Deck 8: The New Nation

Question 1

In 1790-1791, western Indians led by Little Turtle __________.

A) defeated American forces in two battles
B) signed Jay's Treaty and abandoned the Ohio Valley
C) fled to Spanish Florida after being defeated by St. Clair
D) overran American forces at Mingo Creek

Answer 1

defeated American forces in two battles

Question 2

The first 10 amendments were quickly added to the newly ratified Constitution to __________.

A) expand the power of the federal government over its citizens
B) fulfill the promise made to Federalists who had opposed ratification
C) limit the expressed rights of citizens in the face of national governmental power
D) reassure those who feared the power of the national government to restrict citizens' rights

Answer 2

reassure those who feared the power of the national government to restrict citizens' rights

Question 3

As a consequence of Hamilton's economic program, __________.

A) the United States teetered on the brink of economic disaster
B) foreign investment in government securities dramatically declined
C) the health of the U.S. economy improved significantly
D) America emerged at the forefront of the New Mercantilism

Answer 3

the health of the U.S. economy improved significantly

Question 4

Approval of the Great Compromise at the Philadelphia constitutional convention guaranteed __________.

A) an immediate end to the international slave trade
B) slaves would count as full human beings in determining representation
C) elimination of slaves from the count to determine representation in Congress
D) representation based on population in the House, with equal representation of each state in the Senate

Question 5

In the election of 1792, __________.

A) Washington won narrowly despite factional opposition
B) factions contested the vice presidency but not the presidency
C) rival political factions had not yet formed
D) Hamilton ran unsuccessfully against Washington

Question 6

The Intercourse Act of 1790 established what precedent in U.S. government-Indian relations?

A) treating Indian tribes as wards of the U.S. government
B) denying the independence of so-called Indian nations
C) using the military to force the acquisition of Indian land by the U.S. government
D) using treaties to establish and maintain relations between the two

Question 7

George Washington and other conservatives incorrectly assumed that Shays' Rebellion was __________.

A) a meaningless riot by ignorant rabble
B) a class conflict pitting poor against rich
C) the result of too many armed farmers
D) a call for revisions to the Articles of Confederation

Question 8

Under the provisions of the Virginia Plan, __________.

A) Congress would have no power to tax
B) a bicameral legislature would be organized according to state population
C) an independent chief executive elected by popular vote would check legislative power
D) a single house legislature would equally represent all states

Question 9

In his first "Report on the Public Credit," Alexander Hamilton proposed __________.

A) the establishment of a centralized Bank of the United States
B) high protective tariffs
C) funding the domestic debt and sharing the profits with its original holders
D) that the federal government assume the remaining Revolutionary War debts of the states

Question 10

In the ratification debate, a Federalist would have agreed with which statement?

A) The Articles of Confederation is the true "federal" government, sharing powers between the national and state governments.
B) The safest depository for the rights of the people lies in local governments.
C) A strong national government is less susceptible to control by a single faction intent on limiting the rights of others.
D) The nation is too large for a single powerful government.

Question 11

One significant difference between Shays' Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion is that __________.

A) no one was executed for their role in the Whiskey Rebellion
B) Shays' Rebellion took place in a more prosperous area
C) the first was about voting rights and the second was about taxes
D) only poor people took part in Shays' Rebellion

Question 12

The Pelham farmers in Northampton County, Massachusetts, in 1786 were protesting __________.

A) high state property taxes
B) the ratification of the Constitution
C) a federal whiskey tax
D) a weak and ineffective state government

Question 13

Who were the Acadians, also known as Cajuns?

A) French Canadians resettled in Louisiana
B) British Tories resettled in the Caribbean
C) white Americans who joined Indian tribes
D) western Indians resettled in Louisiana

Question 14

The French ambassador whose provocative actions prompted Washington to issue a proclamation of neutrality was __________.

A) Arthur St. Clair
B) Edmond Genêt
C) Pierre L'Enfant
D) Jean de Crevecoeur

Question 15

The Mingo Creek settlers were protesting __________.

A) the lack of a Bill of Rights in the Constitution
B) increasing tobacco taxes
C) American support of the French Revolution
D) an internal consumption tax on whiskey

Question 16

The electoral college was created to __________.

A) keep the president subordinate to Congress
B) insulate the presidential election from excessive popular influence
C) prevent George Washington from being elected president
D) choose Madison's Council of Revision

Question 17

The Pelham and Mingo Creek protests were both __________.

A) community protests against what citizens saw as unjust taxes
B) settled peacefully
C) centered in western Massachusetts
D) during Washington's first term

Question 18

Pinckney's Treaty helped resolve the debate over Jay's Treaty by __________.

A) renouncing Spanish claims in North America
B) opening the Mississippi to American shipping
C) keeping England from attacking republican France
D) purchasing the Louisiana Territory from France

Question 19

Shays' Rebellion __________.

