Deck 16: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

Dormant thick-walled structures that aid in allowing some bacteria to survive harsh conditions are:

A)Plasmids
B)Pili
C)Ribosomes
D)Flagella
E)Endospores

Answer 1

E

Question 2

DNA that is separate and apart from the chromosome in a prokaryote is the:

A)Ribosome
B)Endospore
C)Nucleus
D)Nucleoid
E)Plasmid

Answer 2

E

Question 3

An asexual process used by prokaryotes,in which replicated DNA and other cell parts are distributed into two daughter cells is called:

A)Mitosis
B)Binary fusion
C)Daughter cell duplication
D)Binary fission
E)Conjugation

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes in which a cell receives bacterial DNA from a bacteriophage is:

A)Conjugation
B)Transformation
C)Transduction
D)Replication
E)Fixation

Question 5

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is characterized by extreme heat (above 50 degrees Celsius)is a(an):

A)Thermophile
B)Acidophile
C)Halophile
D)Basophile
E)Hydrophile

Question 6

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is extremely salty is a(an):

A)Thermophile
B)Acidophile
C)Halophile
D)Basophile
E)Hydrophile

Question 7

Which of the following is true of a prokaryote?

A)Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus
B)Prokaryotes are single celled
C)Prokaryotes do not have a chromosome
D)Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bounded organelles
E)Prokaryotes do not have ribosomes

Question 8

A function that the glycocalyx does not have for a bacterium is:

A)Attachment
B)Resistance to drying
C)Protein synthesis
D)Protection from immune system cells
E)Production of biofilms

Question 9

The structures of prokaryotes that are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another are:

A)Sex pili
B)Flagella
C)Endospores
D)Attachment pili
E)Cilia

Question 10

The rigid barrier that surrounds most prokaryotes is the:

A)Cell membrane
B)Flagellum
C)Glycocalyx
D)Cell wall
E)Cytoplasm

Question 11

Biofilms are organized aggregates of bacteria that may:

A)All are correct
B)Protect one another
C)Communicate with one another
D)Form differentiated structures with specialized functions
E)Form when bacteria settle and reproduce on a solid surface

Question 12

The domain (domains)that contain prokaryotes is (are):

A)Archaea
B)Bacteria
C)Both Archaea and Bacteria
D)Eukarya
E)Both Bacteria and Eukarya

Question 13

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat consisting of a low pH is a(an):

A)Thermophile
B)Halophile
C)Basophile
D)Acidophile
E)Hydrophile

Question 14

A type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes in which a cell receives DNA from another cell through sex pili is:

A)Transformation
B)Replication
C)Transduction
D)Conjugation
E)Fixation

Question 15

The structure that aids in locomotion of some bacteria is a(an):

A)Pilus
B)Flagellum and Cilium
C)Flagellum
D)Cilium
E)Flagellum and Pilus

Question 16

Bacterial biofilms are important medically because:

A)They may form on catheters
B)They are resistant to treatment with antibiotics
C)They can form dental plaque
D)They are resistant to immune defenses
E)All are correct

Question 17

The structure that assembles proteins in the prokaryote is the:

A)Plasmid
B)Ribosome
C)Cell membrane
D)Endospore
E)Lysosome

Question 18

The primary component making up the cell walls of bacteria is:

A)Peptidoglycan
B)Glucose
C)A complex lipid
D)Cellulose
E)Chitin

Question 19

The region of a prokaryotic cell where the bacterial chromosome (DNA)is located is the:

A)Cell membrane
B)Nucleus
C)Cell wall
D)Nuleoid
E)Ribosome

Question 20

A type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes in which a cell takes up naked DNA without cell to cell contact is:

A)Transformation
B)Conjugation
C)Replication
D)Transduction
E)Fixation

Question 21

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have relatively small circular chromosomes which supports the endosymbiotic theory that they arose from which of the following?

A)Viruses
B)Other eukaryotic cells
C)Bacteria
D)Naked DNA
E)Protists

Question 22

A microbiologist gram stains a bacterium and finds the bacterium to be blue to purple in color,this identifies:

A)The bacterium as gram positive
B)The species of bacterium
C)The bacterium as gram negative
D)The bacterium as a bacterium that causes human disease

Question 23

A microbiologist gram stains a bacterium and finds the bacterium to be pink to red in color,this identifies:

A)The species of bacterium
B)The bacterium as gram positive
C)The bacterium as a bacterium that causes human disease
D)The bacterium as gram negative

Question 24

As a budding basic scientist you work in a research laboratory and discover a chemical that removes the cell wall from bacteria but leaves the organism undamaged otherwise.Things that the bacteria will lose because of this include:

A)The ability to move
B)The ability to attach to other cells
C)The ability to metabolize
D)The ability to use oxygen
E)The ability to have a gram stain result

Question 25

Which of the following is true of gram-positive bacteria,and not of gram-negative bacteria?

