Deck 5: Foundations of Employee Motivation

Question 1

Georgia,one of your employees,appears to be motivated by a high need for achievement.Therefore,as her manager,you should put her in charge of projects.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The two types of motivation are goal-oriented and failure-avoiding.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

______ refers to the amount of effort that we invest in an activity.

A) Persistence
B) Direction
C) Volume
D) Intensity
E) Integration

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to self-determination theory,a manager should provide tangible resources,time,contacts,and coaching to improve employee competence.

Question 5

People who have a high need for affiliation make the best managers.

Question 6

The acquired needs identified by McClelland include the need for achievement,the need for affiliation,and the need for esteem.

Question 7

Process theories are more dynamic than content theories.

Question 8

Marion will receive a promotion and a raise if she completes a difficult assignment.This is an example of

A) extrinsic motivation.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) job satisfaction.
D) job dissatisfaction.
E) organizational citizenship behavior.

Question 9

Maslow's need hierarchy and Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theories are both examples of process theories.

Question 10

The two general categories of motivation theories are

A) extrinsic and intrinsic.
B) reward and punishment.
C) content and process.
D) job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction.
E) internal and external.

Question 11

Joanna is motivated by the feeling that she's done the best she can do.This represents intrinsic motivation.

Question 12

Expectancy theory is a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness.

Question 13

Process theories of motivation include equity theory and Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory.

Question 14

Research does not support the two-factor aspect of Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory.

Question 15

"What are the different needs that activate motivation's direction,intensity,and persistence?" This statement reflects which theories of motivation?

A) content
B) process
C) extrinsic
D) equity
E) expectancy

Question 16

_____________ results when an individual gains satisfaction and self-praise from an assignment.

A) Extrinsic motivation
B) Intrinsic motivation
C) Job satisfaction
D) Job dissatisfaction
E) Organizational citizenship behavior

Question 17

Allen,the manager,is setting goals and giving feedback to his staff.He is employing expectancy theory.

Question 18

In equity theory,you compare your outputs and inputs to those of another person.

Question 19

In Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory,job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction arise from different sets of factors.

Question 20

When a person perceives that his or her outcome to input ratio is greater than that of a relevant comparison person,he or she is experiencing negative inequity.

Question 21

The need for prestige and reputation is part of the need for

A) love.
B) esteem.
C) self-actualization.
D) safety.
E) physiological.

Question 22

Victor seems to want to control others and often manipulates people for his own gratification.He exhibits the need for

A) personal power.
B) institutional power.
C) affiliation.
D) achievement.
E) competence.

Question 23

Gerry,one of your subordinates,seems to care so much about being liked that he rarely states strong opinions in meetings of your department.Based on this,Gerry probably has a

A) strong need for personal power.
B) strong need for institutional power.
C) strong need for affiliation.
D) strong need for achievement.
E) low need for achievement.

Question 24

Mari has been out of work for eight months and is worried about providing for her family.She takes a job at a fast-food restaurant,even though the position is a step down from her previous job.According to Maslow's theory,Mari is motivated by ____ needs.

A) love
B) esteem
C) self-actualization
D) safety
E) physiological

Question 25

In McClelland's acquired needs theory,

A) there are five basic needs: power, affiliation, achievement, esteem, and self-actualization.
B) the affiliation need may be either institutional or personal.
C) we are born with our needs, and they merely become stronger over time.
D) we have a need to be satisfied in our jobs.
E) we learn needs as we live our lives.

Question 26

According to _________,the typical perspective held by managers is that employees dislike work,must be monitored,and can be motivated only with rewards and punishment ("carrots and sticks").

A) acquired needs theory
B) Theory Y
C) Theory X
D) motivator-hygiene theory
E) self-determination theory

Question 27

________ theory focuses on the needs that drive intrinsic motivation,which is longer lasting and has a more positive impact on task performance than extrinsic motivation.

A) Need hierarchy
B) Acquired needs
C) Self-determination
D) Motivator-hygiene
E) Equity/justice

Question 28

Marcy left a large Fortune 500 company to go to a small start-up technology firm.Earlier in her career,Marcy wanted a high salary and corporate position,but now she wants something different.She wants to be part of something that will grow and she enjoys the flexibility a small firm offers.In addition,she is involved in decision making,so she almost feels like it's her own company.These differing needs represent steps in

A) Maslow's need hierarchy.
B) McGregor's Theory Y
C) McClelland's acquired needs theory.
D) Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory.
E) Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory.

