Deck 4: The Energy of Life

Question 1

The energy source that powers photosynthesis is

A)water.
B)glucose.
C)carbon dioxide.
D)sunlight.
E)oxygen.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius is a

A)calorie.
B)joule.
C)kilocalorie.
D)measure of density.
E)measure of light.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Reduction means

A)the gain of oxygen by a cell.
B)the loss of oxygen from a cell.
C)the gain of electrons by an atom or molecule.
D)the loss of electrons by an atom or molecule.
E)the loss of protons by an atom or moleculE.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

When NaCl (table salt)forms,sodium (Na)loses energy by ______ and chlorine (Cl)gains energy by ______.

A)giving up an electron in oxidation;gaining an electron in reduction
B)going with its concentration gradient;going against its concentration gradient
C)going against its concentration gradient;going with its concentration gradient
D)gaining an electron in oxidation;by giving up an electron in reduction
E)gaining an electron in reduction;giving up an electron in oxidation

Question 5

Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.This is analogous with

A)reducing the force a ball needs to start rolling down a hill.
B)increasing the height an apple will fall from a tree.
C)blocking a flowing river with a dam to stop the flow.
D)causing a snow storm in the middle of summer when temperatures are hot.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 6

The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is

A)a endergonic reaction in photosynthesis.
B)an endergonic reaction in cellular respiration.
C)an exergonic reaction in photosynthesis.
D)an exergonic reaction in cellular respiration.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 7

Coupled reactions

A)are reactions in which an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction.
B)are reactions in which a exergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction.
C)are reactions in which a endergonic reaction drives an exergonic reaction.
D)are reactions in which a endergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction.
E)are reactions in which an enzyme is used.

Question 8

Oxidation means

A)the gain of oxygen by a cell.
B)the loss of electrons from an atom or molecule.
C)the loss of oxygen from a cell.
D)the gain of electrons by an atom or molecule.
E)the loss of protons by an atom or moleculE.

Question 9

Oxidation-reduction reactions

A)never occur at the same time.
B)remove electrons from both molecules involved.
C)remove protons from one molecule and join them to another molecule.
D)occur simultaneously.
E)remove oxygen from the cell.

Question 10

Oxidation-reduction reactions

A)transfer electrons from one molecule to another.
B)are not used by living cells.
C)transfer protons from one molecule to another.
D)reduce the amount of oxygen in the cell.
E)increase the amount of oxygen in the cell.

Question 11

The chemical formula for glucose is ______.

A)C₆H₆O₆.
B)C₁₂H₆O₁₂
C)C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
D)C₆H₆O₁₂
E)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 12

Which statement is NOT associated of the first law of thermodynamics?

A)The amount of energy in the universe is constant.
B)Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
C)Energy can be converted to other forms of energy.
D)Any energy transformation loses some energy to its surroundings as heat.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 13

Entropy is

A)order.
B)complexity.
C)disorder.
D)Both order and disorder are correct.
E)Both complexity and disorder are correct.

Question 14

A ball at the top of a hill is an example of______ and a ball rolling down the hill is an example of ______.

A)potential energy;kinetic energy
B)kinetic energy;potential energy
C)exergonic reaction;endergonic reaction
D)noncompetitive inhibition;competitive inhibition
E)competitive inhibition;noncompetitive inhibition

Question 15

An example (examples)of potential energy is (are)

A)chemical bonds and concentration gradients.
B)light and chemical bonds.
C)quartz crystals vibrating in a wristwatch.
D)soil heated by sunlight.
E)light.

Question 16

An endergonic reaction is a reaction that

A)requires an input of energy.
B)typically builds complex molecules from smaller molecules.
C)releases energy to its surroundings.
D)Both releases energy to its surroundings and typically builds complex molecules from smaller molecules are correct.
E)Both requires an input of energy and typically builds complex molecules from smaller molecules are correct.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an example of kinetic energy?

