Deck 9: DNA Structure and Replication

Question 1

In 1909,Archibald Garrod linked inheritance to proteins when he noted that

A) inherited metabolic disorders in humans are associated with missing enzymes.
B) substances in cells could transform bacteria from nonvirulence to virulence.
C) proteins are made up of amino acids.
D) the substance that transmits traits is in the cell nucleus.
E) X-ray diffraction reveals that DNA is a highly symmetrical molecule.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Avery,MacLeod and McCarty's experiments built on the results of the experiments of

A) Gregor Mendel.
B) Frederick Griffith.
C) Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase.
D) Erwin Chargaff and Phoebus Levene.
E) Rosalind Franklin.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Hershey and Chase demonstrated that DNA was the genetic material using

A) poodles in microwave ovens.
B) hamsters and a blender.
C) frogs and a dishwasher.
D) viruses and a blender.
E) X-rays and models.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Frederick Griffith was a microbiologist who observed that

A) DNA contains nitrogen and phosphorus.
B) proteases disrupt transformation from nonvirulence to virulence.
C) DNA from heat-killed viruses transforms virulent viruses.
D) nonvirulent bacteria become virulent when mixed with heat-killed virulent bacteria.
E) the X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA is highly symmetrical.

Question 5

Chargaff showed that DNA that has 30% adenine has ___ cytosine.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 60%
D) 40%
E) a percentage that cannot be determined of

Question 6

Erwin Chargaff showed that DNA that has 30% adenine has ___ thymine.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 60%
D) 40%
E) a percentage that cannot be determined of

Question 7

_______ used X-ray diffraction to deduce the helical shape of DNA.

A) Linus Pauling
B) James Watson and Francis Crick
C) Martha Chase
D) Maclyn McCarty
E) Rosalind Franklin

Question 8

Rosalind Franklin did not share in the Nobel Prize for determining the structure of DNA,although her work was critical to it,because

A) she was a she.
B) the prize can only be awarded to three people.
C) she had died, and it is only awarded to living people.
D) she turned it down.
E) she was not a full professor.

Question 9

In experiments to show that DNA is the genetic material,Hershey and Chase labeled DNA with radioactive

A) amino acids.
B) sulfur.
C) phosphorus.
D) carbon.
E) nitrogen.

Question 10

_______ used models to deduce the double helical shape of DNA.

A) Linus Pauling
B) James Watson and Francis Crick
C) Martha Chase
D) Maclyn McCarty
E) Rosalind Franklin

Question 11

Miescher discovered phosphorus in DNA taken from

A) bacteria.
B) viruses.
C) soiled bandages.
D) dead mice.
E) a chemistry lab.

Question 12

Which chemical is not part of DNA?

A) phosphate
B) ribose
C) cytosine
D) nitrogen
E) carbon

Question 13

Watson and Crick based their conclusion that DNA is a double helix on experimental results and measurements from

A) Chargaff, Wilkins and Franklin.
B) Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.
C) Hershey and Chase.
D) Charles Darwin.
E) Linus Pauling.

Question 14

The "steps" of the DNA double helix spiral staircase are

A) sugars.
B) hydrogen bonds.
C) base pairs.
D) nucleotides.
E) phosphates.

Question 15

_______ first noted an acidic substance in the nuclei of cells from pus.

A) Mendel
B) Watson
C) Miescher
D) McCarty
E) Franklin

Question 16

Which of the following were part of the experiments of Hershey and Chase?

A)Mice were injected with type R bacteria and developed pneumonia.
B)Mice were injected with type S bacteria and developed pneumonia.
C)DNA isolated from type S bacteria killed by heating transformed type R bacteria.
D)E.coli bacteria were infected with virus labeled with radioactive phosphorus.
E)The researchers made models of the DNA molecule.

Question 17

_______ incorrectly suggested DNA has a triple helix structure.

A) Linus Pauling
B) James Watson and Francis Crick
C) Martha Chase
D) Maclyn McCarty
E) Rosalind Franklin

Question 18

Which researchers showed that DNA is the genetic material?

