Deck 14: Speciation and Extinction

Question 1

The idea that evolution proceeds with long periods of stasis with relatively brief bursts of fast evolutionary change is

A)temporal isolation.
B)mechanical isolation.
C)gradualism.
D)punctuated equilibrium.
E)hybrid breakdown.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The process by which new species originate

A)is germination.
B)is extinction.
C)occurred only once in Earth's history.
D)is speciation.
E)occurred for millions of years but is no longer occurring.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The idea that evolution proceeds in small,incremental changes over many generations is

A)temporal isolation.
B)gradualism.
C)punctuated equilibrium.
D)hybrid breakdown.
E)mechanical isolation.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations live in the same habitat but remain isolated from one another due to one being active during the daytime only and the other being active only during the night is

A)behavioral isolation.
B)gametic isolation.
C)mechanical isolation.
D)temporal isolation.
E)sexual selection.

Question 5

The type of reproductive isolation in which offspring are infertile because their chromosomes cannot align correctly during meiosis because of a different number of chromosomes being inherited from the two parents is

A)gametic isolation.
B)mechanical isolation.
C)hybrid infertility.
D)hybrid inviability.
E)temporal isolation.

Question 6

It is believed that the two main reasons for mass extinctions in Earth's history have been

A)collision between Earth and a large celestial body and human intervention.
B)global warming and human intervention.
C)human intervention and shifting of Earth's continents.
D)global warming and shifting of Earth's continents.
E)collision between Earth and a large celestial body and shifting of Earth's continents.

Question 7

The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated due to the sperm cells of one not being able to recognize the egg cells of the other is

A)hybrid inviability.
B)gametic isolation.
C)temporal isolation.
D)hybrid infertility.
E)ecological isolation.

Question 8

The impact of a large meteorite with Earth would have most likely caused mass extinctions by

A)causing a great prolonged rise in the earth's temperature and destroying plant life.
B)creating large clouds of dust that blocked out sunlight only.
C)causing a great prolonged rise in the earth's temperature only.
D)creating large clouds of dust that blocked out sunlight and destroying plant life.
E)destroying plant life on Earth only.

Question 9

The types of living organisms on Earth have changed over time - new species have originated and existing species have disappeared.This is an example of

A)speciation.
B)extinction.
C)macroevolution.
D)alternation of generations.
E)hybridization.

Question 10

An example of polyploidy is found in a plant

A)having an abnormal number of two or more individual chromosomes.
B)having only one set of chromosomes.
C)having three or more chromosomes.
D)having an abnormal number of one particular chromosome.
E)having three or more sets of chromosomes.

Question 11

The rate of background extinctions is

A)0.1 to 1.0 species per year per million species.
B)0.001 to 0.01 species per year per million species.
C)1.0 to 10 species per year per million species.
D)10 to 100 species per year per million species.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 12

The scientist given credit for devising the two-word naming system of all living organisms is

A)Aristotle.
B)Charles Darwin.
C)Gregor Mendel.
D)Carolus Linnaeus.
E)Louis Pasteur.

Question 13

The process by which species cease to exist

A)has never occurred.
B)is speciation.
C)is extinction.
D)is occurring today at a faster rate than ever before.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 14

The type of reproductive isolation in which the two populations are separated by the habitat each utilizes is

A)mechanical isolation.
B)habitat isolation.
C)hybrid inviability.
D)behavioral isolation.
E)temporal isolation.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation?

A)temporal isolation
B)gametic isolation
C)hybrid infertility
D)ecological isolation
E)mechanical isolation

Question 16

Postzygotic isolation barriers prevent

A)a hybrid embryo from developing into a fertile adult.
B)fertilization.
C)male gametes from joining with female gametes.
D)All answers are correct.
E)formation of gametes by one of the parents.

Question 17

Species such as mice have a better chance of surviving sudden environmental change than elephants because

A)elephants reproduce much more slowly than mice.
B)elephants require larger habitats than mice.
C)elephants eat more than mice.
D)elephants live longer than mice.
E)elephants have a more selective diet than micE.

Question 18

Centimeter-thin layers of earth that are rich in iridium give evidence to support the

A)allopatric theory.
B)ecological isolation theory.
C)gradualism theory.
D)impact theory.
E)punctuated equilibrium theory.

Question 19

Biologists divide mechanisms of reproductive isolation into

A)sexual and geographic.
B)prezygotic and sexual.
C)postzygotic and geographiC.
D)sexual and postzygotic.
E)prezygotic and postzygotic.

Question 20

Polyploidy is

A)common in plant species.
B)common in fungal species.
C)common in animal species.
D)common in bacterial species.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 21

Birds are most closely related to

A)crocodiles.
B)snakes.
C)mammals.
D)non-avian dinosaurs.
E)amphibians.

Question 22

Conservation biologists are often concerned that when the population size of an endangered species becomes too small it is at risk of extinction for which reason?

A)They can no longer evolve.
B)Their rate of breeding will decline.
C)They may be more susceptible to changes in the environment or disease.
D)They are at risk of sympatric isolation.
E)They are at risk of developing prezygotic barriers to reproduction.

