Deck 13: Speciation and Extinction

Question 1

Postzygotic isolation barriers prevent:

A)A hybrid embryo from developing into a fertile adult
B)Fertilization
C)Male gametes from joining with female gametes
D)All are correct
E)Formation of gametes by one of the parents

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Polyploid means:

A)Having an abnormal number of two or more individual chromosomes
B)Having only one set of chromosomes
C)Having three or more chromosomes
D)Having an abnormal number of one particular chromosome
E)Having three or more sets of chromosomes

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The process by which new species originate:

A)Is germination
B)Is extinction
C)Occurred only once in Earth's history
D)Is speciation
E)Occurred for millions of years but is no longer occurring

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Islands provide ideal opportunities to study speciation because:

A)Organisms cannot easily immigrate and emigrate
B)Natural selection occurs more rapidly
C)They are very large with diverse populations
D)The organisms have little competition and do not change
E)All are correct

Question 5

Ernst Mayr defined a biological species as:

A)A population or group of populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
B)A group of closely related organisms
C)A population, whose members can interbreed
D)A group of organisms that live in the same ecosystem, that can interbreed and produce offspring
E)All are correct

Question 6

Polyploidy is:

A)Common in plant species
B)Common in fungal species
C)Common in animal species
D)Common in bacterial species
E)All are correct

Question 7

The idea that evolution proceeds in small,incremental changes over many generations is:

A)Temporal isolation
B)Gradualism
C)Punctuated equilibrium
D)Catastrophism
E)Temporal equilibrium

Question 8

The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated due to the sperm cells of one not being able to recognize the egg cells of the other is:

A)Hybrid inviability
B)Gametic isolation
C)Temporal isolation
D)Hybrid infertility
E)Ecological isolation

Question 9

The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations live in the same habitat but remain isolated from one another due to one being active during the daytime only and the other being active only during the night is:

A)Behavioral isolation
B)Gametic isolation
C)Mechanical isolation
D)Temporal isolation
E)Sexual selection

Question 10

Which of the following is not a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation?

A)Temporal isolation
B)Gametic isolation
C)Hybrid infertility
D)Ecological isolation
E)Mechanical isolation

Question 11

The spatial arrangements that may help cause speciation are:

A)Allopatric, allopathic, and allelopathy
B)Paraplegic, parapatric, and paralegal
C)Sympatric, parapatric, and allopatric
D)Sympathetic, symphonic, and sympatric
E)Allopathic, paraplegic, and sympathetic

Question 12

The type of reproductive isolation in which offspring are infertile because their chromosomes cannot align correctly during meiosis because of a different number of chromosomes being inherited from the two parents is:

A)Gametic isolation
B)Mechanical isolation
C)Hybrid infertility
D)Hybrid inviability
E)Temporal isolation

Question 13

Island species are especially vulnerable to extinction because:

A)A single event like a hurricane may destroy a small island population
B)The extinction of a prey species may destroy a small island population
C)The introduction of a new predator may destroy a small island population
D)Random fluctuations in birth and death rates may destroy the small population of an island
E)All are correct

Question 14

The types of living organisms on Earth have changed over time,new species have originated and existing species have disappeared.This is an example of:

A)Speciation
B)Extinction
C)Macroevolution
D)Alternation of generations
E)Hybridization

Question 15

Biologists divide mechanisms of reproductive isolation into:

A)Sexual and geographic
B)Prezygotic and sexual
C)Postzygotic and geographic
D)Sexual and postzygotic
E)Prezygotic and postzygotic

Question 16

The idea that evolution proceeds with long periods of stasis with relatively brief bursts of fast evolutionary change is:

A)Temporal isolation
B)Catastrophism
C)Gradualism
D)Punctuated equilibrium
E)Temporal equilibrium

Question 17

A tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes)plant species would normally be ______________; whereas a plant species with three sets of chromosomes would normally be ______________.This is due to whether or not meiosis may be completed correctly.