A) was a unique event
B) had no long-lasting political impact
C) was prompted by nationwide economic distress
D) ended peacefully

Question 20

The debate in Washington's administration over whether the United States should suspend the Franco-American alliance treaty of 1778 reflected a basic disagreement over __________.

A) the American role in international affairs and the nation's economic future
B) which branch of the government should develop the nation's foreign policy
C) the power of the federal government to regulate foreign trade
D) the implications of the French Revolution for the rest of Europe

Question 21

The XYZ Affair was a result of a failed U.S. diplomatic mission to __________.

A) France
B) Spain
C) Britain
D) the Netherlands

Question 22

The Anti-Federalists opposed to ratification of the Constitution were most likely to be found in __________.

A) areas linked to the commercial economy
B) New England
C) remote and backcountry sections
D) urban areas

Question 23

When Edmond Genêt came to enlist American aid for France, he was most likely to get support from __________.

A) Republicans
B) Federalists
C) Northern merchants
D) ex-slaves

Question 24

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolves were an attempt to counter the Alien and Sedition Acts by defending __________.

A) the rights of the states
B) executive privilege
C) freedom of the press
D) direct democracy

Question 25

What did Jefferson consider the greatest danger of the prosecutions under the Sedition Act?

A) the threat to a free press
B) the threat to freedom of religion
C) political dominance by the rich
D) the rising spirit of factionalism

Question 26

Hamilton's 1790 Report on the Public Credit proposed __________.

A) a sales tax to fund the federal government
B) repudiation of all debts carried over from the Confederation government
C) selling existing federal debt at a deep discount
D) redeeming the federal debt at full value

Question 27

Which of these happened first?

A) Whiskey Rebellion
B) Shays' Rebellion
C) Constitutional Convention
D) passage of the Bill of Rights

Question 28

In 1798, Americans became involved in a Quasi-War with __________.

A) Spain
B) England
C) the Iroquois
D) France

Question 29

How many states had to ratify the Constitution before it would take effect?

A) nine
B) ten
C) eleven
D) all thirteen

Question 30

Federalists responded to women writers such as Judith Sargent Murray by arguing that women __________.

A) should be content with their roles as wives and mothers
B) had as much right as men to be literary figures
C) should leave teaching civic virtue to their husbands
D) were incapable of benefiting from education

Question 31

Jefferson resigned his cabinet position because of __________.

A) disputes with Hamilton over economic policy
B) disagreement with Washington's neutrality policy
C) Washington's decision to veto the Bank bill
D) revelation of his relationship with Sally Hemings

Question 32

A response to the problem that emerged in the election of 1800, the Twelfth Amendment __________.

A) created separate ballots for president and vice president
B) limited the terms of the president and vice president
C) created an electoral college for the election of president and vice president
D) listed candidates on the ballot according to party affiliation

Question 33

Susanna Haswell Rowson's book Charlotte Temple illustrated __________.

A) the rise of feminist views in the Revolution of 1800
B) the rise in demand for books appealing to women
C) the rise of the American novel as an art form
D) the ideas of "republican motherhood"

Question 34

Although faced with a vice president loyal to the other party and a cabinet loyal to Hamilton, John Adams's presidency benefited from __________.

A) an ongoing dispute with the British
B) a standoff with the Spanish over Florida
C) rising tensions between the United States and France
D) the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory

Question 35

The 1795 Treaty of Greenville was between the United States and __________.

A) France
B) Spain
C) western Indians
D) Britain

Question 36

What factor most contributed to the United States having the greatest number of newspapers per capita in the world by 1789?

A) a surplus of workers in the printing industry
B) guaranteed freedom of the press under the Sedition Act
C) a well-established tradition promoting learning and the arts since the seventeenth century
D) a high literacy rate among the American people

Question 37

According to the 1787 Constitution, a member of which of these groups counted as three-fifths of a person when determining representation in the House of Representatives?

A) women
B) landless men
C) Indians
D) slaves

Question 38

Jefferson's supporters called themselves Republicans to emphasize that the Federalists were __________.

A) pro-French
B) monarchists at heart
C) too devoted to states' rights
D) unclear of their politics

Question 39

In dealing with the Whiskey Rebellion, President Washington __________.

A) did not act because of political issues
B) worked for compromise to protect the republic
C) overreacted out of fear of allowing another Shays' Rebellion to get out of hand
D) could raise only a small military force

Question 40

The main concession the Federalists made to the Anti-Federalists in the ratification debates was a promise to __________.

A) add a Bill of Rights
B) change the procedures of the electoral college
C) ensure Washington's election as president
D) hold another convention immediately to consider amendments

Question 41

Which of these men was imprisoned for publishing libelous statements about President John Adams?