A)heat
B)light
C)sound
D)the energy in chemical bonds
E)random molecular movement

Question 18

Energy is harvested from ______ and used ______.

A)food,light,and chemicals;to do endergonic reactions
B)endergonic reactions;to do cellular processes
C)active transport;facilitated diffusion
D)endocytosis;exocytosis
E)exocytosis;endocytosis

Question 19

The reactants of photosynthesis are

A)water and carbon dioxide.
B)organic compounds.
C)glucose and water.
D)glucose and carbon dioxide.
E)glucose and sunlight.

Question 20

Cells use energy for which of the following?

A)to do work
B)to synthesize proteins
C)to expel waste
D)to move substances across membranes
E)All answers are correct

Question 21

Enzymes speed chemical reactions by

A)lowering the amount of reactants that are needed.
B)maintaining temperature.
C)lowering the energy required to start a chemical reaction.
D)raising the temperature of the surroundings.
E)supplying energy to the reaction process.

Question 22

Which of the following is incorrect about turgor pressure?

A)It occurs in an organism with cell walls when placed into a hypertonic environment.
B)It is necessary to keep plants from wilting.
C)It is the force of water against the inside of the cell wall.
D)It is maintained by osmosis.
E)It occurs in an organism with cell walls when placed into a hypotonic environment.

Question 23

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)active transport.
C)a rare occurrence.
D)osmosis.
E)always beneficial to a cell.

Question 24

Noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes

A)occurs when a substance other than the correct substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme.
B)occurs when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site.
C)occurs by denaturation of an enzyme.
D)occurs by blocking the production of an enzyme.
E)occurs when two enzymes bind together.

Question 25

The two data curves on the figure illustrate that

A)temperature ranges are not the same for all enzyme activity.
B)temperature is not related to enzyme efficiency.
C)optimal temperature ranges are not the same for all enzymes.
D)pH is not related to enzyme efficiency.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 26

If a cell has a greater concentration of solute than its environment

A)the cell is hypertonic to the environment.
B)the cell is isotonic to the environment.
C)the cell is hypotonic to the environment.
D)the cell will not experience a net gain or loss of water.
E)the cell will diE.

Question 27

If a cell contains 95% water in its cytoplasm and the environment surrounding the cell contains 90% water

A)water will flow into the cell by osmosis.
B)water will flow out of the cell by active transport.
C)water will flow out of the cell by osmosis.
D)water will flow into the cell by active transport.
E)water will flow into the cell by facilitated diffusion.

Question 28

The region of an enzyme that catalyzes reactions is called

A)an active site.
B)a binding pocket.
C)a reaction site.
D)a catalyst site.
E)an analog.

Question 29

Active transport is different from simple diffusion because active transport

A)requires energy.
B)moves molecules against a concentration gradient.
C)requires the use of proteins embedded within the cell membrane.
D)moves molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 30

Which of the following are examples of kinetic energy?

A)electrons moving through the electron transport chain,protons moving through ATP synthase
B)electrons in chemical bonds,proton gradient,ATP
C)electrons moving through the electron transport chain,proton gradient
D)protons moving through ATP synthase,ATP
E)All answers are correct.

Question 31

The vertical drop slightly after the peak of each curve on the figure illustrates

A)that enzymes will not work if temperatures are too hot (or too cold).
B)an increased rate of reaction.
C)a decreased temperature.
D)that temperatures only affect enzymes up to a specific temperature.
E)that enzymes are most efficient at cold temperatures.

Question 32

Enzymes

A)slow reactions so they occur correctly.
B)are not necessary to sustain life in a cell.
C)are not found in living organisms.
D)are proteins in most cases.
E)are carbohydrates in most cases.

Question 33

Phagocytosis is

A)an example of exocytosis.
B)an example of passive transport.
C)an example of diffusion.
D)an example of endocytosis.
E)an example of facilitated diffusion.