A)Fertile, infertile
B)Large, small
C)Infertile, fertile
D)Small, large
E)Rare, common

Question 18

The scientist given credit for devising the binomial naming system is:

A)Aristotle
B)Charles Darwin
C)Gregor Mendel
D)Carrolus Linnaeus
E)Louis Pasteur

Question 19

The type of reproductive isolation in which the two populations are separated due to their habitat is:

A)Mechanical isolation
B)Ecological isolation
C)Hybrid inviability
D)Behavioral isolation
E)Temporal isolation

Question 20

The process by which species cease to exist:

A)Has never occurred
B)Is speciation
C)Is extinction
D)Is occurring today at a faster rate than ever before
E)All are correct

Question 21

"mtDNA" represents DNA only from the mother's lineage because:

A)Males do not contain mitochondria in their cells
B)The mitochondria of sperm cells are destroyed once they enter egg cells
C)Sperm cells usually do not donate mitochondria to eggs during fertilization
D)The DNA of mitochondria from sperm cells is inactivated once inside the egg cell
E)All are correct

Question 22

By using fossil evidence,paleontologists have concluded that most species exist from:

A)100 to 1,000 years before extinction
B)1000 to 10,000 years before extinction
C)One million to ten million years before extinction
D)10,000 to 100,000 years before extinction
E)100,000 to one million years before extinction

Question 23

Species such as mice have a better chance of surviving sudden environmental change than elephants because:

A)Elephants reproduce much more slowly than mice
B)Elephants require larger habitats than mice
C)Elephants eat more than mice
D)Elephants live longer than mice
E)Elephants have a more selective diet than mice

Question 24

Centimeter-thin layers of earth that are rich in iridium give evidence to support the:

A)Allopatric theory
B)Ecological isolation theory
C)Gradualism theory
D)Impact theory
E)Spontaneous generation theory

Question 25

Hawthorn maggot flies that breed on native hawthorns or introduced European apples can mate in the lab,but rarely mate in the wild.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)postzygotic
B)prezygotic
C)allopatric
D)sympatric
E)parapatric

Question 26

If a sheep and goat are mated,their offspring dies as an embryo.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)prezygotic
B)allopatric
C)sympatric
D)postzygotic
E)parapatric

Question 27

Bacteria cannot be classified using the biological definition of a species for which reason?

A)The DNA sequences of all bacteria are more than 97% identical
B)Bacteria cannot reproduce
C)Bacteria are present everywhere and cannot be reproductively isolated from other bacteria
D)Bacteria are asexual
E)Bacteria do not evolve

Question 28

Tortoises colonizing the different Galápagos islands and evolving into different species is an example of ____ speciation.

A)prezygotic
B)allopatric
C)postzygotic
D)sympatric
E)parapatric

Question 29

The impact of a large meteorite with Earth would have most likely caused mass extinctions by:

A)Causing a great prolonged rise in the earth's temperature and destroying plant life
B)Creating large clouds of dust that blocked out sunlight
C)Causing a great prolonged rise in the earth's temperature
D)Creating large clouds of dust that blocked out sunlight and destroying plant life
E)Destroying plant life on Earth

Question 30

Birds use specific songs,coloring,and mating dances to attract mates of their species.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)postzygotic
B)allopatric
C)prezygotic
D)sympatric
E)parapatric

Question 31

The rate of background extinctions is calculated to be:

A)0.1 to 1.0 species per year per million species
B)0.001 to 0.01 species per year per million species
C)1.0 to 10 species per year per million species
D)10 to 100 species per year per million species
E)None of the above are correct

Question 32

A horizontal branch in an evolutionary tree indicates:

A)Gradualism
B)Punctuated equilibrium
C)Extinction
D)Convergent evolution
E)Temporal isolation

Question 33

A sterile mule is produced by mating a horse and a donkey.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)prezygotic
B)allopatric
C)sympatric
D)parapatric
E)postzygotic

Question 34

A small angle for a branch point in an evolutionary tree indicates:

A)Extinction
B)Punctuated equilibrium
C)Gradualism
D)Convergent evolution
E)Temporal isolation

Question 35

It is believed that the two main reasons for mass extinctions in Earth's history have been:

A)Impact of Earth with a large celestial body and human intervention
B)Global warming and human intervention
C)Human intervention and shifting of Earth's continents
D)Global warming and shifting of Earth's continents
E)Impact of Earth with a large celestial body and shifting of Earth's continents