Question 29

At Cornet Company,employees and teams had higher performance,greater job satisfaction,and increased organizational commitment when their managers showed ________ behaviors.

A) relatedness
B) Theory Y
C) self-actualization
D) Theory X
E) achievement

Question 30

In Maslow's needs hierarchy theory,_______ is the lowest level and __________ is the highest level.

A) safety; self-actualization
B) safety; esteem
C) love; esteem
D) physiological; esteem
E) physiological; self-actualization

Question 31

_________ theory assumes that competency,autonomy,and relatedness influence our behavior and well-being.

A) Acquired needs
B) Self-determination
C) Job characteristics
D) Expectancy
E) Herzberg's motivator-hygiene

Question 32

Inez was content with her job at Pieces Packaging until the company added two levels of supervision,lowered bonuses,and decreased breaks.Her current dissatisfaction reflects ______ factors.

A) relatedness
B) motivating
C) hygiene
D) achievement
E) affiliation

Question 33

ABC Company recently held a company picnic._________ theory would suggest that this kind of event is good because it increases employees' ________.

A) Self-determination; competence
B) Theory Y; performance
C) Maslow's needs hierarchy; satisfaction of physiological needs
D) Self-determination; relatedness
E) Expectancy; valences

Question 34

Nathan plans on applying Herzberg's theory to motivate employees.As such,the first step should be to

A) build motivators into subordinates' jobs.
B) provide positive feedback.
C) increase subordinates' autonomy.
D) provide opportunities for self-actualization.
E) eliminate sources of dissatisfaction.

Question 35

Which of the following is not an example of a hygiene factor?

A) supervision
B) company policies
C) salary
D) working conditions
E) recognition

Question 36

Ted was dissatisfied with his job.He said that the company policy,supervision,and working conditions were responsible for his dissatisfaction.According to Frederick Herzberg's theory,________ are the extrinsic factors that create job dissatisfaction.

A) motivators
B) hygiene factors
C) affiliation factors
D) wellness factors
E) achievement factors

Question 37

As the mother of two small children,Jen struggles to make ends meet on her minimum-wage job.After paying rent and child care expenses,there is sometimes not enough money left at the end of the month to pay the heating bill.More than once the family has gone without warmth on cold nights,and she and the kids have gone to bed hungry.Which of the five basic needs is Jen struggling to meet?

A) safety
B) esteem
C) love
D) physiological
E) self-actualization

Question 38

__________ states that motivation is a function of five basic needs that are met sequentially.

A) McClelland's acquired needs theory
B) McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
C) Maslow's need hierarchy theory
D) Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory
E) Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory

Question 39

______ is not a content theory of motivation.

A) Acquired needs theory
B) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
C) Self-determination theory
D) Expectancy theory
E) Theory X and Theory Y

Question 40

Manuel wanted friendly and close interpersonal relationships with his colleagues.According to McClelland's need theory,this desire is known as a need for

A) power.
B) achievement.
C) affiliation.
D) motivation.
E) safety.

Question 41

Pam is attempting to reduce her inequity at work by attending night school for further job training.In other words,she is trying to

A) find a new comparison.
B) decrease her inputs.
C) increase her outcomes.
D) increase her inputs.
E) decrease her outcomes.

Question 42

Of the following,which is the most closely aligned with employees' perceptions of distributive justice?

A) organizational citizenship behavior
B) organizational commitment
C) stress
D) absenteeism
E) health problems

Question 43

Peter offers his manager some suggestions for a new holiday display.His manager shrugs his shoulders and tells Peter that the display is all set.Then Sarah approaches the manager with an idea for the display,and the manager tells her that it's a great idea.______ theory is the model of motivation that explains how Peter is striving for fairness and justice.

A) Equity
B) Expectancy
C) Needs hierarchy
D) Value
E) Procedural

Question 44

Don believes that if he works hard and attends every class,he will get an A in his OB course.This belief is called a(n)

A) expectancy.
B) expectation.
C) instrumentality.
D) valence.
E) value.

Question 45

The perceived fairness of the processes used to make allocation decisions is called ______ justice.

A) distributive
B) procedural
C) interactional
D) interpersonal
E) institutional

Question 46

Claire has a law degree and brings five years of experience to her current job.She bills more client hours than any other associate.Claire receives a salary of $125,000,a bonus,medical and dental coverage,and two weeks paid vacation per year.From Claire's perspective,which of the following is an output of the individual-organization exchange relationship?