Question 34

The molecule (molecules)that fits into the active site of an enzyme and reacts with the enzyme is

A)always a protein.
B)an analog.
C)always a carbohydrate.
D)a substrate.
E)always broken down by the enzymE.

Question 35

Competitive inhibition of enzymes

A)occurs when a substance other than the correct substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme.
B)occurs when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site.
C)occurs by denaturation of an enzyme.
D)occurs by blocking the production of an enzyme.
E)occurs when two enzymes bind together.

Question 36

Simple diffusion

A)requires energy.
B)utilizes proteins to move molecules across a membrane.
C)moves molecules against a concentration gradient.
D)cannot occur without a membrane present.
E)does not require energy.

Question 37

If the environment surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solute than the cell

A)the environment is isotonic to the cell.
B)the environment is hypertonic to the cell.
C)the cell will not experience a net gain or loss of water.
D)the environment is hypotonic to the cell.
E)the cell will diE.

Question 38

When electrons are removed from a food molecule,the molecule is

A)reduced.
B)in equilibrium.
C)oxidized.
D)polymerizeD.
E)conducting an endergonic reaction.

Question 39

Which of the following are examples of potential energy?

A)electrons moving through the electron transport chain,proton gradient
B)electrons in chemical bonds,proton gradient,ATP
C)protons moving through ATP synthase,ATP
D)electrons moving through the electron transport chain,and protons moving through ATP synthase
E)All answers are correct.

Question 40

Salted and pickled foods can last unrefridgerated for many years because

A)the extreme salt or pH concentration denatures the proteins,including enzymes.
B)the concentration gradient of salt or vinegar causes osmosis into the food.
C)equilibrium with the environment has occured.
D)the concentration gradient of salt or vinegar causes osmosis out of the fooD.
E)the concentration gradient of salt or vinegar causes osmosis out of the food and the extreme salt or pH concentration denatures the proteins,including enzymes.

Question 41

At low tide,a plant or animal cell will be in ____.

A)an isotonic solution
B)a hypertonic solution
C)a hypotonic solution
D)equilibrium
E)osmosis

Question 42

If you drop a rubber ball and it does not bounce back to the height you dropped it from.This is consistent with

A)conversion of entropy into potential energy.
B)the first law of thermodynamics.
C)conversion of kinetic energy into potential energy.
D)conversion of kinetic energy into entropy.
E)the second law of thermodynamics.

Question 43

In the section "Investigating Life: Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis?",why does water leave the cell by osmosis after the active transport of chloride ions out of the cell by CFTR?

A)The cell is now in a hypertonic solution.
B)The cell is now in a hypotonic solution.
C)The cell is now in an isotonic solution.
D)The cell needs to regenerate the ATP used in active transport.
E)The cell must pump out water to avoid bursting.

Question 44

If a person is poisoned with cyanide they cannot generate ATP and die within a few minutes.In this scenario,what would happen to sodium and potassium concentrations across a cell membrane?

A)Sodium would be higher outside the cell and potassium would be higher inside the cell.
B)Sodium would be higher inside the cell and potassium would be higher outside the cell.
C)Sodium and potassium would reach equilibrium.
D)Sodium and potassium concentrations would both be higher outside the cell.
E)Sodium and potassium concentrations would both be higher inside the cell.

Question 45

Diffusion occurs naturally as it ___ of a system.

A)decreases the kinetic energy
B)increases the potential energy
C)increases the entropy
D)decreases the equilibrium
E)All answers are correct.

Question 46

In the section "Investigating Life: Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis?",CFTR moves chloride ions out of cells by active transport.What can be inferred from this statement when the CFTR is functioning?

A)Chloride concentrations become higher on the outside of the cell.
B)Chloride concentrations become higher on the inside of the cell.
C)Sodium concentrations become higher on the outside of the cell.
D)Sodium concentrations become higher on the inside of the cell.
E)Water crosses membranes by active transport.

