohio River city became a growing center of the western economy?

A) St. Louis
B) Pittsburgh
C) Cincinnati
D) New Orleans

Answer 3

Cincinnati

Question 4

The Russian presence in Alaska was an extension of __________.

A) the Russian conquest of Korea
B) Russian efforts to control Pacific fisheries
C) the Russian conquest of Siberia
D) Russian competition with Japan

Question 5

The response of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa to white expansion would best be described as __________.

A) voluntary assimilation
B) pan-Indian resistance
C) accepting the reservation system
D) acknowledging whites' legal rights to western land

Question 6

Americans found British impressments particularly objectionable because __________.

A) the Royal Navy paid low wages
B) they resulted in disruptions, which lessened profits in shipping
C) they demonstrated Britain's failure to recognize American citizenship
D) Jefferson did nothing to stop them

Question 7

Eighteenth-century Russian expansion into Alaska was mainly driven by __________.

A) the fur trade
B) the fishing industry
C) Russian agricultural villages
D) gold mining

Question 8

In the purchase of Louisiana, Jefferson violated which principle that he had earlier upheld?

A) strict interpretation of executive power
B) a loose construction of the Constitution
C) using debt to fund national expansion
D) a pro-British foreign policy

Question 9

The first trans-Appalachian states admitted to the Union were __________.

A) Ohio and Indiana
B) Kentucky and Illinois
C) Louisiana and Mississippi
D) Kentucky and Tennessee

Question 10

Why were white slave owners fearful about the success of Toussaint L'Ouverture's Haitian rebellion in 1791?

A) They were concerned about losing profits if the Haitians closed the Caribbean to American trade.
B) They believed this revolt would inspire their own slaves to start a violent rebellion.
C) They thought that Spain could reestablish a power base in the Caribbean and invade the South.
D) They worried that refugee slaves from Haiti would infiltrate the South and begin a new slave culture.

Question 11

The period between 1800 and 1850 in the United States was characterized by __________.

A) slow population growth
B) dramatic expansion of the population to the west
C) an open continent, with no foreign rivals
D) Atlantic seaboard cities losing their economic influence

Question 12

By 1820, about what proportion of Americans lived west of the Appalachians?

A) one-twentieth
B) one-tenth
C) one-fifth
D) one-quarter

Question 13

A Shawnee follower of Black Hoof would have __________.

A) assimilated to white culture
B) sought support from the British in Canada
C) fled as far west as possible
D) joined other tribes resisting white expansion

Question 14

Where did Spain build a chain of missions to protect their rich colony of Mexico?

A) Texas
B) New Mexico
C) Alaska
D) Alta California

Question 15

The Embargo Act had the greatest impact on __________.

A) French merchants
B) British merchants
C) American farmers
D) New Englanders

Question 16

Although it was temporary, which Mexican province declared itself independent of Spain in 1812?

A) Texas
B) Florida
C) California
D) New Mexico

Question 17

As late as 1820, about what percentage of farm products were consumed outside the local community?

A) 5 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 18

The battle at Tippecanoe __________.

A) was a decisive victory for William Henry Harrison
B) resulted in the death of Tecumseh
C) forced the Shawnee to flee west
D) drove Tecumseh into a formal alliance with Britain

Question 19

What event convinced Tecumseh to actively resist American expansion?

A) Louisiana Purchase
B) Battle of Fallen Timbers
C) Treaty of Fort Wayne
D) Battle of Tippecanoe

Question 20

The Mandans welcomed Lewis and Clark because the Indians hoped for __________.

A) a buffer between them and the Cherokee
B) an alliance against the Russians and British
C) a group to play against British fur traders
D) expanded trade and support against the Sioux

Question 21

The Missouri Compromise revealed that __________.

A) slavery was becoming a moral as well as a political issue
B) Northerners had no interest in slavery if it was not in their states
C) the balance between western and eastern states had become a political issue
D) Henry Clay did not deserve his reputation as "the Great Pacificator"

Question 22

The cultures transplanted to the West in the period of migration after the War of 1812 __________.

A) held little in common with seaboard communities
B) contained a mixture of southern and New England culture that crossed regional distinctions
C) quickly incorporated Indian traditions into everyday life activities
D) closely resembled the regional cultures from which migrants had come

Question 23

Which of these European settlements in North America was most crucial to American trade?

A) Sitka
B) New Orleans
C) Los Angeles
D) Québec

Question 24

Tenskwatawa, the Prophet, argued that Indians would survive best if they __________.

A) allied into a confederacy and destroyed the Americans
B) joined with sympathetic missionaries and converted to Christianity
C) turned into yeoman farmers and assimilated
D) avoided Americans and returned to their traditional ways

Question 25

For the South, the most important commercial innovation of the 1790s was the invention of the __________.