Question 23

Hawthorn maggot flies that breed on native hawthorns or introduced European apples can mate in the lab,but rarely mate in the wild.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)postzygotic
B)prezygotic
C)allopatric
D)sympatric
E)outgroup

Question 24

The observation that although fresh water habitats account for only 1% of the Earth's water,they are home to 36% of the known species of fish is due to ____ speciation.

A)prezygotic
B)postzygotic
C)allopatric
D)sympatric
E)outgroup

Question 25

A sterile mule is produced by mating a horse and a donkey.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)prezygotic
B)allopatric
C)sympatric
D)outgroup
E)postzygotic

Question 26

Two species of finches found on the same Galapagos island but feeding on different food sources is an example of ____ speciation.

A)allopatric
B)sympatric
C)prezygotic
D)postzygotic
E)outgroup

Question 27

A horizontal branch in an evolutionary tree indicates

A)gradualism.
B)punctuated equilibrium.
C)extinction.
D)convergent evolution.
E)temporal isolation.

Question 28

Bacteria cannot be classified using the biological definition of a species for which reason?

A)The DNA sequences of all bacteria are more than 97% identical.
B)Bacteria cannot reproduce.
C)Bacteria are present everywhere and cannot be reproductively isolated from other bacteria.
D)Bacteria are asexual.
E)Bacteria do not evolvE.

Question 29

Scientists have a complete fossil record showing the evolution of horses over millions of years,with the legs becoming longer and the teeth larger,as ancestors of the modern horse adapted from living in forest to grasslands.This is an example of

A)punctuated equilibrium.
B)extinction.
C)a postzygotic barrier to evolution.
D)gradualism.
E)a prezygotic barrier to evolution.

Question 30

A sterile mule is produced by mating a horse and a donkey.From this observation you could conclude

A)that horses and donkeys are the same species.
B)that horses and donkeys are different species.
C)that mules are a result of macroevolution.
D)increasing the number of mules in a population will affect the allele frequency in the next generation.
E)the DNA sequences of horses and donkeys are more than 97% identical.

Question 31

Formation of a tetraploid plant species from two different diploid parental species of plants is an example of

A)punctuated equilibrium.
B)gradualism.
C)extinction.
D)a postzygotic barrier to evolution.
E)a prezygotic barrier to evolution.

Question 32

Three species of tigers have become extinct due to overharvesting or habitat destruction.This is an example of

A)mass extinction.
B)background extinction rate.
C)sympatric speciation.
D)increased extinction rate by human activity.
E)allopatric speciation.

Question 33

A discontinued line in an evolutionary tree indicates

A)extinction.
B)gradualism.
C)punctuated equilibrium.
D)convergent evolution.
E)temporal isolation.

Question 34

Some flowers bloom in the spring while others bloom in the summer.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)postzygotic
B)allopatric
C)sympatric
D)outgroup
E)prezygotic

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of macroevolution?

A)the origin of horses and donkeys from a common ancestor
B)giraffes with longer necks reaching higher tree branches
C)antibiotic resistance in S.aureus
D)female cardinals preferring males with bright red feathers
E)the beaks of cactus finches changing in size in response to a drought on the Galapagos islands

Question 36

A small angle for a branch point in an evolutionary tree indicates

A)extinction.
B)punctuated equilibrium.
C)gradualism.
D)convergent evolution.
E)temporal isolation.

Question 37

Phylogenetics

A)is the study of evolutionary relationships among species.
B)is the science of describing,naming,and classifying species.
C)are inherited attributes.
D)are features only found in living species.
E)are species unrelated and used for comparison.

Question 38

Birds use specific songs,coloring,and mating dances to attract mates of their species.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)postzygotic
B)allopatric
C)prezygotic
D)sympatric
E)outgroup

Question 39

Tortoises colonizing the different Galapagos islands and evolving into different species is an example of ____ speciation.

A)prezygotic
B)allopatric
C)postzygotic
D)sympatric
E)outgroup

Question 40

If a sheep and goat are mated,their offspring dies as an embryo.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)prezygotic
B)allopatric
C)sympatric
D)postzygotic
E)outgroup

Question 41

In the section "Investigating Life: Birds Do It,Bees Do It",M.lewisii and M.cardinalis are different species for which reason?

A)If they breed they do not form viable offspring.
B)If they breed they do not form fertile offspring.
C)They live on different continents.
D)They do not breed in the wilD.
E)They do not look alikE.

Question 42

Among evolutionary biologists the idea of sympatric speciation is controversial.

Question 43

In the section "Investigating Life: Birds Do It,Bees Do It",the experiment supports that a change in just one gene locus may have jump-started speciation in Mimulus.This is an example of

A)pre-zygotic barriers to reproduction.
B)post-zygotic barriers to reproduction.
C)gradualism.
D)punctuated equilibrium.
E)asexual reproduction.

Question 44

In the section "Investigating Life: Birds Do It,Bees Do It",what can be concluded about the flower preferences of hummingbirds?