A) Thomas Jefferson
B) Matthew Lyon
C) Daniel Shays
D) Patrick Henry

Question 42

The Constitution was framed by __________.

A) political and social radicals
B) lawyers, farmers, and artisans
C) white male elites
D) a true cross-section of American society

Question 43

Why was a soaring trade deficit with Great Britain a serious problem after the end of the Revolution? What solutions did the national and state governments propose?

Question 44

What was the purpose of the electoral college and the motivation behind it?

Question 45

Which of these groups was prominent in the opposition to Jay's Treaty?

A) supporters of France
B) New Englanders
C) manufacturers
D) abolitionists

Question 46

Which of these characterized the U.S. economy in the 1780s?

A) Economic growth was strong and getting stronger.
B) The United States was a supplier of raw materials.
C) The United States was an exporter of manufactured goods.
D) France was America's most important trading partner.

Question 47

Why is Alexander Hamilton considered the most influential member of Washington's cabinet?

Question 48

The framers of the Constitution believed the country suffered from too much __________.

A) wealth
B) social mobility
C) freedom
D) democracy

Question 49

How did the economic problems of the 1780s contribute to the writing of the Constitution?

A) Many people, especially conservatives, doubted that the individual states could sufficiently address the nation's economic problems.
B) State leaders demanded amendments to the Articles of Confederation to give them more local control over commerce with other states and foreign nations.
C) Protests such as Shays' Rebellion proved that Congress was abusing its powers to tax and had to be reined in.
D) In the years immediately following the Revolution, rapid economic growth led to hyperinflation and rising interest rates.

Question 50

What were the views of Judith Sargent Murray on women in America society? How did conservatives respond to her?

Question 51

What literary genre did John Filson help create with his biography of Daniel Boone?

A) the western
B) the sentimental novel
C) the rags-to-riches story
D) the detective story

Question 52

Which of these contributed to the soaring inflation of Revolutionary War years?

A) wartime destruction
B) rapid economic growth
C) the French blockade
D) the flood of currency issued by Congress

Question 53

How did foreign shippers respond to high state tariffs on imported goods?

A) They unloaded their goods in states without high tariffs and distributed them through overland transport.
B) They imposed an embargo on all goods produced by any of the thirteen states.
C) They increased the price of slaves brought to the South through the Atlantic slave trade.
D) They refused to accept any currency that was declared legal tender by states with high tariffs.

Question 54

By the end of 1784, the United States __________.

A) had fallen into an economic depression
B) was on the brink of war with France
C) had moved substantially closer to universal white male suffrage
D) had a trade surplus with Britain

Question 55

In what ways did the election of 1800, called "the Revolution of 1800" by Thomas Jefferson, transform American politics?

Question 56

Legal tender laws were supposed to __________.

A) help phase out state currencies
B) stimulate economic growth
C) offer financial relief to debtors and ordinary taxpayers
D) force states to balance their budgets

Question 57

In the postwar years, with which nation did America have a large and growing trade deficit?

A) Great Britain
B) France
C) Spain
D) the Netherlands

Question 58

What was the most important problem faced by Congress under the Articles of Confederation?

A) the lack of the power to tax
B) too little restraint on the power of the executive
C) federal courts interfering in the legislative process
D) a strong standing army threatening civilian government

Question 59

What was the main issue that motivated the protesters during Shays' Rebellion?

A) economic distress
B) fear of attacks by frontier Indians
C) divisions over the issue of slavery
D) unhappiness with President Washington

Question 60

The economic crisis that produced Shays' Rebellion had its origins in __________.

A) the Revolution
B) the 1760s
C) colonial fiscal traditions
D) U.S. foreign policy

Question 61

Opposing political factions first played a role in which presidential election?

A) 1796
B) 1792
C) 1800
D) 1804

Question 62

The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed in response to a political crisis sparked by __________.

A) the XYZ Affair and Quasi-War
B) Washington's unexpected retirement
C) debates over Jay's Treaty
D) the inconclusive election of 1800

Question 63

The Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, and Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention dealt with what issue?

A) representation in Congress
B) the powers of the executive branch
C) the size of the Supreme Court
D) the kinds of taxes Congress could levy

Question 64

The "three-fifths rule" at the Constitutional Convention dealt indirectly with what issue?

A) slavery
B) Indian sovereignty
C) the president's veto power
D) admission of new states to the Union

Question 65

Which statement best describes how the election of 1796 revealed the problems with the presidential election system established by the Constitution?

A) The lack of separate ballots for president and vice president led to Adams, a Federalist, being elected president, while Jefferson, his Democratic-Republican rival, was elected vice president.
B) The outcome made it clear that the Constitution had made no provision for resolving disputed presidential elections.
C) Electors cast ballots for dozens of candidates, leading to several rounds of confusing run-off elections.
D) Political parties had too much influence over the election, and it became apparent that they needed to be curbed.