A)It has a thick cell membrane
B)Its cell wall is made of a thick layer of peptidoglycan
C)It has a nucleus
D)It is larger, and thus weighs more grams
E)It is more likely to trigger an immune response and cause inflammation and fever

Question 26

Botox is a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.When ingested with tainted food,Botox can cause distress by paralyzing the intestines,and in high doses can kill by paralyzing muscles needed for breathing and heartbeat.Why would Clostridium botulinum express botox?

A)To give the bacteria more food
B)To give the bacteria more oxygen
C)To prevent other bacteria from entering the gut
D)To prevent the intestines from removing the bacteria
E)To prevent antibiotics from entering the gut

Question 27

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe.In which organ would you expect to find these bacteria?

A)Intestines
B)Brain
C)Liver
D)Kidney
E)Lung

Question 28

Escherichia coli and Salmonella can remain in one location in our intestines.They would most likely contain which of the following?

A)Pili
B)Flagella
C)Cilia
D)Glycocalyx
E)Spirochetes

Question 29

Vibrio cholera is the cause of cholera,and has a single flagellum stretching off from one end looking very much like a tail.A characteristic of this organism should be:

A)An ability to avoid ingestion by cells in the immune system
B)An ability to induce a large antibody response
C)An ability to move in the direction opposite the flagellum
D)An ability to transmit DNA to other bacteria
E)An ability to attach to cells in the host organisms intestines

Question 30

Streptomyces are aerobic soil bacteria that produce over two-thirds of our antibiotics of natural origin.Why might a bacterium produce antibiotics?

A)To kill competing bacteria of the same species
B)To protect itself from a host immune system
C)To kill competing bacteria of different species
D)To allow it to break down the cell walls of plants
E)To kill viruses that may try to infect it

Question 31

Many drugs are produced by placing human genes into bacteria.The bacteria then transcribe and translate these genes into functional human proteins that can then be purified and given as drugs.The fact that this process works is consistent with which statement?

A)Bacteria have evolved to mimic human cells
B)Bacteria cannot divide unless they are inside a host cell
C)Humans and bacteria share a common ancestor
D)Bacteria need to make human proteins to live inside the human body
E)Human and bacteria use different genetic material

Question 32

In a tetanus shot,patients are injected with small amounts of tetanospasmin,a toxin produced by the Clostridium tetani,the bacterium that causes tetanus.The gene for this protein is carried on a plasmid in the bacterium.Which of the following is true of this gene?

A)It is part of the Clostridium tetani chromosome
B)It cannot go through horizontal gene transfer
C)It can enter another bacterium by transformation
D)It cannot go through vertical gene transfer
E)It is found in the nucleus of the Clostridium tetani

Question 33

Polymyxins are antibiotics that bind to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria,disrupting both the outer and inner membranes.The hydrophobic tail is important in causing membrane damage,suggesting a detergent-like mode of action.Why doesn't polymyxin also damage human membranes?

A)Because human cells do not have inner and outer membranes
B)Because human membranes do not contain LPS
C)Because human cells do not have cell walls
D)Because human membranes have enzymes that degrade LPS
E)Because bacterial membranes do not contain phospholipids like human membranes

Question 34

Clostridium tetani,the bacterium that causes tetanus,can survive in soil for up to 40 years.It is most likely in which of the following structures?

A)A cell membrane
B)A glycocalyx
C)A cell wall
D)A pilus
E)An endospore

Question 35

Cyanobacteria are phototrophic.Which of the following would they also be considered?

A)Heterotrophic
B)Autotrophic
C)Chemotrophic
D)Obligate anaerobes
E)Aerobic

Question 36

Clostridium tetani,the bacterium that causes tetanus,can only survive in soil away from oxygen.It is considered which of the following?

A)An obligate anaerobe
B)A facultative anaerobe
C)A phototroph
D)An autotroph
E)Aerobic

Question 37

The three most common shapes of bacteria are:

A)Star-shaped, cubical, and spherical
B)Spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral
C)Cubical, spiral, and thread-like
D)Rod-shaped, star-shaped, and cubical
E)Cubical, spherical, and rod-shaped

Question 38

Escherichia coli and Salmonella can live in our intestines in the presence or absence of oxygen.They are considered which of the following?

A)Obligate anaerobes
B)Phototrophs
C)Facultative anaerobes
D)Autotrophs
E)Aerobic

Question 39

Prokaryotes lack which of the following?