Question 36

Phylogenies are:

A)Evolutionary trees that depict species' relationships based on descent from shared ancestors
B)Family trees that follow parents and offspring of a species
C)Charts that show the presence or absence of disease in families
D)Evolutionary trees
E)Depict species' relationships based on descent from shared ancestors

Question 37

A sterile mule is produced by mating a horse and a donkey.From this observation you could conclude:

A)That horses and donkeys are the same species
B)That horses and donkeys are different species
C)That mules are a result of macroevolution
D)Increasing the number of mules in a population will affect the allele frequency in the next generation
E)The DNA sequences of horses and donkeys are more than 97% identical

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of macroevolution?

A)The origin of horses and donkeys from a common ancestor
B)Giraffes with longer necks reaching higher tree branches
C)Antibiotic resistance in S. aureus
D)Female cardinals preferring males with bright red feathers
E)The beaks of cactus finches changing in size in response to a drought on the Galápagos islands

Question 39

A discontinued line in an evolutionary tree indicates:

A)Extinction
B)Gradualism
C)Punctuated equilibrium
D)Convergent evolution
E)Temporal isolation

Question 40

Some flowers bloom in the spring while others bloom in the summer.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)postzygotic
B)allopatric
C)sympatric
D)parapatric
E)prezygotic

Question 41

A single common ancestor evolving into the current 28 species of silversword plants found on the Hawaiian islands is an example of ____.

A)Gradualism
B)Punctuated equilibrium
C)Extinction
D)A prezygotic barrier to evolution
E)Adaptive radiation

Question 42

Closely related plant species attracting different pollinators to create reproductive isolation is an example of:

A)Sympatric speciation
B)Allopatric speciation
C)Parapatric speciation
D)Dominance
E)Co-dominance

Question 43

The observation that fresh water habitats account for only 1% of the Earth's water,they are home to 36% of the know species of fish is due to ____ speciation.

A)prezygotic
B)postzygotic
C)allopatric
D)sympatric
E)parapatric

Question 44

In Table 13.3,what can be concluded about the flower preferences of hummingbirds?

A)They prefer pink flowers
B)They prefer M. cardinalis no matter what color the flowers are
C)They prefer yellow-orange flowers
D)They prefer red flowers
E)They prefer M. lewisii no matter what color the flowers are

Question 45

figure 13.20
Based on figure 13.20 shown,birds are most closely related to:

A)Crocodiles
B)Snakes
C)Mammals
D)Dinosaurs
E)Amphibians

Question 46

Two species of finches found on the same Galápagos island,but feeding on different food sources is an example of ____ speciation.

A)allopatric
B)sympatric
C)prezygotic
D)postzygotic
E)parapatric

Question 47

Formation of a tetraploid plant from two different diploid parental species of plants is an example of ____.

A)Punctuated equilibrium
B)Gradualism
C)Extinction
D)Adaptive radiation
E)A prezygotic barrier to evolution

Question 48

How did the researchers alter the colors of M.lewisii and M cardinalis?

A)By looking for naturally occurring color variants of M. lewisii and M cardinalis in the wild
B)By creating transgenic flowers with the desired color
C)By deleting the YUP locus
D)By duplicating the YUP locus
E)By mating M. lewisii and M cardinalis and then crossing the hybrids to select for the desired color

Question 49

The rough periwinkle,Littorina saxatilis,is found on the coast of northern Spain.The snails farther up the shore are large with heavily ridged and banded shells,while those exposed to the waves farther down the shore are smaller with smooth and unbanded shells.This separation along the boundary of a habitat could lead to ____ speciation.

A)allopatric
B)prezygotic
C)parapatric
D)postzygotic
E)sympatric

Question 50

figure 13.20
Birds and mammals are both warm-blooded,and are:

A)Monophyletic
B)Polyphyletic
C)Paraphyletic
D)Common ancestors
E)Parsimonious

Question 51

Bumblebees pollinate M.lewisii,whereas hummingbirds prefer the red-flowered M.cardinalis.If,by chance,a hummingbird carries M.cardinalis pollen to M.lewisii,the resulting hybrid offspring are viable.M.lewisii and M.cardinalis are different species due to:

A)Post-zygotic barriers to reproduction
B)Pre-zygotic barriers to reproduction
C)Independent assortment
D)Gradualism
E)Adaptive radiation

Question 52

What hypothesis were the researchers testing?