A) Watson and Crick
B) Hershey and Chase
C) Garrod and Griffith
D) Meselson and Stahl
E) Lennon and McCartney

Question 19

The DNA researcher who had his genome sequenced is

A) Francis Crick.
B) James Watson.
C) Frederick Griffith.
D) Rosalind Franklin.
E) Jay Leno.

Question 20

Chargaff showed that DNA with 60% adenine and thymine has ___ guanine and cytosine.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 25%
D) 40%
E) 60%

Question 21

A nucleotide consists of

A)A,T,C,and G.
B)three sugars for every phosphate.
C)three phosphates for every sugar.
D)one deoxyribose sugar,one nitrogenous base,and one phosphate group.
E)three DNA bases.

Question 22

Hydrogen bonds are not as strong as ionic or covalent bonds,but they are able to hold the DNA double helix together because

A) there are so many of them.
B) there are so few of them.
C) the hydrogen bonds in DNA are different than the hydrogen bonds in other molecules.
D) the hydrogen bonds in DNA also have a very special type of molecular glue.
E) ten of them form between each DNA base pair.

Question 23

Antiparallelism means that

A) the two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite directions.
B) the DNA double helix twists first one way, then the other.
C) the DNA bases are sometimes on the outside of the molecule.
D) the DNA molecule cannot dissolve in water.
E) DNA and RNA are not the same molecule.

Question 24

When DNA folds and winds into the nucleus of a cell,it shrinks in length by a factor of

A) 10.
B) 100.
C) 1,000.
D) 7,000.
E) 3.2 billion.

Question 25

Which base pair is complementary?

A) A and T
B) C and T
C) A and G
D) C and C
E) G and G

Question 26

In DNA,cytosine binds with

A) uracil.
B) adenine.
C) thymine.
D) guanine.
E) amino acids.

Question 27

DNA entwined around an octet of proteins is called a(n)

A) nucleotide.
B) karyosome.
C) nucleosome.
D) ribosome.
E) octet.

Question 28

In a DNA molecule,the base pairs provide information,and the sugar-phosphate backbone does not,because

A) the base pairs are all the same, but the sugar-phosphate backbone varies.
B) there are eight types of base pairs.
C) there are eight types of bases.
D) the bases form a sequence, and the sugar-phosphate backbone does not.
E) the sugar-phosphate backbone is highly unstable.

Question 29

A scientist discovers a virus whose genome consists of an unusual DNA strand from a virus.She finds the following percentage of bases: 23% A,12% T,30% G,and 35% C.Which of the following best explains these results?

A)The bases are not purines or pyrimidines.
B)Chargaff was wrong.
C)Linus Pauling's model of DNA was correct.
D)The DNA in this virus is single-stranded.
E)The experiment was contaminated with cockroach DNA.

Question 30

Chromatin consists of about

A) 10% histones, 30% DNA binding proteins, 30% DNA, and 30% RNA.
B) 25% histones, 25% DNA binding proteins, 25% DNA, and 25% RNA.
C) 30% histones, 30% DNA binding proteins, 30% DNA, and 10% RNA.
D) 10% histones, 10% DNA binding proteins, 70% DNA, and 10% RNA.
E) 90% DNA and 20% proteins.

Question 31

Meselson and Stahl's experiment followed

A) the distribution of different-weighted DNA over three generations of bacteria.
B) the distribution of different-labeled DNA over three generations of humans.
C) the ability of a protease or nuclease to stop the transmission of DNA over generations.
D) viruses injecting their DNA into bacteria.
E) DNA sequences in people who are politically liberal compared to those who are sometimes politically conservative.

Question 32

If the sequence of one strand of a DNA molecule is 5' ATGGCAT 3',the sequence of the complementary strand is:

A) 5' ATGGCAT 3'
B) 3' ATGGCAT 5'
C) 5' TACCGTA 3'
D) 3' TACCGTA 5'
E) 3' AUGGCAU 5'

Question 33

The directional nature of the DNA double helix is observed in the

A) locations of the hydrogen bonds.
B) locations of the numbered carbons in the sugars.
C) locations of the oxygen atom in the phosphate.
D) double helix when it is separated into single strands.
E) mirror.