A)A nucleus
B)RNA
C)DNA
D)A cell membrane
E)A cell wall

Question 40

Infections by Heliobacter pylori cause 90% of peptic ulcers in the U.S.These bacteria have pili that are expressed in acidic conditions.A characteristic of this organism should be:

A)An ability to attach to cells in the host organism's stomach
B)An ability to move in the direction opposite the pili
C)An ability to avoid ingestion by cells in the immune system
D)An ability to induce a large antibody response
E)An ability to enter the blood stream

Question 41

Most bacteria inside and on the human body cause disease.

Question 42

The main difference between gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria is in the structure of their cell membranes.

Question 43

figure 16.14
Based on figure 16.14,which of the following is the most likely explanation for the observed pattern of MRSA strains?

A)The methicillin resistance mutation has evolved many times through processes like conjugation
B)The methicillin resistance mutation arose once and was passed through processes like binary fission
C)Methicillin resistance is a recessive mutation, and only appears when two carrier bacteria mate
D)The distribution of methicillin resistance is random, and is not likely caused by a single mutation
E)Toxic shock syndrome is caused by methicillin resistance

Question 44

Antibiotics usually are not dangerous to use in treating bacterial infections because most antibiotics exploit structures and functions in bacteria that are not present in host cells.

Question 45

Pili are bacterial structures used primarily for motility.

Question 46

Because Archaea were first found in environments that lacked oxygen or were very hot,acidic,or salty,they were nicknamed "Extremeophiles."

Question 47

Many prokaryotes play vital roles in global nutrient cycles.

Question 48

Autotrophs must acquire carbon from organic molecules produced from other organisms.

Question 49

Methicillin inhibits cell wall production.Why does this make it an effective antibiotic?

A)The cell wall of human cells is not sensitive to methicillin
B)Human cells have a plasma membrane in addition to the cell wall that allows them to survive in the presence of methicillin
C)Human cells do not have cell walls
D)All humans have a gene giving methicillin resistance
E)Human cells and bacterial cells are completely different, so methicillin does not affect human cells

Question 50

Streptomyces are aerobic soil bacteria that produce over two-thirds of our antibiotics of natural origin.These antibiotics should also be effective in killing Streptomyces.

Question 51

Bacteria and archaea use the same four bases in their DNA as eukaryotes.This supports which of the following statements?

A)DNA evolved independently at least three times
B)DNA was the original genetic material
C)All three domains arose from a common ancestor
D)Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes could interbreed
E)Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes contain the same set of genes

Question 52

figure 16.15
Based on figure 16.15,which of the following best explains why toxic shock syndrome peaked in the early 1980s?

A)Some strains of S. aureus developed resistance to methicillin.
B)The drug methicillin was invented in the 1980s
C)A single strain of S. aureus was responsible for the toxic shock syndrome, and women could not develop immunity to this strain
D)Some strains of S. aureus were able to adapt to the new environment produced by ultra-high-absorbency tampons

Question 53

An organism to which oxygen is toxic is an obligate anaerobe.

Question 54

Methicillin is related to penicillin,which was isolated from the bread mold Penicillium.Based on this,which of the following can you conclude is different between S.aureus and Penicillium?

A)The composition of their plasma membrane
B)Their type of genetic material
C)The structure of their organelles
D)The composition of their cell wall
E)The enzymes in glycolysis

Question 55

One way that antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria arise is that patients do not follow the instructions for taking the drug.In a typical scenario,a drug may be prescribed for a week,but the patient may stop taking it after 2-3 days if they start to feel better.Then when the infection flares up again,they take the rest of their dose.Why would this scenario lead to drug resistance?

A)The first round of treatment gives the bacteria a chance to learn how to metabolize the drug
B)The first round of treatment selects for resistant bacteria, which then increase in number
C)The body clears the drug faster once it is exposed a second time
D)A patient begins to develop resistance to the drug
E)The first round of treatment suppresses the immune system making the patient more susceptible to other infections

Question 56

Heterotrophs must acquire carbon from organic molecules produced from other organisms.

Question 57

How would methicillin resistance arise in a strain of S.aureus?

A)The methicillin would cause mutations in the bacteria, allowing them to survive
B)The bacteria would sense the methicillin and mutate their DNA to survive
C)The bacteria would mate during asexual reproduction, and some of their offspring could be resistant to the methicilin
D)The bacteria would stop making a cell wall and thus be resistant to the methicillin
E)Bacteria with pre-existing mutations would survive and reproduce

Question 58

Streptomyces are obligate aerobic soil bacteria that infect may root plants,causing scabs on their surfaces.You would expect to find more Streptomyces near the surface of the soil.

Question 59

Which of the following does NOT have a cell wall?

A)An animal cell
B)A bacterium
C)A plant cell
D)A diatom
E)A fungal cell