A)That mutation in a single gene could cause a change in flower color and thus pollinator
B)That mutation in multiple genes over a long period of time is required to change flower color and pollinators
C)That pollinators do not choose which flowers to pollinate based on color
D)That M. lewisii and M cardinalis are the same species
E)That M. lewisii and M cardinalis are different species

Question 53

This experiment supports the hypothesis that a change in just one gene locus may have jump-started speciation in Mimulus.If so,this would be an example of:

A)Pre-zygotic barriers to reproduction
B)Post-zygotic barriers to reproduction
C)Gradualism
D)Punctuated equilibrium
E)Adaptive radiation

Question 54

Formation of a tetraploid plant from two different diploid parental species of plants is an example of ____ speciation.

A)allopatric
B)prezygotic
C)postzygotic
D)sympatric
E)parapatric

Question 55

Three species of tigers have gone extinct due to overharvesting or habitat destruction.This is an example of:

A)Mass extinction
B)Background extinction rate
C)Sympatric speciation
D)Increased extinction rate by human activity
E)Adaptive radiation

Question 56

Conservation biologists are often concerned that when the population size of an endangered species becomes too small it is at risk of extinction for which reason?

A)They can no longer evolve
B)Their rate of breeding will decline
C)They may be more susceptible to changes in the environment or disease
D)They are at risk of sympatric isolation
E)They are at risk of developing prezygotic barriers to reproduction

Question 57

The Caribbean islands are home to more than 150 species of anole lizards.Why would so many species evolve from a single common ancestor?

A)They adapted to fill unoccupied niches
B)Lizards evolve more rapidly than other species
C)Evolution occurs more quickly on islands
D)The species on an island went through allopatric speciation
E)The ancestor had a prezygotic barrier to reproduction

Question 58

In Table 13.3,what can be concluded about the flower preferences of bumblebees?

A)They prefer pink flowers
B)They prefer red flowers
C)They prefer yellow-orange flowers
D)They prefer M. lewisii no matter what color the flowers are
E)They prefer M. cardinalis no matter what color the flowers are

Question 59

According to the definition of a biological species,M.lewisii and M.cardinalis are different species for which reason?

A)If they breed they do not form viable offspring
B)If they breed they do not form fertile offspring
C)They live on different continents
D)They do not breed in the wild
E)They don't look alike

Question 60

Scientists have a very complete fossil record showing the evolution of horses over millions of years,with the legs becoming longer and the teeth larger as ancestors of the modern horse adapted from living in forest to grasslands.This is an example of ____.

A)Punctuated equilibrium
B)Extinction
C)Adaptive radiation
D)Gradualism
E)A prezygotic barrier to evolution

Question 61

Among evolutionary biologists the idea of sympatric speciation is controversial.

Question 62

The larger the initial population size the less likely it will endure a major environmental change.

Question 63

"Missing" transitional forms may not be present in the fossil record because of poor preservation of biological material and simply because scientists have not discovered all there is to discover.

Question 64

An evolutionary tree depicts species' relationships based on descent from shared ancestors.

Question 65

When the researchers crossed M.lewisii and M.cardinalis,the hybrids had which genotype?

A)YUP/yup
B)yup/yup
C)YUP/YUP
D)YUP
E)yup

Question 66

The speciation that occurred in the islands of the Greater Antilles (Cuba,Puerto Rico,Jamaica,and Hispaniola)with lizards called anoles is an example of adaptive radiation.

Question 67

In the wild-type purple monkeyflower (M.lewisii),the dominant YUP allele prevents carotenoids from forming,leaving the pinkish-purple anthocyanin pigments to provide the petal color.A wild-type scarlet monkeyflower (M.cardinalis)has which genotype?

A)yup/yup
B)YUP/YUP
C)YUP/yup
D)YUP
E)yup

Question 68

Today scientists can fill in gaps in defining species by DNA sequence analysis.

Question 69

Mules are considered to be a distinct species because they produce fertile offspring when mated.

Question 70

A biological species is defined as a population whose members can interbreed.