A)They prefer pink flowers.
B)They prefer M.cardinalis in both the natural and selected colors tested.
C)They prefer yellow-orange flowers.
D)They prefer red flowers.
E)They prefer M.lewisii in both the natural and selected colors tested.

Question 45

A biological species is defined as a population whose members can interbreed,although the offspring may be infertile.

Question 46

The larger the initial population size,the less likely it will become extinct during an environmental change.

Question 47

In the section "Investigating Life: Birds Do It,Bees Do It",when the researchers crossed M.lewisii and M.cardinalis,the hybrids had which genotype?

A)YUP/yup
B)yup/yup
C)YUP/YUP
D)YUP
E)yup

Question 48

In the section "Investigating Life: Birds Do It,Bees Do It",how did the researchers alter the colors of M.lewisii and M.cardinalis?

A)by looking for naturally occurring color variants of M.lewisii and M.cardinalis in the wild
B)by creating transgenic flowers with the desired color
C)by deleting the YUP locus
D)by duplicating the YUP locus
E)by selectively breeding M.lewisii and M.cardinalis,yielding hybrid colors similar to the other species

Question 49

What force leads to the evolution of a new species?

A)All answers are correct.
B)prezygotic reproductive barriers
C)postzygotic reproductive barriers
D)compiled microevolution events
E)large amount of genetic divergence

Question 50

Birds are least related to

A)non-avian dinosaurs.
B)crocodiles.
C)turtles.
D)mammals.
E)amphibians.

Question 51

Scientists can fill in gaps in defining species by DNA sequence analysis.

Question 52

In the section "Investigating Life: Birds Do It,Bees Do It",bumblebees pollinated M.lewisii,whereas hummingbirds preferred the red-flowered M.cardinalis.If a hummingbird carries M.cardinalis pollen to M.lewisii,the resulting hybrid offspring are viable.M.lewisii and M.cardinalis are different species because of

A)post-zygotic barriers to reproduction.
B)pre-zygotic barriers to reproduction.
C)punctuated equilibrium.
D)gradualism.
E)asexual reproduction.

Question 53

Every species has a unique two-word name called the

A)scientific name.
B)genus.
C)phylogeny.
D)evolutionary tree.
E)cladE.

Question 54

"Missing" transitional forms may not be present in the fossil record because of poor preservation of biological material and simply because scientists have not discovered all there is to discover.

Question 55

In the section "Investigating Life: Birds Do It,Bees Do It",what hypothesis did the researchers test?

A)Mutation in a single gene could cause a change in flower color and thus pollinator.
B)Mutation in multiple genes over a long period of time is required to change flower color and pollinators.
C)Pollinators do not choose which flowers to pollinate based on color.
D)M.lewisii and M.cardinalis are the same species.
E)M.lewisii and M.cardinalis are different species.

Question 56

An evolutionary tree depicts species' relationships based on descent from shared ancestors.

Question 57

In the section "Investigating Life: Birds Do It,Bees Do It",in the wild-type purple monkeyflower (M.lewisii),the dominant YUP allele prevents carotenoids from forming,leaving the pinkish-purple anthocyanin pigments to provide the petal color.A wild-type scarlet monkeyflower (M.cardinalis)has which genotype?

A)yup/yup
B)YUP/YUP
C)YUP/yup
D)YUP
E)yup

Question 58

Mules are a distinct species because they produce fertile offspring when mated.

Question 59

In the section "Investigating Life: Birds Do It,Bees Do It",what can be concluded about the flower preferences of bumblebees?

A)They prefer pink flowers.
B)They prefer red flowers.
C)They prefer yellow-orange flowers.
D)They prefer M.lewisii no matter what color the flowers are.
E)They prefer M.cardinalis no matter what color the flowers arE.

Question 60

Closely related plant species that attract different pollinators resulting in reproductive isolation is an example of

A)sympatric speciation.
B)allopatric speciation.
C)hybrid inviability.
D)hybrid infertility.
E)hybrid breakdown.

Question 61

The scientific name of humans is Homo sapiens.What is the species of humans?

A)Homo
B)sapiens
C)Homo sapiens
D)Animalia
E)Eukarya

Question 62

The scientific name of humans is Homo sapiens.What is the genus of humans?

A)Homo
B)sapiens
C)Homo sapiens
D)Animalia
E)Eukarya

Question 63

The more heritable traits organisms share,the more taxonomic levels they share.

Question 64

The accumulation of microevolution events leads to macroevolution.

Question 65

What is the least inclusive level of the hierarchical classification scheme?

A)domain
B)phylum
C)kingdom
D)genus
E)species

Question 66

What is the most inclusive level of the hierarchical classification scheme?

A)domain
B)phylum
C)kingdom
D)genus
E)species

Question 67

Evolution of a new species occurs

A)in sexually-reproducing organisms.
B)in asexually-reproducing organisms.
C)typically over long periods of time.
D)All answers are correct.
E)allopatrically and sympatrically.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT an example of macroevolution?

A)One species of birds evolves feathers.
B)One species of birds evolves into many species of birds.
C)One species of dinosaurs evolves into the first mammal.
D)One species of mammals evolves into a new species of mammal.
E)All answers are correct.