A) long hours of work
B) high levels of effort
C) two weeks paid vacation
D) her law degree
E) her five years of experience

Question 47

Bettina will experience _______ if her outcome to input ratio is greater than that of a relevant comparison person.

A) organizational equity
B) positive inequity
C) negative inequity
D) positive equity
E) negative equity

Question 48

The three key elements of equity theory are outputs,inputs,and a(n)

A) summary of total rewards.
B) sense of fairness and justice in social exchanges.
C) comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs.
D) total of each person's inputs.
E) acknowledgment of cognitive dissonance.

Question 49

A(n)______ theory attempts to describe how various person and environmental factors affect motivation.

A) content
B) process
C) extrinsic
D) intrinsic
E) integrated

Question 50

Pat and Chris are both computer programmers,but Pat earns more money than Chris.However,Chris perceives an equitable relationship because Pat

A) has more education and experience.
B) takes longer breaks.
C) works as hard as Chris.
D) works less than Chris.
E) needs the money more than Chris.

Question 51

Of the following,______ is the most closely aligned with employees' perceptions of procedural justice.

A) job performance
B) absenteeism
C) stress
D) physical health problems
E) mental health

Question 52

Chuck is concerned with what he considers to be an unfair situation at work.Although he put in 10 hours of overtime last week,he received the same pay as a co-worker who didn't put in any overtime.This week he decided to take an extra hour for lunch every day.Using the terminology of equity theory,Chuck has decided to

A) increase his efficiency.
B) decrease his inputs.
C) increase his outcomes.
D) increase his inputs.
E) decrease his outcomes.

Question 53

Interactional justice is defined as the perceived fairness of

A) the process used to make allocation decisions.
B) how resources and rewards are allocated.
C) how punishment and discipline are determined.
D) the quality of interpersonal treatment received.
E) procedures used by the organization.

Question 54

Which of the following is not a process theory of motivation?

A) acquired needs
B) equity
C) justice
D) expectancy
E) goal-setting

Question 55

Professor Jones learns that faculty members in another college with the same degree,years of teaching experience,and publication record are making significantly more money than he is.He considers this unfair.He is reacting to ______ justice.

A) institutional
B) organizational
C) distributive
D) procedural
E) interactional

Question 56

Wayne is on the production line for Medical Services Inc.He has been there for five years and has won Employee of the Month more than anyone else.Zander,his coworker,who has only been at Medical Services three years and hasn't even been nominated for Employee of the Month,just received a promotion.Wayne perceives a

A) negative expectancy.
B) negative output.
C) positive inequity.
D) positive output.
E) negative inequity.

Question 57

Brian has a Master's degree in electrical engineering and brings 10 years of experience to his current job.He puts in long hours of hard work.Brian receives a salary of $75,000,medical and dental coverage,and two weeks of paid vacation every year.From Brian's perspective,which of the following is an input in the individual-organization exchange relationship?

A) his Master's degree in electrical engineering
B) his salary of $75,000
C) medical coverage
D) paid vacation
E) dental coverage

Question 58

__________ are the three elements of expectancy theory.

A) Expectancy, instrumentality, and values
B) Expectancy, institution, and values
C) Expectancy, instrumentality, and valence
D) Expectancy, institution, and variance
E) Expectancy, instrumentality, and variance

Question 59

__________ is how an individual perceives the movement from performance to outcome.

A) An expectancy
B) An expectation
C) Instrumentality
D) A valence
E) A value

Question 60

__________ theory holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.

A) Equity
B) Justice
C) Expectancy
D) Self-fulfilling prophecy
E) Goal-setting

Question 61

Fiona was telling her friend about the freedom and discretion given to her in scheduling and deciding the procedures used to complete the tasks assigned to her.Which of the following job characteristics was she talking about?

A) feedback
B) autonomy
C) task significance
D) skill variety
E) task identity

Question 62

Job enrichment is based on the _________ theory of job satisfaction.

A) motivator-hygiene
B) acquired needs
C) self-determination
D) equity
E) expectancy

Question 63

An expectancy of zero means that the person

A) does not value the outcomes.
B) does not trust the company.
C) does not feel confident in his or her ability to do the job.
D) is not motivated.
E) is highly motivated.