A) telegraph
B) steam engine
C) cotton gin
D) sewing machine

Question 26

The main reason the West did not form into a single regional voting bloc in the early nineteenth century was that __________.

A) it was too diverse economically
B) western states lacked efficient spokesmen
C) too few people lived in the West for a regional identity to take hold
D) migrants to the West brought their previous cultural and political attitudes

Question 27

A main limitation on the United States' ability to enforce the Monroe Doctrine was __________.

A) that the United States possessed a much smaller military than other world powers
B) that newly independent states in the Americas refused to agree to it
C) the continuing presence of British, French, and Spanish empires in the New World
D) the Russian threat to American expansion

Question 28

The Western Reserve in the Ohio Valley was claimed by __________.

A) the federal government
B) the Iroquois
C) Connecticut
D) Kentucky

Question 29

War Hawks in the 1810 Congress were most likely to be __________.

A) Jeffersonian Republicans from the South and West
B) Federalists
C) New England merchants
D) commercial farmers in the Chesapeake

Question 30

The Adams-Onís Treaty gave the United States possession of __________.

A) Oregon
B) Alta California
C) Maine
D) Florida

Question 31

The bold policy statement called the Monroe Doctrine essentially told Europeans to stay out of __________.

A) North America
B) Atlantic trade
C) the Western Hemisphere
D) international diplomacy

Question 32

The admission of Missouri as a slave state was balanced by the admission of what free state?

A) Kentucky
B) Illinois
C) Vermont
D) Maine

Question 33

What victory by Oliver H. Perry established American control over Lake Erie and led to the recapture of Detroit?

A) Fort McHenry
B) Put-in-Bay
C) the Thames
D) Fort Mims

Question 34

The Panic of 1819 reflected the __________.

A) concern over the institution of slavery
B) transition from a farming to a more commercial economy
C) fear of Native and European encroachment on the economy
D) negative international response to the Monroe Doctrine

Question 35

During the Panic of 1819, many urban workers blamed their job losses on __________.

A) competition from British imports
B) the creation of the Second Bank of the United States
C) the Monroe Doctrine
D) invention of the cotton gin

Question 36

William Claiborne, as American governor of __________, sought to accommodate French culture and institutions.

A) the Lower Quebec Territory
B) Indian Territory
C) the Lower Louisiana Territory
D) the Ohio Territory

Question 37

The three elements of Henry Clay's American System were __________.

A) Indian removal, national bank, income tax
B) neutrality, limited construction, larger Army and Navy
C) national bank, tariff, roads and canals
D) Indian removal, tariff, support of farmers

Question 38

At the Hartford Convention, representatives from five New England states __________.

A) insisted states could nullify unconstitutional federal actions
B) sought a revision of the Constitution
C) passed a secession resolution to go into effect by 1815
D) condemned the terms of the Treaty of Ghent

Question 39

American export and reexport trade between 1790 and 1815 would be best described as __________.

A) stagnant
B) steadily declining
C) steadily increasing
D) increasing and decreasing erratically

Question 40

One of the few issues conclusively settled by the Treaty of Ghent was __________.

A) ending impressment of American sailors
B) British agreement to vacate western posts
C) excluding the French from western settlement
D) creating a buffer state for Indians in the Northwest

Question 41

What development in the Caribbean posed a particularly challenging warning to white slave owners in the United States during the 1790s?

A) the slave revolt in Haiti
B) new British policies restricting American trade
C) Spain's ban on the slave trade
D) France's refusal to ratify Pinckney's Treaty

Question 42

What were the elements of Henry Clay's American System? What objections did Clay's opponents have to his proposals?

Question 43

What area of the United States was growing most rapidly as a result of internal migration between 1790 and 1800?

A) the trans-Appalachian West
B) New England
C) the mid-Atlantic
D) the coastal South

Question 44

What made it possible for Britain to dominate the North American fur trade?

A) good relations with Native Americans
B) a system of taxes and import fees
C) control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans
D) a constant state of war between the British and the French

Question 45

Thomas Jefferson came to office determined to __________.

A) expand the size of the federal government
B) promote manufacturing and national markets
C) reverse the Federalist policies of the 1790s
D) abolish slavery

Question 46

Which of these events complicated the foreign policy Jefferson articulated in his first inaugural address?

A) French Revolution
B) resumption of the Napoleonic Wars
C) revolution in Haiti
D) disagreements with Russia over the boundary of Alaska

Question 47

In what ways did Jefferson reverse the policies of his Federalist predecessors? To what extent did Jefferson reverse these policies? What were the consequences of Jefferson's new policies?