Question 47

In the section "Investigating Life: Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis?",the CFTR receptor moves chloride ions out of a cell by active transport.This is an example of

A)a reaction coupled with the production of ATP.
B)an oxidation reaction.
C)a reduction reaction.
D)a reaction requiring the input of energy (ATP).
E)equilibrium.

Question 48

After ATP donates a phosphate group to a coupled reaction,then it becomes ADP.The ADP

A)can be recharged in an exergonic reaction to form ATP.
B)is a waste product that will be broken down.
C)can be recharged in an equilibrium reaction to form ATP.
D)can be recharged in an oxidation reaction to form ATP.
E)can be recharged in an endergonic reaction to form ATP.

Question 49

Your liver produces 90% of the cholesterol found in your body.When cholesterol levels get too high,the first enzyme in the pathway of cholesterol synthesis is inhibited.This is an example of

A)positive feedback.
B)denaturation.
C)equilibrium.
D)negative feedback.
E)a coenzymE.

Question 50

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of

A)osmosis.
B)facilitated diffusion.
C)diffusion.
D)equilibrium.
E)active transport.

Question 51

Why does phenylalanine accumulate in patients with phenylketonuria?

A)They lack an enzyme to break down phenylalanine.
B)They lack an enzyme to produce phenylalanine.
C)They produce too much phenylalanine.
D)They lack an inhibitor of an enzyme to break down phenylalanine.
E)They eat more phenylalanine than most peoplE.

Question 52

One way to produce a vaccine is to heat a virus or bacteria and then inject the inactive pathogen as a vaccination.How does the heat inactivate a virus?

A)All answers are correct
B)by inhibiting its metabolism
C)by destroying the membrane
D)by blocking facilitated diffusion
E)by denaturing proteins

Question 53

A bowl of sugar water is very stable.But if you feed it to cells then it is rapidly broken down into carbon dioxide,water,and ATP.What is the best explanation for this observation?

A)Enzymes in the cell catalyze the breakdown of the glucose.
B)Cells use energy to break down the glucose.
C)Glucose becomes more chemically reactive inside of a cell.
D)Glucose cannot be broken down outside of a cell.
E)Glucose is removed from the cell by active transport.

Question 54

During high tide,a plant or animal would be at risk of ______.

A)bursting by osmosis of water
B)dehydration by facilitated diffusion of salts
C)dehydration by osmosis of water
D)bursting by active transport of salts
E)dehydration by active transport of salts

Question 55

The wood in a match is made of cellulose,a polymer of glucose molecules.When you light the match heat and light are given off,indicating that a(n)________ reaction is occurring.

A)endergonic
B)kinetic energy
C)exergonic
D)potential energy
E)equilibrium

Question 56

During low tide,a plant cell will have an advantage over an animal cell because of its ____.

A)cell wall
B)plasma membrane
C)chloroplasts
D)nucleus
E)mitochondria

Question 57

At high tide,a plant or animal cell will be in ____.

A)an isotonic solution
B)a hypertonic solution
C)a hypotonic solution
D)equilibrium
E)osmosis

Question 58

During low tide,a plant or animal would be at risk of ______.

A)bursting by osmosis of water
B)dehydration by facilitated diffusion of salts
C)dehydration by osmosis of water
D)bursting by active transport of salts
E)dehydration by active transport of salts

Question 59

Plants require energy from light to perform photosynthesis in which glucose is formed from carbon dioxide and water.This is an example of _____.

A)an exergonic reaction
B)kinetic energy
C)an endergonic reaction
D)potential energy
E)equilibrium

Question 60

Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient occurs during

A)potential energy.
B)oxidation.
C)reduction.
D)active transport.
E)diffusion.

Question 61

In the section "Investigating Life: Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis?",what is the dependent variable in the figure?