Question 66

Alexander Hamilton was an important figure in Washington's administration because he was responsible for __________ affairs.

A) economic
B) diplomatic
C) military
D) foreign

Question 67

What was the purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts?

A) to silence and suppress political opposition to Adams and the Federalists
B) to punish rebels who had refused to pay the whiskey tax
C) to prevent Americans from trading with western Indians
D) to quell protests over the ratification of Jay's Treaty and Pinckney's Treaty

Question 68

What issue provoked the first debates over strict and loose construction of the Constitution during Washington's administration?

A) the legality of the Bank of the United States
B) ratification of Jay's Treaty
C) imposition of the whiskey tax
D) the Supreme Court's claim of the power of judicial review

Question 69

How did the rise of literacy in the post-Revolutionary era contribute to the growth of democratic political culture?

A) As more Americans became readers, a larger, better-informed, and more active political community developed.
B) By becoming readers and authors, women won the right to vote and hold office in most states.
C) By promoting America's European roots, writers and readers were able to model American politics on the more democratic politics of Europe.
D) Since few Americans read the Bible or religious writings, America moved toward being a truly secular state.

Question 70

To what were Philip Freneau and Hugh Henry Brackenridge referring when they spoke of "The Rising Glory of America"?

A) expectations that America would soon make great strides in learning and the arts
B) confidence that the Articles of Confederation would create a strong United States
C) belief that Native Americans and African Americans would be fully incorporated into American society
D) expectations that the American economy would soon be self-sufficient

Question 71

Why were the ratification debates in New York and Virginia critical to the success of the Constitution?

A) Even though the Constitution had already taken effect after the ninth state approved it, the federal union's chances of survival were in jeopardy without ratification from large states like New York and Virginia.
B) Since only seven states had ratified the Constitution before these states voted, their ratifications were necessary to reach the nine states required for the Constitution to go into effect.
C) New York and Virginia were two of the most strongly Federalist states, and their ratifications would silence remaining Anti-Federalist opposition.
D) Neither state had sent delegates to the Constitutional Convention, making their support for the Constitution uncertain.

Question 72

Washington's foreign policy was complicated by a revolution that broke out in 1789 in what country?

A) France
B) Spain
C) Great Britain
D) Russia

Question 73

How did American men respond to Judith Sargent Murray's essay "On the Equality of the Sexes"?

A) Most members of both major political parties conceded women should be better educated and should teach republican virtue at home.
B) Republicans and Federalists praised Murray as a model "wife and mother."
C) Most men agreed with Murray's idea that women needed to depend on their own efforts to create better lives for themselves.
D) Most men realized that women should have the same political rights as men, and they supported female suffrage.

Question 74

The high American literacy rate by 1789 was reflected in the fact that America had more __________ than any other country in the world.

A) newspapers per capita
B) college graduates
C) new books published each year
D) best-selling authors

Question 75

Why did Mason Locke Weems's biography of George Washington include popular and fabricated anecdotes, such as the story of the cherry tree?

A) Weems was more interested in making Washington a unifying figure in American political culture than he was in literal truth.
B) Weems wanted to discredit Washington because he became more partisan during his second term in office.
C) Weems wanted to counteract the hero worship of Washington promoted by the Federalists.
D) Weems believed that Americans needed to know that Washington was an almost perfect man.

Question 76

In what way did America become more "democratic" in the 1790s and early 1800s?

A) More white males won the right to vote.
B) Women won the right to vote.
C) Property became more equally distributed.
D) African Americans and Native Americans were guaranteed equal rights.

Question 77

In the last months of his term, Washington published a Farewell Address in which he __________.

A) warned of the dangers of political connections with foreign nations and political factions
B) urged Americans to vote for Adams in the upcoming presidential election
C) reminded Americans of their great debt to France and their obligation to live up to the terms of the Franco-American alliance
D) recommended that the Whiskey Rebellion be put down with the least possible force

Question 78

Which phrase best describes the men who wrote the Constitution?

A) committed to republicanism but not direct democracy
B) committed to the political equality of all people
C) ordinary farmers and artisans
D) representatives of all major American stakeholders

Question 79

How did the concerns of states'-rights localists affect the terms of the Judiciary Act of 1789?

A) Although national courts were created, local courts and bodies of law were retained.
B) The federal courts were barred from reviewing any state cases.
C) Each state was entitled to appoint one of the justices on the Supreme Court.
D) A Council of Revision was created, with the power to veto both national and state legislation.

Question 80

How would most opponents of the Constitution best be described?

A) as more trusting of state and local officials than of the central government
B) as supporters of a strong federal chief executive
C) as the educated elite
D) as urban merchants and manufacturers