Question 64

The goal of the job characteristics model is to

A) apply scientific methods to job design.
B) increase intrinsic motivation in jobs.
C) increase extrinsic motivation in jobs.
D) guide the goal-setting process.
E) guide managers in applying job-swapping techniques.

Question 65

A firm trained its customer service representatives who handled telephone inquiries to handle walk-in customers as well.The firm engaged in

A) job design.
B) job enlargement.
C) scientific management.
D) job enrichment.
E) job rotation.

Question 66

Of the approaches to job design,_______ is the most recently evolved and attempts to merge earlier perspectives.

A) job enlargement
B) job enrichment
C) job rotation
D) bottom-up
E) i-deals

Question 67

Carol is a recent high-school graduate with an excellent grade point average.After much thought,she decides to pursue a graduate degree in physics after she finishes her undergraduate degree and eventually become a professor.To attain this goal,she realizes that she must first study hard and do well in her undergraduate classes,then take the graduate entrance exam and apply to the best graduate programs in her field.Along the way,she wants to obtain an internship,as this will help her get into a quality graduate program.Which motivational mechanism of the goal-setting process does this scenario demonstrate?

A) directing attention
B) regulating effort
C) increasing persistence
D) fostering strategies and action plans
E) receiving feedback

Question 68

Which of the following statements about goals and goal setting is not ?

A) Goals increase persistence.
B) Goals direct attention.
C) Goals should be set at a level just beyond reachable "stretch" goals.
D) Goal achievement leads to job satisfaction.
E) Specific goals lead to higher performance.

Question 69

In _________ job design,managers change employees' tasks with the intent of increasing motivation and productivity.

A) top-down
B) bottom-up
C) idiosyncratic
D) work-team
E) joint ownership

Question 70

Ken recently completed his MBA degree.He has received two job offers.Which of the following theories is most useful in predicting the choice that Ken will make?

A) expectancy theory
B) goal-setting theory
C) behavior modification theory
D) equity theory
E) cognitive dissonance theory

Question 71

"How much do I value the rewards I receive?" This question addresses

A) our valance.
B) instrumentality.
C) our inputs.
D) our values.
E) our outcomes.

Question 72

Otto wants to develop a program to increase employee productivity.He suggests doubling each employee's production quota and providing a 2 percent bonus for meeting these expectations.According to expectancy theory,what result can Otto expect?

A) Employee productivity will probably increase.
B) Employee efforts will probably decrease.
C) Expectancy will be high.
D) Instrumentality will be high.
E) Employee valence will not be as high as Otto expects.

Question 73

__________ is defined as the physical and cognitive changes individuals make in the task or relational boundaries of their work.

A) Job swapping
B) Job crafting
C) Job design
D) Job enrichment
E) Job enlargement

Question 74

Randall wants to put more variety into his assistant's job by combining specialized tasks of about the same level of difficulty.This is

A) job rotation.
B) job enrichment.
C) job enlargement.
D) scientific management.
E) vertical loading.

Question 75

Tamara has been putting in a lot of overtime.Her supervisor keeps telling her that she will be rewarded.To date,Tamara has seen no change in her status or pay.This reflects a

A) high valance.
B) low instrumentality.
C) high expectancy.
D) high instrumentality.
E) low inputs.

Question 76

In XYZ hospital,members of the cleaning staff have begun to actively care for patients and their families.This is an example of

A) job swapping.
B) job crafting.
C) scientific management.
D) job rotation.
E) job identity

Question 77

To enhance a worker's expectancy,a manager could

A) get to know what rewards employees value.
B) set specific, measurable goals.
C) link rewards to desired outcomes.
D) give feedback and coach the employee.
E) explain to the worker why he or she should trust the organization.

Question 78

Ellen has worked on a project to market a new medication from beginning to end-advertising,packaging,etc.The design program wins an award.Ellen's _____ is high.

A) relational nature
B) task variety
C) task identity
D) task management
E) autonomy

Question 79

A low valence means that the person

A) does not value the outcomes.
B) does not trust the company.
C) does not feel confident in his or her ability to do the job.
D) is not motivated.
E) is highly motivated.

Question 80

The idea behind the job characteristics model is that

A) core job characteristics lead directly to job outcomes.
B) critical psychological states are the result of job outcomes.
C) everyone has high growth needs strength.
D) the context satisfaction an employee feels is irrelevant.
E) core job characteristics lead to critical psychological states.