A)the number of defective copies of the CFTR gene in mice
B)the number of defective copies of the CFTR gene in humans
C)the amount of fluid in the intestines
D)whether or not the subjects were exposed to cholera toxin
E)whether or not the subjects were exposed to Vibrio cholera bacteria

Question 62

In the section "Investigating Life: Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis?",how does the bacteria that causes cholera,Vibrio cholera,trigger potentially life threatening diarrhea?

A)Cholera toxin stimulates CFTR leading to increased osmosis of water released from the body.
B)Cholera toxin inhibits CFTR leading to increased osmosis of water into the intestines.
C)Cholera toxin stimulates CFTR leading to decreased osmosis of water from the body.
D)Cholera toxin inhibits CFTR leading to decreased osmosis of water into the intestines.
E)Cholera toxin may produce CFTR in a person with cystic fibrosis.

Question 63

An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions.

Question 64

Reduction is the gain of electrons.

Question 65

Whenever ATP is produced by a chemical reaction some energy is lost into the surroundings as heat.

Question 66

An enzyme is a lipid that catalyzes chemical reactions.

Question 67

Exergonic reactions do not require activation energy to get started since they release energy.

Question 68

In the section "Investigating Life: Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis?",one in 25 caucasians is a carrier for the defective CFTR gene,making it the most common genetic disease in this population.Why are the frequency of defects in CFTR so common in caucasians?

A)Carriers with one copy of the defective CFTR gene have decreased resistance to cholera compared to those with no defective copies.
B)These individuals were exposed to cholera,causing mutations in their CFTR gene that can then be passed on to their children.
C)Carriers will be more likely to have children who develop cystic fibrosis.
D)Carriers with one copy of the defective CFTR gene have increased resistance to cholera compared to those with no defective copies.
E)Only carriers would be able to survive exposure to cholera.

Question 69

In the section "Investigating Life: Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis?",what did the scientists conclude from the data represented in the figure?

A)The fewer copies of a defective CFTR gene an organism has,the more resistant it is to cholera toxin.
B)The number of defective CFTR genes was unrelated to cholera resistance.
C)The more cholera toxin an organism was exposed to,the more copies of its CFTR gene that became defective.
D)The more cholera toxin an organism was exposed to,the fewer copies of its CFTR gene that became defective.
E)The more copies of a defective CFTR gene an organism has,the more resistant it is to cholera toxin.

Question 70

A reason that some antibiotics harm bacteria,but not humans,is because the antibiotic inhibits bacterial enzymes that humans do not have.

Question 71

When an end product of a reaction is in excess and inhibits the first enzyme of the pathway,this is an example of negative feedback.

Question 72

Reduction is the loss of electrons.

Question 73

A reason that some antibiotics harm bacteria,but not humans,is because humans have many more cells than bacteria.

Question 74

In the section "Investigating Life: Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis?",if two carriers of the defective CFTR gene have a child,what is the probability that the child will have cystic fibrosis?

A)75%
B)50%
C)100%
D)0%
E)25%

Question 75

In the section "Investigating Life: Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis?",what is the independent variable in the figure?

A)the number of defective copies of the CFTR gene in humans
B)the number of defective copies of the CFTR gene in mice
C)the amount of fluid in the intestines
D)whether or not the subjects were exposed to cholera toxin
E)whether or not the subjects were exposed to Vibrio cholera bacteria

Question 76

Phagocytosis is a process that cells primarily use to obtain nutrients.

Question 77

When an end product of a reaction is in excess and inhibits the first enzyme of the pathway,this is an example of positive feedback.

Question 78

In the section "Investigating Life: Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis?",what hypothesis were the scientists testing?

A)Defects in CFTR cause cholerA.
B)Defective CFTR makes people more sensitive to cholera.
C)Defective CFTR gives people natural resistance to cholera.
D)Cholera causes cystic fibrosis.
E)Cholera increases the risk of transmission of cystic fibrosis.

Question 79

The first and second laws of thermodynamics apply to nonliving systems like gasoline engines but do not apply to reactions in living cells.