Question 48

Which of these helps explain the surge of migration westward after the War of 1812?

A) the removal of all forts in British Canada
B) the defeat and removal of Indians during the war
C) declining population levels on the East Coast
D) the simultaneous end of the Napoleonic Wars

Question 49

Describe Jefferson's policy of "peaceable coercion." Why did this policy fail?

Question 50

Because of its possession of the largest area of North America, which nation posed the greatest threat to the United States in the 1790s?

A) Spain
B) Britain
C) France
D) Russia

Question 51

Promyshleniki were __________.

A) Russian fur trappers
B) the children of Russian and Native American unions
C) Russian political outcasts exiled to Alaska
D) tsarist colonial officials

Question 52

What events prompted America's issuing of the Monroe Doctrine?

Question 53

Why was the election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800 an important historical turning point?

A) It was the first election in which all adult white males could vote.
B) Jefferson was the first president from Virginia.
C) One party voluntarily gave up power to its political rival.
D) It was the first election conducted under the guidelines set out in the Constitution.

Question 54

American efforts during the War of 1812 to grab territory in British Canada __________.

A) ended in failure
B) were a moderate success
C) were one of the few bright spots in the war for the Americans
D) were thwarted by the intervention of Spain and Russia

Question 55

Which of the following was a War Hawk?

A) John Quincy Adams
B) Daniel Webster
C) Thomas Jefferson
D) John C. Calhoun

Question 56

Which country's settlement in Alaska posed a potential threat to the United States?

A) Russia
B) France
C) Spain
D) Britain

Question 57

Why did trade between Britain and America diminish in the 1790s?

A) Lucrative new markets opened for America in Spain and France.
B) Britain entered a prolonged depression.
C) The Americans wanted to find new and better trading partners.
D) Britain no longer gave the former colonies preferential tariffs.

Question 58

How did the international shipping trade of the late 1700s and early 1800s impact the United States?

A) Populations of coastal cities declined substantially as more people began to move west in search of better economic conditions.
B) Rapid urbanization in coastal cities resulted from economic growth rather than from poverty that forced rural workers off farms.
C) American shipping and trading were conducted exclusively with Britain and France.
D) American shippers refused to trade with European nations that were at war with each other.

Question 59

What were the aims of the War Hawks? How many of them did they achieve?

Question 60

Which of these nations was hit hardest by the effects of the Embargo Act?

A) France
B) the United States
C) Britain
D) Spain

Question 61

Why was the South unable to respond to growing British demand for cotton prior to the 1790s?

A) The type of cotton that grew well in the South required an enormous investment in labor and time to process the raw cotton.
B) Most farming in the South was done on small family farms.
C) No one had yet found a kind of cotton that grew well in the South.
D) British laws prohibited the importation of American cotton.

Question 62

According to the Indian Intercourse Act of 1790, under what conditions could the United States acquire Indian land?

A) when Indians ceded land through treaties with the U.S. government
B) whenever Indian lands were occupied by American settlers
C) whenever American soldiers had effective control of the land in question
D) when individual Indians sold it to American citizens

Question 63

What was the primary factor leading to rapid urbanization in the United States between 1790 and 1820?

A) the growth of coastal cities resulting from rapidly developing international trade
B) increasing poverty rates that pushed rural workers off farms
C) hostile Indian attacks that caused settlers in the trans-Appalachian West to seek refuge in cities along the Atlantic seaboard
D) warfare between Britain and France that caused large number of farmers and small-town residents to move to cities, where they felt safer

Question 64

Compared to Washington and Adams, Jefferson's presidential style __________.

A) was less monarchical and aristocratic
B) emphasized the president's elevation above the people
C) was more in alignment with the political philosophy of New England merchants
D) stressed the majesty of the presidential office

Question 65

What did Jefferson call the policy he adopted in response to British and French violations of American neutral rights?

A) peaceable coercion
B) armed neutrality
C) a quasi-war
D) economic retaliation

Question 66

The War of 1812, which ended with the Treaty of Ghent being signed in December 1814, came to a close because __________.

A) the British decided it was not to their advantage to continue the war
B) Jackson's victory at New Orleans convinced the British that the war was hopeless
C) Jefferson's policy of peaceable coercion had worked, forcing Britain to negotiate peace to protect its foreign trade
D) the resolutions adopted by the Hartford Convention so alarmed Madison that he ordered Clay and Adams to sign a humiliating peace

Question 67

What was the intent of the Embargo Act?