Question 34

Meselson and Stahl's experiments showed that DNA replication is

A) dispersive, conservative, and semi-conservative.
B) dispersive, but not conservative or semi-conservative.
C) semi-conservative, but not dispersive or conservative.
D) quasi-conservative, but not dispersive or semi-conservative.
E) discontinuous and not continuous.

Question 35

Which of the following is most correct regarding genes,DNA and protein?

A) A gene is a section of DNA whose sequence encodes a particular protein, which is composed of amino acids.
B) A gene is a section of a chromosomal DNA composed of many amino acids.
C) DNA is composed of many genes, which are formed from amino acid sequences.
D) A gene is composed of amino acids whose sequence encodes a particular protein.
E) DNA is composed of amino acids, which encode the protein and genotype.

Question 36

DNA in the nucleus winds around proteins called

A) histones.
B) herstones.
C) karyosomes.
D) ribosomes.
E) proteasomes.

Question 37

The nitrogenous bases adenine and thymine are

A) both purines.
B) both pyrimidines.
C) both amino acids.
D) a purine and a pyrimidine, respectively.
E) a pyrimidine and a purine, respectively.

Question 38

A gene is 13,066 nucleotides long.This is

A) about 1.3 microbases.
B) about 1.3 kilobases.
C) about 1.3 megabases.
D) about 3,011 amino acids.
E) about 40,000 DNA bases long.

Question 39

In a molecule of DNA,purine bases form _______ bonds with pyrimidine bases.

A) phosphate
B) hydrogen
C) disulfide
D) phosphodiester
E) covalent

Question 40

Purines and pyrimidines refer to the ______ of the DNA molecules.

A) nitrogenous bases
B) sugar-phosphate backbone
C) hydrogen bonds
D) nucleus
E) histones

Question 41

The number of DNA replications in an average human lifetime is very approximately

A) one billion.
B) three trillion.
C) 100 trillion.
D) 100 quadrillion.
E) infinite.

Question 42

In DNA replication,

A) parental DNA shatters into pieces, and joins with newly-synthesized pieces to fashion two double helices from one.
B) parental DNA remains intact but guides formation of new double helices.
C) the parental DNA splits and free nucleotides bond to their complements, building two DNA molecules from one.
D) an entirely new double helix is built using information in the sequence of amino acids.
E) DNA taken into the body in the diet enters cells and joins the DNA.

Question 43

Which statement is correct?

A) DNA polymerase unwinds the DNA at replication forks.
B) Primase removes short RNA primers and replaces them with DNA.
C) Ligase breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA strands.
D) DNA polymerase proofreads DNA, correcting mismatched nucleotides.
E) Replication forks form as the sugar phosphate backbone is sealed.

Question 44

In a eukaryotic genome,DNA replication starts at

A) a single origin of replication.
B) one replication fork per chromosome.
C) nucleosomes.
D) sites near the nucleolus.
E) multiple sites along the length of each chromosome.

Question 45

Okazaki fragments are small pieces of

A) RNA.
B) protein.
C) DNA.
D) enzymes.
E) sushi.

Question 46

DNA is able to replicate as quickly as it does because it has many

A) replication forks.
B) replication spoons.
C) chromosomes.
D) genes.
E) histones.

Question 47

Because DNA strands are antiparallel,replication proceeds

A) continuously on both strands.
B) continuously on one strand and discontinuously on the other.
C) discontinuously on both strands.
D) continuously on both strands for a time and then discontinuously.
E) discontinuously using amino acids.

Question 48

In one minute,DNA replicates about _______ bases.

A) 40
B) 100
C) 250
D) 1,000
E) 3,000

Question 49

Meselson and Stahl distinguished between parental and newly-synthesized DNA by using

A) heavy metal.
B) heavy and light forms of nitrogen.
C) green fluorescent protein from jellyfish.
D) nucleic acid dyes.
E) chromosome paints.

Question 50

The enzyme that inserts the correct bases in a growing nucleotide chain in a replicating DNA molecule is

A) RNA polymerase.
B) DNA ligase.
C) DNA polymerase.
D) helicase.
E) RNA ligase.