A) The act was intended to force both Britain and France to recognize neutral rights by depriving them of American-shipped raw materials.
B) The act was intended to punish southern planters, who had made excessive profits by selling cotton to Britain during a time of war.
C) The act was intended to prevent the American navy from having to confront the British at sea and thus avoid any conflict.
D) Jefferson hoped to reward France for past friendship by cutting off trade with Britain but keeping open trade with France.

Question 68

According to the census of 1800, what percentage of Americans lived in communities of fewer than 2,500 people?

A) 94 percent
B) 7 percent
C) 58 percent
D) 39 percent

Question 69

Why did many of Jefferson's critics, including New England Federalists, consider his policy of peaceable coercion a disaster?

A) American trade was hurt far more than French or British trade.
B) The western Indians were strengthened in their resistance to American expansion.
C) Spain took advantage of the opportunity to reoccupy New Orleans.
D) The Federalist Party was destroyed by internal disputes over the policy.

Question 70

How did the United States contribute to the industrial boom that developed in England and other parts of Europe during the late 1700s?

A) Cotton exported from the South fueled the fast-growing British textile industry.
B) Manufactured goods produced in New England were used to build the first industrial factories in England and Europe.
C) The industrial boom of the late 1700s in England and Europe was sparked by tobacco exports from the United States.
D) The United States was able to export larger amounts of wheat to England and France because the nation continued to benefit from preferential tariffs from both nations during the 1790s.

Question 71

What was Jefferson's response to the attack on the USS Chesapeake by the British ship Leopard?

A) He imposed an embargo, cutting off all American exports and imports.
B) He asked Congress to declare war on France.
C) He sent John Jay to negotiate a settlement with Britain.
D) He did nothing, waiting to see what Britain would do next.

Question 72

What kinds of communities or social structures did Jefferson consider the key to the success of the American republic?

A) a nation of small family farms clustered in rural communities
B) a collection of industrial cities along major rivers
C) large plantation systems owned by a wealthy elite
D) artisan neighborhoods in eastern seaports

Question 73

Why did Monroe and Livingston violate their official instructions to buy New Orleans and the surrounding area and agree to pay $15 million for the entire Louisiana Territory in 1803?

A) Jefferson had given them secret instructions in case Napoleon changed his mind.
B) They could not afford a two-month delay caused by sailing times and slowness of communications to consult Jefferson; they had to seize the opportunity.
C) James Monroe decided to overrule Jefferson's objection to buying the Louisiana Territory.
D) The British ambassador in Paris assured them that the deal was essential to British and American friendship.

Question 74

Whom did the War Hawks blame for the problems Americans faced along the western and southern frontiers?

A) the British
B) Thomas Jefferson
C) the French
D) John Adams

Question 75

How was the issue of the treatment of French inhabitants of the Louisiana Territory resolved by Governor William Claiborne and his successors?

A) Louisiana adopted a legal code based on French civil law.
B) French inhabitants of Louisiana were forced to accept the existing American laws that prevailed in neighboring states.
C) Unable to resolve the conflicts between French and American law, Claiborne used neither, and introduced a unique system of martial law in Louisiana.
D) Most French residents of Louisiana returned to France, rather than submit to American law and the English common law system.

Question 76

Which statement about the battle of New Orleans at the end of the War of 1812 is true?

A) It was fought after the peace treaty was signed but before news of it arrived in America.
B) It made William Henry Harrison a national hero.
C) The Creeks were decisively defeated and gave up half their lands.
D) It led directly to Britain's decision to negotiate for peace.

Question 77

What was the most important consequence of the Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison?

A) The Supreme Court set the precedent of judicial review.
B) Madison was forced to resign as secretary of state.
C) The Supreme Court became a powerful defender of states' rights.
D) Jefferson won a lasting victory over the federal courts.

Question 78

Why was the Shawnee religious leader Tenskwatawa known as "The Prophet"?

A) He preached that if the Indians would return to their traditional ways, whites would disappear, and Indians alone would inhabit the land.
B) He predicted that Indian defeat by the whites was inevitable, and the only path of survival was Indian assimilation to white culture.
C) He foretold America's rise as a great nation and a world power in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
D) A Christian convert, he urged Indians to abandon their idolatry and superstition in hopes of eternal reward in the next life.

Question 79

Who was the most important leader of the pan-Indian military resistance movement in the 1810s?

A) Tecumseh
B) Black Hoof
C) Sharp Knife
D) Little Turtle

Question 80

Which statement best describes why shipping trade from Atlantic American ports became an important asset to the United States in the 1790s?

A) Merchants and shippers could profitably import and reexport European goods.
B) American-made textiles were in high demand in Africa and Asia.
C) Americans could sell war materials directly to England and France.
D) Britain and France made no efforts to regulate American trade.